Acetobacter

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Italic title}} {{Distinguish|Acinetobacter}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Acetobacter | authority = Beijerinck 1898 | type_species = ''Acetobacter aceti'' | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''A. aceti''<ref name=Acetobacter>{{cite journal|last1=Parte|first1=A.C.|title=Acetobacter|website=LPSN|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/acetobacter}}</ref> ''A. cerevisiae''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. cibinongensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. estunensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. fabarum''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. farinalis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. indonesiensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. lambici''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. liquefaciens''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. lovaniensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. malorum''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. musti''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. nitrogenifigens''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. oeni''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. okinawensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. orientalis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. orleanensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. papayae''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. pasteurianus''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. peroxydans''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. persici''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. pomorum''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. senegalensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. sicerae''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. suratthaniensis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. syzygii''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. thailandicus''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. tropicalis''<ref name=Acetobacter/> ''A. xylinus''<ref name=Acetobacter/>

}}

'''''Acetobacter''''' is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Of these, the genus ''Acetobacter'' is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water.<ref name=Cleenwerck2002>{{cite journal|author1=Cleenwerck I |author2=Vandemeulebroecke D |author3=Janssens D |author4=Swings J |title=Re-examination of the genus ''Acetobacter'', with descriptions of ''Acetobacter cerevisiae'' sp. nov. and ''Acetobacter malorum'' sp. nov. |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=2002 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=1551–1558 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-5-1551 |pmid=12361257|doi-access=free }}</ref> Bacteria of the genus ''Acetobacter'' have been isolated from industrial vinegar fermentation processes and are frequently used as fermentation starter cultures.<ref name=Sokollek1998>{{cite journal|author1=Sokollek SJ|author2=Hertel C|author3=Hammes WP|title=Cultivation and preservation of vinegar bacteria|journal=Journal of Biotechnology|volume=60|issue=3|date=February 1998|pages=195–206|doi=10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00014-5}}</ref>

== History of research == The acetic fermentation was demonstrated by Louis Pasteur, who discovered the first acetobacter - ''Acetobacter aceti'' - in 1864.

In 1998, two strains of ''Acetobacter'' isolated from red wine and cider vinegar were named ''Acetobacter oboediens'' and ''Acetobacter pomorum''.<ref name=Spokollek1998>{{cite journal|author1=Spokollek SJ|author2=Hertel C|author3=Hammes WP|s2cid=24579813|title=Description of ''Acetobacter oboediens'' sp. nov. and ''Acetobacter pomorum'' sp. nov., two new species isolated from industrial vinegar fermentations |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=July 1998 |volume=48 |issue=3|pages=935–940 |pmid=9734049 |doi=10.1099/00207713-48-3-935|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2000, ''Acetobacter oboediens'' and ''Acetobacter intermedius'' were transferred to ''Gluconacetobacter'' on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing.<ref name=Yamada2000>{{cite journal|author1=Yamada Y|title=Transfer of ''Acetobacter oboediens'' Sokollek et al. 1998 and ''Acetobacter intermedius'' Boesch et al. 1998 to the genus ''Gluconacetobacter'' as ''Gluconacetobacter oboediens'' comb. nov. and ''Gluconacetobacter intermedius'' comb. nov. |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=2000 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=2225–2227 |doi=10.1099/00207713-50-6-2225 |pmid=11155999|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2002, ''Acetobacter cerevisiae'' and ''Acetobacter malorum'' were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of ''Acetobacter'' strains.<ref name=Cleenwerck2002/>

In 2006, a strain of ''Acetobacter'' isolated from spoiled red wine was named ''Acetobacter oeni''.<ref name=Silva2006>{{cite journal|author1=Silva LR |author2=Cleenwerck I |author3=Rivas R |author4=Swings J |author5=Trujilo ME |author6=Willems A |author7=Velazuez E |title=''Acetobacter oeni'' sp. nov. isolated from spoiled red wine |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=2006 |volume=56 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.46000-0 |pmid=16403860|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Microbiota == The genus ''Acetobacter'' contains species which are important commensal bacteria in the gut microbiome of ''Drosophila melanogaster.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leitão-Gonçalves|first1=Ricardo|last2=Carvalho-Santos|first2=Zita|last3=Francisco|first3=Ana Patrícia|last4=Fioreze|first4=Gabriela Tondolo|last5=Anjos|first5=Margarida|last6=Baltazar|first6=Célia|last7=Elias|first7=Ana Paula|last8=Itskov|first8=Pavel M.|last9=Piper|first9=Matthew D. W.|last10=Ribeiro|first10=Carlos|date=2017-04-25|editor-last=Vosshall|editor-first=Leslie|title=Commensal bacteria and essential amino acids control food choice behavior and reproduction|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|article-number=e2000862|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000862|issn=1545-7885|pmc=5404834|pmid=28441450 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=Chun Nin Adam|last2=Ng|first2=Patrick|last3=Douglas|first3=Angela E.|date=July 2011|title=Low-diversity bacterial community in the gut of the ''D. melanogaster''. Bacterial community in Drosophila melanogaster|journal=Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1889–1900|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02511.x|pmc=3495270|pmid=21631690}}</ref> The species ''A. pomorum'' specifically helps uphold the physiology and development of ''D. melanogaster'' through insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=S. C.|last2=Kim|first2=S.-H.|last3=You|first3=H.|last4=Kim|first4=B.|last5=Kim|first5=A. C.|last6=Lee|first6=K.-A.|last7=Yoon|first7=J.-H.|last8=Ryu|first8=J.-H.|last9=Lee|first9=W.-J.|date=2011-11-04|title=Drosophila Microbiome Modulates Host Developmental and Metabolic Homeostasis via Insulin Signaling|journal=Science|language=en|volume=334|issue=6056|pages=670–674|doi=10.1126/science.1212782|pmid=22053049|bibcode=2011Sci...334..670S|s2cid=206536986|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== {{Wikispecies|Acetobacter}} * {{cite book|editor=Madigan M|editor2=Martinko J | title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms |edition=11th |publisher = Prentice Hall |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-13-144329-7}}

Category:Rhodospirillales Category:Oenology Category:Vinegar Category:Bacteria genera