AMOLED

{{short description|Display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions}}{{Multiple issues|{{Update|date=May 2025}} {{Promotional|date=February 2025}} }} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

[[File:Samsung AMOLED.jpg|thumb|300px|Samsung Dynamic AMOLED screens on Samsung Galaxy Note 10]] '''AMOLED''' ('''active-matrix organic light-emitting diode'''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|oʊ|ˌ|l|ɛ|d}}) is a type of OLED display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels.

Since 2007, AMOLED displays have been used in mobile phones, media players, TVs, and digital cameras.<ref name="Auto21-1" /> The current progress for this technology is towards lower power usage, lower cost, and higher screen resolutions (e.g., 8K).<ref name="Auto21-2" /><ref name="Auto21-3" /><ref name=":0" />

{{Infobox electronic component | name = Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode | image = AMOLED display microphoto 014 back (50814485407).jpg | image_size = | type = Organic light-emitting diode }}

== Design == An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix of OLED pixels generating light (luminescence) upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin-film transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual pixel.<ref name="Auto21-5" />

Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel, thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required for passive-matrix OLED operation.<ref name="Auto21-6" />

TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. In AMOLEDs, the two primary TFT backplane technologies, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly fabricating the active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150 °C) onto flexible plastic substrates for producing flexible AMOLED displays.<ref name="prin" />

==History== AMOLED display research was initiated by Steven Van Slyke and Ching Wan Tang, who pioneered the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology at Eastman Kodak Co. in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Steven Van Slyke │ The National Inventors Hall of Fame® |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/steven-van-slyke |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.invent.org |language=en}}</ref> The first AMOLED displays were introduced in the early 2000s, with Samsung being the first company to commercialize AMOLED displays. One of the earliest consumer electronics products with an AMOLED display was the mobile handset, BenQ-Siemens S88.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memsjournal.com/2006/07/active_oleds_cl.html|title = Active OLEDs close in on mobile phone market}}</ref> In 2007, the iriver Clix 2 portable media player.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anythingbutipod.com/archives/2007/08/iriver-clix2-review.php |title=Iriver clix2 Review |website=www.anythingbutipod.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028064406/http://www.anythingbutipod.com/archives/2007/08/iriver-clix2-review.php |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008 it appeared on the Nokia N85 followed by the Samsung i7110 - both Nokia and Samsung Electronics were early adopters of this technology on their smartphones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-consumer-electronics-hall-of-fame-nokia-n85-cellphone|title = The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Nokia N85 Cellphone|date = 13 December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Nexus one screen microscope.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Magnified image of the AMOLED screen on the Nexus One smartphone using the RGBG system of the PenTile matrix family]]

=== Future development === Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process. Researchers at DuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to optimize coating processes for a new solution-coated AMOLED display technology that is competitive in cost and performance with existing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short and long-range film-thickness control and uniformity that is commercially viable at large glass sizes.<ref name="Auto21-7" />

== Comparison to other display technologies ==

AMOLED displays are proved to be better at providing higher refresh rates than those of passive-matrix,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Refresh rate explained: What does 60Hz, 90Hz, or 120Hz mean? |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/phone-refresh-rate-90hz-120hz-1086643/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OLED vs. AMOLED: Which is Better |url=https://www.lg.com/sa_en/lg-story/helpful-guide/oled-vs-amoled/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=LG SA_EN |language=en-SA}}</ref> often have response times less than a millisecond,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=luke |date=2023-09-07 |title=AMOLED Displays Explained: Benefits, Applications - Riverdi's Customized Solutions |url=https://riverdi.com/blog/amoled-displays-explained |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Riverdi |language=en-US}}</ref> and they consume significantly less power.<ref name="Auto21-8" /> This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well-suited for portable electronics due to its high productivity for everyday use. AMOLED also stands higher in the field of less power consumer than OLED, because "each pixel have their own light and can be controlled leading to better power control and amplification", where power consumption is critical to battery life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-06 |title=AMOLED vs OLED: Which one is better? |url=https://candid.technology/amoled-vs-oled/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=Candid.Technology |language=en-GB}}</ref> thumb|upright=1.2|Schematic of an active-matrix OLED displayThe amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown. As an example, one old OLED display consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text on a white background, while an LCD may consume only a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown on screen. A new FHD+ or WQHD+ display will consume much more.<ref name="powerOLED" /> Because the black pixels turn completely off, AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantly higher than LCDs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.androidauthority.com/amoled-vs-lcd-differences-572859/|title=AMOLED vs LCD: differences explained|website=Android Authority|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227012435/http://www.androidauthority.com/amoled-vs-lcd-differences-572859/|archive-date=27 December 2016|df=dmy-all|date=8 February 2016}}</ref>

AMOLED displays are often difficult to see in direct sunlight compared with LCDs because of their reduced maximum brightness.<ref name="Auto21-9" /> Super AMOLED, a modern technology, addresses this issue by reducing the size of gaps between layers of the screen.<ref name="sam" /><ref name="Auto21-10" /> Additionally, PenTile technology is often used for a higher resolution display while requiring fewer subpixels than needed otherwise, sometimes resulting in a display less sharp and more grainy than a non-PenTile display with the same resolution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pentile OLEDs: introduction and market status {{!}} OLED-Info |url=https://www.oled-info.com/pentile |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.oled-info.com}}</ref> The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are very prone to degradation over a relatively short period of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster than another, image persistence, or burn-in.<ref name="Auto21-11"/><ref name="Auto21-12"/>

== Super AMOLED == thumb|Screen burn-in on a tablet with a Super AMOLED display ''Super AMOLED'' is a marketing term created by Samsung for an AMOLED display where the touch screen digitizer, the layer that detects touch, is integrated into the display and cannot be separated from the display itself, rather than being overlaid on top of it. When compared with a regular LCD, a regular AMOLED display consumes less power, provides more vivid picture quality, and renders faster motion response.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between AMOLED and Super AMOLED? |url=https://www.samsung.com/in/support/mobile-devices/what-is-the-difference-between-amoled-and-super-amoled/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306192632/https://www.samsung.com/in/support/mobile-devices/what-is-the-difference-between-amoled-and-super-amoled/ |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Samsung India |language=en-IN |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Super AMOLED is even better at this with 20% brighter screen, 20% lower power consumption and 80% less sunlight reflection. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight as the first generation AMOLED.<ref name="Auto21-15"/><ref name="Auto21-16"/> The generic term for this technology is One Glass Solution (OGS), a touchscreen technology that combines the touch sensor and cover glass into a single layer, reducing overall thickness and improving optical clarity. This is achieved by coating and etching the ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) layer directly onto the cover glass, eliminating the need for a separate sensor glass and an air gap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Celeste |date=2017-11-24 |title=OGS {{!}} One Glass Solution touch panels Q&A |url=https://focuslcds.com/journals/ogs-one-glass-solution-touch-panels-qa/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Focus LCDs |language=en-US}}</ref>

Super AMOLED displays, while known for their vivid colors and deep blacks, also have some drawbacks, including higher manufacturing costs, potential for screen burn-in, and shorter lifespan compared to some other technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super AMOLED: Advantages & Disadvantages Explained |url=https://www.rfwireless-world.com/terminology/other-wireless/super-amoled-advantages-and-disadvantages |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.rfwireless-world.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Devices with AMOLED and Super AMOLED == {{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2022}}

Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus resolutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type.

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Term ! Reso- lution ! data-sort-type="number" | Size (inches) ! PPI !Color depth (bits) ! Pixel layout ! Used in |- | rowspan="2" | AMOLED | rowspan="2" |{{0}}320×240 | 2.2 | 182 | | |iriver clix 2 |- |2.6 |154 | | rowspan="2" |RGBG PenTile |Nokia N85 |- | AMOLED Capacitive Touchscreen | rowspan="3" |{{0}}640×360 | 3.2 | 229 | |Nokia C6-01 |- | rowspan="7" | Super AMOLED | 3.5 | 210 | | rowspan="3" | RGB S-Stripe |Nokia N8 |- | 4.0 | 184 | |Nokia 808 PureView |- |{{0}}720×720 |3.1 |328 | |BlackBerry Q10 |- |{{0}}854×480 | 3.9 | 251 | | rowspan="2" | RGBG PenTile |Nokia N9 |- |{{0}}800×480 | 4.0 | 233 | |Samsung Galaxy S |- |{{0}}960×540 | 4.3 | 256 | | RGB S-Stripe |Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini |- | 1280×768 | 4.5 | 332 | | RGBG PenTile |Nokia Lumia 1020 |- | Super AMOLED Plus |{{0}}800×480 | 4.3 (4.27) | 218 | | RGB stripe |Samsung Galaxy S II |- | Super AMOLED Advanced |{{0}}960×540 | 4.3 | 256 | | rowspan="2" |RGBG PenTile |Motorola Droid RAZR |- | rowspan="7" | HD Super AMOLED | 1280×800 | 5.3 (5.29) | 285 | |Samsung Galaxy Note |- | rowspan="6" | 1280×720 | 5.0 | 295 | | RGB S-Stripe |BlackBerry Z30 Samsung Galaxy J7 Samsung Galaxy J5 Samsung Galaxy E5 Samsung Galaxy J3 (2016) |- | 4.7 (4.65) | 316 | | RGBG PenTile |Samsung Galaxy Nexus |- | 4.7 (4.65) | 316 | | RGB S-Stripe |Moto X (1st generation) |- | 4.8 | 306 | | RGBG PenTile |Samsung Galaxy S III |- | 5.6 (5.55) | 267 | | rowspan="2" | RGB S-Stripe |Samsung Galaxy Note II |- | 5.6 (5.55) | 267 | |Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo |- | HD Super AMOLED Plus | 1280×800 | 7.7 | 197 | | RGB stripe |Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7 |- | rowspan="8" | Full HD Super AMOLED | rowspan="8" | 1920×1080 |5.5 |400 | | rowspan="26" |RGBG PenTile |Meizu MX5 |- | 5.0 (4.99) | 441 | |Samsung Galaxy S4 |- | 5.0 (4.99) | 441 | |OnePlus X |- | 5.0 (4.99) | 441 | |Google Pixel |- | 5.2 | 423 | |Motorola Moto X (2nd gen) |- | 5.1 | 432 | |Samsung Galaxy S5 |- | 5.5 | 401 | |OnePlus 3 OnePlus 3T OnePlus 5 |- | 5.7 | 388 | | Samsung Galaxy Note 3 |- | rowspan="3" |Full HD+ Super AMOLED | rowspan="2" |2160×1080 |6.0 |402 | |Google Pixel 3 |-

|6.0 |402 | |Huawei Mate 10 Pro |-

|2220x1080 |6.01 |411 | |Samsung Galaxy A8+ (2018) |- |Full HD+ Super AMOLED |2220x1080 |5.61 |441 | |Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018) |- | rowspan="2" |Super Retina HD | 2436×1125 | 5.8 (5.85) | rowspan="2" |458 | |Apple iPhone X iPhone XS iPhone 11 Pro |- | 2688×1242 | 6.5 (6.46) | | iPhone XS Max iPhone 11 Pro Max |- | rowspan="11" | WQHD Super AMOLED | rowspan="7" | 2560×1440 | 5.1 | 577 | |Samsung Galaxy S6 Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge Samsung Galaxy S6 Active Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7 Active |- |5.2 |564 | |Microsoft Lumia 950 |- |5.2 |565 | |Motorola Droid Turbo |- |5.4 |540 | |BlackBerry Priv |- |5.5 |534 | |BlackBerry DTEK60 Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge Google Pixel XL Alcatel Idol 4S vodafone smart platinum 7(Alcatel Sol Prime) Moto Z Moto Z Force ZTE Axon 7 |- | 5.7 | 515 | rowspan="12" |8 |Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Samsung Galaxy Note 5 Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ Nexus 6P Samsung Galaxy Note 7 |- | 5.7 | 518 |Microsoft Lumia 950 XL |- | rowspan="4" |2960×1440 |5.8 |571 |Samsung Galaxy S8 Samsung Galaxy S9 |- |6.2 |529 |Samsung Galaxy S8+ Samsung Galaxy S9+ |- |6.3 |521 |Samsung Galaxy Note 8 |- |6.4 |514 |Samsung Galaxy Note 9 |- | rowspan="2" | WQXGA Super AMOLED | rowspan="2" | 2560×1600 | 8.4 | 359 |Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4 |- | 10.5 | 287 | RGB S-Stripe |Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5 |- | 3K AMOLED | 2880×1600 | 3.5 | 615 | (unknown) |HTC Vive Focus Plus<ref>{{cite web|title=HTC VIVE Focus Plus|url=https://business.vive.com/product/focus-plus/|website=vive.com|access-date=July 30, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213144504/https://www.vive.com/cn/product/vive-focus-en/|archive-date=13 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- |Dynamic AMOLED |2280x1080 3040x1440

2280x1080

3040x1440

3040x1440 |5.8 6.1

6.3

6.4

6.8 |438 550

401

522

498 | |Samsung Galaxy S10e Samsung Galaxy S10

Samsung Galaxy Note 10

Samsung Galaxy S10+

Samsung Galaxy Note 10+

Samsung Galaxy Fold

Samsung Galaxy Z Flip |- |Dynamic AMOLED 2X |2208×1768 2400x1080

3200x1440 |7.6 6.1

6.4

6.7

6.8

6.9 |373 (Display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2) 386 (External display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2)

563

525

511

421

394

515

411

374 (Display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3) 389 (External display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3) |RGBG PenTile |Samsung Galaxy S20

Samsung Galaxy S20+

Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra

(Samsung Galaxy Note 20)

(Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra)

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2

Samsung Galaxy S21

Samsung Galaxy S21+

Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra

Samsung Galaxy S21 FE

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3

Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3

Samsung Galaxy S22

Samsung Galaxy S22+

Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4

Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4

Samsung Galaxy S23

Samsung Galaxy S23+

Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5

Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5

Samsung Galaxy S24

Samsung Galaxy S24+

Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra

Samsung Galaxy S25

Samsung Galaxy S25+

Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra |- |Fluid AMOLED |3120x1440 |6.67 |516 | |OnePlus 7 Pro |}

== Display devices with AMOLED technologies == Flagship smartphones sold in 2020 and 2021 used AMOLED. These displays, such as the one on the Galaxy S21+ / S21 Ultra and Galaxy Note 20 Ultra have often been compared to IPS LCDs, found in phones such as the Xiaomi Mi 10T, Huawei Nova 5T, and Samsung Galaxy A20e.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=AMOLED vs LCD: Which screen is best for your phone? |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amoled-vs-lcd-which-screen-is-best-for-your-phone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329044710/https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amoled-vs-lcd-which-screen-is-best-for-your-phone/ |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=digitaltrends.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="androidpit.com">{{cite web |title=Smartphone screens explained: display types, resolutions and more - AndroidPIT |url=http://www.androidpit.com/super-amoled-vs-retina-display |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512050251/http://www.androidpit.com/super-amoled-vs-retina-display |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=androidpit.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Nexus 4 Review: Not Exactly Perfect, But Close Enough For Me – TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/02/nexus-4-review-not-exactly-perfect-but-close-enough-for-me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207110037/https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/02/nexus-4-review-not-exactly-perfect-but-close-enough-for-me/ |archive-date=7 February 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=techcrunch.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> For example, according to ABI Research, the AMOLED display found in the Motorola Moto X draws just 92 mA during bright conditions and 68 mA while dim.<ref name="abiresearch.com">[https://www.abiresearch.com/press/googlemotorola-mobility-display-a-bright-efficient Google/Motorola Mobility Display a Bright Efficient Future], ABI Research</ref> On the other hand, compared with the IPS, the yield rate of AMOLED is low; the cost is also higher.

== Future == Future displays exhibited from 2011 to 2013 by Samsung have shown flexible, 3D, transparent Super AMOLED Plus displays using very high resolutions and in varying sizes for phones. These unreleased prototypes use a polymer as a substrate removing the need for glass cover, a metal backing, and touch matrix, combining them into one integrated layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/05/samsung-teases-flexible-transparent-display-in-concept-video/|title=Samsung teases flexible, transparent display in concept video|website=engadget.com|date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011230335/https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/05/samsung-teases-flexible-transparent-display-in-concept-video/|archive-date=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

So far, Samsung plans on branding the newer displays as Youm,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/09/samsung-names-flexible-oled-display-series-youm-shows-prototype/|title=Samsung names flexible OLED display series 'Youm', shows new prototype handheld device|website=engadget.com|date=9 January 2013 |access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216205237/https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/09/samsung-names-flexible-oled-display-series-youm-shows-prototype/|archive-date=16 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> or y-octa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2018/01/21/samsung-galaxy-s9-specs-design-price-release-date-galaxy-s9-plus/#38c4c7e1577c|title=Samsung Report 'Confirms' Significant Galaxy S9 Design Changes|first=Gordon|last=Kelly|website=forbes.com|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401213743/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2018/01/21/samsung-galaxy-s9-specs-design-price-release-date-galaxy-s9-plus/#38c4c7e1577c|archive-date=1 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Also planned for the future are 3D stereoscopic displays that use eye-tracking (via stereoscopic front-facing cameras) to provide full resolution 3D visuals.

Recent progress in blue OLED materials, particularly the commercial adoption of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and novel phosphorescent compounds, has addressed one of the biggest hurdles for AMOLED displays: the relatively short lifespan and lower efficiency of blue emitters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samsung Display: we develop blue OLED emitter technologies, both PHOLED and TADF based {{!}} OLED-Info |url=https://www.oled-info.com/samsung-display-we-develop-blue-oled-emitter-technologies-both-pholed-and-tadf |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=www.oled-info.com}}</ref> In 2024, Samsung announced a breakthrough blue OLED with a TADF design, extending operational lifetime up to 100,000 hours and reducing power consumption in high-end AMOLED panels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OLED Screen Lifespan Revealed: How Many Years Will It Last? Usage Tips to Extend OLED Display Lifespan - OLED/LCD Supplier |url=https://www.panoxdisplay.com/solution/lifespan-of-oled-guide/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=www.panoxdisplay.com}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Auto21-1">{{cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.3400224|title=Improvement of electron injection in inverted bottom-emission blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes using zinc oxide nanoparticles|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=Hyunkoo|last2=Park|first2=Insun|last3=Kwak|first3=Jeonghun|last4=Yoon|first4=Do Y.|last5=Kallmann|first5=Changhee Lee|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=96|issue=15|page=153306|bibcode=2010ApPhL..96o3306L}}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1889/1.3256930|title=40 Inch FHD AM-OLED Display with IR Drop Compensation Pixel Circuit|year=2009|last1=Kim|first1=Yang Wan|last2=Kwak|first2=Won Kyu|last3=Lee|first3=Jae Yong|last4=Choi|first4=Wong Sik|last5=Lee|first5=Ki Yong|last6=Kim|first6=Sung Chul|last7=Yoo|first7=Eui Jin|journal=SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers|volume=40|page=85|s2cid=110871831}}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-3">{{cite journal|doi=10.1889/1.3256911|title=Development of 31-Inch Full-HD AMOLED TV Using LTPS-TFT and RGB FMM|year=2009|last1=Lee|first1=Myung Ho|last2=Seop|first2=Song Myoung|last3=Kim|first3=Jong Soo|last4=Hwang|first4=Jung Ho|last5=Shin|first5=Hye Jin|last6=Cho|first6=Sang Kyun|last7=Min|first7=Kyoung Wook|last8=Kwak|first8=Won Kyu|last9=Jung|first9=Sun I|last10=Kim|first10=Chang Soo|last11=Choi|first11=Woong Sik|last12=Kim|first12=Sung Cheol|last13=Yoo|first13=Eu Jin|journal=SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers|volume=40|page=802|s2cid=110948118}}</ref>  <ref name="Auto21-5">{{cite web|url=http://data.4dsystems.com.au/downloads/micro-OLED/Docs/4D_AMOLED_Presentation.pdf |title=Introduction to OLED Displays – Design Guide for Active Matrix OLED (AMOLED) Displays |publisher=4D Systems |date=2008-05-22 |access-date=2010-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705004637/http://data.4dsystems.com.au/downloads/micro-OLED/Docs/4D_AMOLED_Presentation.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-6">{{cite journal|doi=10.1109/LED.2006.889523|title=A Novel LTPS-TFT Pixel Circuit Compensating for TFT Threshold-Voltage Shift and OLED Degradation for AMOLED|last1=Lin|first1=Chih-Lung|last2=Chen|first2=Yung-Chih|journal=IEEE Electron Device Letters|volume=28|issue=2|page=129|year=2007|bibcode=2007IEDL...28..129L|s2cid=11194344}}</ref> <ref name=prin>{{cite book|doi=10.1117/12.497638|title=Cockpit Displays X|year=2003|last1=Sarma|first1=Kalluri R.|last2=Chanley|first2=Charles|last3=Dodd|first3=Sonia R.|last4=Roush|first4=Jared|last5=Schmidt|first5=John|last6=Srdanov|first6=Gordana|last7=Stevenson|first7=Matthew|last8=Wessel|first8=Ralf|last9=Innocenzo|first9=Jeffrey|last10=Yu|first10=Gang|last11=O'Regan|first11=Marie B.|last12=MacDonald|first12=W. A.|last13=Eveson|first13=R.|last14=Long|first14=Ke|last15=Gleskova|first15=Helena|last16=Wagner|first16=Sigurd|last17=Sturm|first17=James C.|editor-first1=Darrel G. |editor-last1=Hopper |chapter=Active-matrix OLED using 150°C a-Si TFT backplane built on flexible plastic substrate |volume=5080|page=180|s2cid=12958469}} {{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~sturmlab/pdfs/publications/CP.211.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192052/http://www.princeton.edu/~sturmlab/pdfs/publications/CP.211.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-7">Reid Chesterfield, Andrew Johnson, Charlie Lang, Matthew Stainer, and Jonathan Ziebarth, "[http://www2.dupont.com/OLED/en_US/assets/downloads/pdf/frontline_technology_AMOLED.pdf Solution-Coating Technology for AMOLED Displays] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516071914/http://www2.dupont.com/OLED/en_US/assets/downloads/pdf/frontline_technology_AMOLED.pdf |date=16 May 2011 }}", Information Display Magazine, January 2011.</ref> <ref name="Auto21-8">Suyko, Alan. "Oleds Ready For The Mainstream." ''Electronics News'' (2009): 20. ''Associates Programs Source Plus''. Web. 9 Dec. 2011.</ref> <ref name=powerOLED>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1145/1629911.1630084|chapter = Power modeling of graphical user interfaces on OLED displays|title = Proceedings of the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference on ZZZ - DAC '09|pages = 652|year = 2009|last1 = Dong|first1 = Mian|last2 = Choi|first2 = Yung-Seok Kevin|last3 = Zhong|first3 = Lin|isbn = 9781605584973|s2cid = 442526}}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-9">{{cite magazine |last=Carmody |first=Tim |title=How Super AMOLED displays work |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/11/how-super-amoled-displays-work |access-date=2024-09-04 |magazine=Wired |date=2010-11-18 |language=en }}</ref> <ref name=sam>{{cite web|url=http://ars.samsung.com/customer/usa/jsp/faqs/faqs_view_us.jsp?SITE_ID=22&PG_ID=2&PROD_SUB_ID=557&PROD_ID=560&AT_ID=290435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716000052/http://ars.samsung.com/customer/usa/jsp/faqs/faqs_view_us.jsp?SITE_ID=22&PG_ID=2&PROD_SUB_ID=557&PROD_ID=560&AT_ID=290435 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-16 |title=What Are The Benefits Of Using The Super AMOLED Display In My SGH-t959 (Vibrant) Phone? |publisher=Samsung |date=2010-07-15 |access-date=2010-09-07 }}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-10">{{cite web|url=http://digihub.theage.com.au/node/1799|title=Big is beautiful|publisher=The Age|date=2010-08-12|access-date=2010-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829060732/http://digihub.theage.com.au/node/1799|archive-date=29 August 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-11">{{cite journal|doi=10.1109/JDT.2006.890711|title=AMOLED Pixel Circuit With Electronic Compensation of Luminance Degradation|last1=Ashtiani|first1=Shahin J.|last2=Reza Chaji|first2=G.|last3=Nathan|first3=Arokia|journal=Journal of Display Technology|volume=38|issue=1|page=36|year=2007|bibcode=2007JDisT...3...36A|s2cid=44204246}}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-12">{{cite patent|country=US|number=7352345|title=Driving apparatus and method for light emitting diode display|inventor=Chun-huai Li|gdate=2008-04-01}}</ref>   <ref name="Auto21-15">{{cite web |url=http://www.samsung.com/au/smartphone/technology/super-amoled.html |title=Samsung Smartphones | Technology |publisher=Samsung.com |date=2012-01-06 |access-date=2012-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627073023/http://www.samsung.com/au/smartphone/technology/super-amoled.html |archive-date=27 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="Auto21-16">{{cite web |url=http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled |title=Super AMOLED |publisher=Oled-info.com |access-date=2012-10-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009141240/http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled |archive-date=9 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

}}

== External links == * {{HowStuffWorks|page=oled3|name=Types of OLEDs: Passive and Active Matrix|author=Craig Freudenrich}}

Category:Mobile phones Category:Conductive polymers Category:Display technology Category:Molecular electronics Category:Optical diodes Category:Organic electronics