{{short description|Roll-and-move board game}} thumb|A schematic of the Zohn Ahl board, showing full circuit for one player, and the first 5 spaces for the other '''Zohn Ahl''' ("creek" "wood") is a roll-and-move board game played by the Kiowa Indians of North America. It is often<ref>Culin 1898, pp 685–88. Bell 1979, Vol 1: pp 4–5. Parlett 1999, pp 38–40.</ref> cited as a typical representative of many similar Native American games. It is often equated (or possibly confounded) with Tsoñä ("awl game"), also played by the Kiowa.<ref>Bell 1979, Vol 1: pp 4–5. Parlett 1999, pp 38–40. Stewart Culin (1898, pp 687–88 and 731–33) (1907, pp 124–27) presents the 2 accounts of Zohn Ahl and Tsoñä together. The description of Zohn Ahl fails to distinguish the throws of the special 4th stave; and the description of Tsoñä fails to mention how counters are won or lost; but both descriptions include ''both'' the special stave and counters. Therefore, very possibly these texts refer to the same game, which can be reconstructed only by consulting both to fill in their respective holes. This is the perspective taken here. Note, however, that Murray (1951, pp 154–55) considers them distinct variants. Except where otherwise noted, this article summarizes Culin's full composite treatment (Culin 1907, pp 124–130).</ref>

==Terminology==

Note that the two names create an interesting but coincidental sonic overlap: ''Zohn'' = "creek," a feature of the board; and ''Ahl'' = "wood," the term for the dice. Whereas ''Tsoñä'' means the "awl game," referring to the two awls used as playing pieces. But "ahl" and "awl" have no relation to each other, one being a Kiowa word, the other English, and signifying different objects. So while the game may be referred to as "Zohn Ahl" or "the Awl Game" or even "the ''Ahl'' Game" (meaning "the stave game"), "Zohn Awl" would be incorrect.

==Equipment==

*'''Board''': the distinctive 40-space board (see illustration) was marked on a cotton cloth or a blanket. *'''Lots''': four staves (''ahl''). These are split sticks, flat on one side and round on the other (thus semicircular in section), ranging anywhere from about 4 to 10 inches long, and around 3/8 to 1/2 inch in diameter. Three of these staves are marked on their flat sides with grooves painted red; the fourth is marked with a groove painted blue, black, or green. In the Tsoñä account, this specially marked fourth stave is called ''sahe'' ("green"). The round sides of the two types are usually also distinguished, though this is not necessary for gameplay. Willow and elm are mentioned as materials. *'''Flat stone''': the "ahl stone," is placed in the center of the board, and the staves are vigorously bounced against it for each throw. *'''Pieces''': two awls, one for each player or team, mark progress around the circuit. *'''Counters''': eight sticks (or any even number) used to keep score.

==Gameplay==

The game is played between either two players or two equal teams. Each side begins with half the counters and its awl at its own space 1, the awls moving in opposite directions, one side clockwise, the other counterclockwise (see illustration). A player throws the four staves and moves their awl the indicated number of spaces, and if appropriate, throws again (see table). The fact that "throwing" is said to go around the circle counterclockwise (which would be meaningless in alternate turns) may indicate that, when playing in teams, ''all'' players on one side throw and move, followed by ''all'' players on the other side in their turn.

The four two-sided staves, one with a specially marked flat side (''sahe'', "green"), can fall in eight possible configurations, yielding the indicated values:

{|class="wikitable" |- !Flat sides up !!Value !!Value with ''sahe'' |- |0 ||10+||NA |- |1 ||1 ||1+ |- |2 ||2 ||2 |- |3 ||3 ||3+ |- |4 ||NA ||6+ |} ("+" means "and throw again". "NA" mean "not applicable"; the throw is not possible.)

When a player lands on their space 20, the near bank of the "creek," they "fall in": their side loses one counter and the awl is returned to the beginning space 1. (Note that an ''opponent's'' space 20 is the ''far'' side of the creek, and safe.) Likewise when a player lands on their opponent's awl, the opponent is "whipped" back to their space 1, and loses one counter. The "dry branch" spaces have no special effect, and function just as any other space.

When a player completes a full circuit with their awl, they win one counter, and continue around in the same direction, moving the full value of their throw. If, however, their throw causes them to land on their space 40, they fall into the creek and are returned to space 1, losing one counter.

When one side wins all the counters, they have won the game.

It is possible, but not definitely known, that Lizzie Magie who devised the game later marketed as Monopoly was partly inspired by the board of Zohn Ahl, and used it for a game with very different rules.<ref name="Clare2024">{{cite book |last1=Clare |first1=Tim |title=The Game Changers: How Playing Games Changed the World and Can Change You Too |date=2024 |publisher=Canongate Books |isbn=978-1805301349 |pages=256}}</ref><ref name="Culin1898">{{cite book |last1=Culin |first1=Stewart |title=Chess and Playing-Card |date=1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayingcard00culi/page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

=== Bibliography === {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last=Bell |first=R. C. |authorlink=Robert Charles Bell |title=Board and table games from Many Civilizations |edition=Revised |date=1979 |publisher=Dover |location=Mineola, NY |isbn=0-486-23855-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/boardtablegamesf0000bell_v9m5 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Bell |first=R. C. |authorlink=Robert Charles Bell |title=The Boardgame Book |publisher=Exeter Books |year=1983 |chapter=Zohn Ahl |pages=36–7 |isbn=0-671-06030-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/boardgamebookint00unse |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Culin |first=Stewart |authorlink=Stewart Culin |title=Chess and Playing-Cards |date=1898 |publisher=US National Museum |location=Washington DC |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayingcard00culi}} * {{cite book |last=Culin |first=Stewart |authorlink=Stewart Culin |title=Games of the North American Indians |date=1907 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington DC |url=https://archive.org/details/gamesofnorthamer00culirich}} * {{cite book |last=Murray |first=H. J. R. |authorlink=H. J. R. Murray |title=A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess |date=1951 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofboardga0000murr_p4b9 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |author-last=Parlett |author-first=David |author-link=David Parlett |title=The Oxford History of Board Games |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-212998-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl_h4x4 |url-access=registration}} {{refend}}

Category:19th-century board games Category:Cross and circle games Category:Native American sports and games Category:Roll-and-move board games Category:Kiowa