{{Infobox settlement |official_name = Zurbatiyah |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_shield = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Iraq |pushpin_label_position = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}} |subdivision_type1 = Governorate |subdivision_name1 = Wasit |subdivision_type2 = Municipality |subdivision_name2 = Badra District |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total = |TotalArea_sq_mi = |area_land = |LandArea_sq_mi = |area_water = |WaterArea_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban = |UrbanArea_sq_mi = |area_metro = |MetroArea_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 22,400 |population_density = <!--Note: use population_footnotes for refs, use only unformatted numbers here --> |population_density_mi2 = <!--Note: use population_footnotes for refs, use only unformatted numbers here --> |population_metro = <!--Note: use population_footnotes for refs, use only unformatted numbers here --> |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_mi2 = |population_urban = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|33|09|0|N|46|03|0|E|region:IQ-NI|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 120 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |website = |footnotes = |twin1 = |twin1_country = }} '''Zurbatiyah''' ({{langx|ar|زرباطية}}) is a city located in Wasit Governorate, Iraq and is a busy port of entry from Iran. It was previously inhabited by majority Arabs and minority Turkoman up until the late 20th century where Kurds now are a majority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yomtov |first=Nelson |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/988580446 |title=Iraq |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-531-23590-4 |oclc=988580446}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ateş |first=Sabri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2EUAgAAQBAJ |title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914 |date=2013-10-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-24508-2 |language=en}}</ref> The Ottoman treaty of 1639 identifies three settlements as part of the Ottoman empire, being Jassan, Badra and Zurbatiyah.<ref name=":0" /> This arrangement left Zurbatiyah on the Ottoman side and rejected the Banu Lam's tenuous assertions to Bayat and Dehloran which split the Arab tribes living there. Feyli Kurds migrated during the 19th century under Safavid Iran.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Displacement of Kurds in Iraq |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fs45h.14 |work=The Kurds in Iraq |pages=64–67 |publisher=Pluto Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt18fs45h.14 |access-date=2022-10-25|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Most of Zurbatiya and Badra were Sunni Shafi'i, with minority Shia Muslims.<ref>{{Citation |last=Haddad |first=Fanar |title=Sunni–Shi'a Relations |date=2020-03-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510629.003.0006 |work=Understanding 'Sectarianism' |pages=167��216 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197510629.003.0006 |isbn=978-0-19-751062-9 |access-date=2022-10-25|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Their language is described as Turkish mixed with Arabic, Kurdish and Persian.<ref name="AL-hadadi 328–346">{{Cite journal |last=AL-hadadi |first=Ajel Swain Yaseen |date=2020-04-01 |title=Mineralogy and Petrography of Fatha gypsum rocks in Zurbatiyah area, eastern Iraq |journal=Basra Journal of Science |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=328–346 |doi=10.29072/basjs.202029 |s2cid=251331272 |issn=2664-8288|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is just across the border from Mehran, Ilam, in Iran. In 1982, there were approximately 6000 inhabitants.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3wyAQAAIAAJ |title=Message of Revolution |publisher=Islamic Revolution Guards Corps |language=en}}</ref> Of the settlements referred to in the 1639 Treaty, only Mendeli was a fairly important town, whereas Zurbatiya, Badrai (Badra), and Jassan were villages. Between these places and Muhammarah, was desert dotted lands.<ref name=":0" />
In the Badra - Zurbatiya area the salinity is generally higher than in the Mandali alluvial fan, usually up to 2-3 or even 4 g / L . This may be due to higher annual precipitation in the Mandali area ( almost 300 mm ) than in the Badra area.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jassim |first1=Saad Z. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLH8aygMJFwC&dq=zurbatiya&pg=PA273 |title=Geology of Iraq |last2=Goff |first2=Jeremy C. |date=2006 |publisher=DOLIN, s.r.o., distributed by Geological Society of London |isbn=978-80-7028-287-8 |language=en}}</ref> The Zurbatiyah port of entry, east of Baghdad, is one of Iraq's busiest crossing points. Hundreds of Iranians, mainly pilgrims heading for the Shiite holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, cross the border on foot each day.<ref>{{cite news |title= U.S. Takes Battle Against Iraq Violence to Border |newspaper=Washington Post |date=2008-10-30 |url= http://www.ibia.org/newsevents/email_ibia.php?id=161#1464 |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> UAE, China awarded rights to develop oil in Iraq's northeast in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=2018-04-26 |title=UAE, China awarded rights to develop oil in Iraq's northeast |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2018/04/26/uae-china-awarded-rights-to-develop-oil-in-iraqs-northeast |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>
== History ==
During the 1980s, Iranian forces bombarded the two Iraqi townships of Khanagin and Zurbatiya with heavy artillery, forcing many of the Arab population to leave alongside Iraqi troops, advancing towards the borders instead.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sifjAAAAMAAJ&q=zurbatiya |title=Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs |date=1980 |publisher=Nigerian Institute of International Affairs. |language=en}}</ref> Most of the small houses and buildings were destroyed as a result, leaving the town in ruins with only few Iranian Kurds living in these after migration from west Iran.<ref>{{Citation |last=AMINPOUR |first=MARDIN |title=Representation of the Iran-Iraq War in Kurdish Fiction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1bj4sc8.14 |work=Moments of Silence |pages=193–205 |publisher=NYU Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1bj4sc8.14 |access-date=2022-10-25|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Following 2003 fall of iraq saw the largest influx of Feyli Kurds from Iran into the town as well as the Arab, Turkoman and minority Chechen population to migrate from Zurbatiyah.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Thomas |last=Sanderson |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1019674661 |title=Russian-Speaking Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria |oclc=1019674661}}</ref>
== Climate == Baghdad is 169 kilometers from Zurbāţīyah, so the actual climate in Zurbāţīyah can vary a bit.
Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zurbatiyah, IQ Weather In December 2010 |url=https://tcktcktck.org/iraq/wasit/zurbatiyah/december-2010#t3 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref>
=== All Year Climate & Weather Averages in Zurbāţīyah === Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Zurbāţīyah, Iraq |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/@89350/climate |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref>
High Temp: 37 °C
Low Temp: -1 °C
Mean Temp: 17 °C
Precipitation: 39.2 mm
Humidity: 40%
Dew Point: 1 °C
Wind: 5 mph
Pressure: 1011 mbar
Visibility: 9 km
== Geography ==
Gypsum rocks of Fatha Formation in Zurbatiyah area, eastern Iraq were studied in terms of mineralogy and petrography. Mineralogically, X-ray diffractometry results reveal that gypsum rocks are predominantly composed of gypsum minerals with minor amounts of calcite, anhydrite, basanite and dolomite minerals. Scanning electron microscopy has shown that gypsum rocks rich inclusion with (Mg) in some samples. Fatha gypsum rocks have higher thickness in the succession of formation with marl, clay and limestone forming multi cyclic deposition. The thickness of Fatha formation in the studied area reach to 525 m. Petrographically and textural analyses reveal the common petrographically texture types of gypsum, alabastrine, satin spar, selenite, porphyroblastic, blocky, and columnar gypsum texture reflect evolutionary alterations relationships such as crystallization and recrystallization of gypsum rocks. The secondary hydration of anhydrite to gypsum and other alteration changes refer to shallow marine, supra-tidal and continental environments to the Fatha Formation.<ref name="AL-hadadi 328–346"/>
== See also == * Combat Outpost Shocker- U.S. Coalition base located in Zurbatiyah, Iraq.
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== *[http://travelingluck.com/Asia/Iraq/W%C4%81si%C5%A3/_89350_Zurb%C4%81%C5%A3%C4%AByah.html#local_map Zurbatiyah, Wāsiţ, Iraq ]
Category:Populated places in Wasit Governorate