Zinacantán

{{Infobox settlement  | name = Zinacantán | settlement_type = Town and Municipality | other_name = | native_name =  | nickname = | motto =  | image_skyline = Yutil jTeklum 2.jpg | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Partial view of Zinacantan with San Lorenzo (Saint Lawrence) Church in the middle | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Mexico  | pushpin_label_position = above | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mexico | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Chiapas | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 =  | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Presidente municipal | leader_name = Mariano Francisco Sanchez Hernandez | leader_title1 =  | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title =  | established_date = | established_title2 =  | established_date2 = | established_title3 =  | established_date3 =  | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial  | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 171.4  | area_land_km2 =  | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi =  | population_as_of = 2020 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 5,575 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi =  | timezone = UTC-6 | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|16|45|35|N|92|42|20|W|region:MX|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes =  | elevation_m = 2558 | elevation_ft =  | postal_code_type =  Postal code | postal_code = 29350 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://micocode.org/chiapas/zinacantan/|title=English Language|language=es|access-date=2022-08-20|archive-date=2022-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429111347/https://mycopostal.org/chiapas/zinacantan/|url-status=live}}</ref> | area_code = 967 | blank_name = Climate | blank_info = Cfb | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = | official_name = }}

'''San Lorenzo Zinacantán''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|s|i|ˈ|n|ɑ:|n|k|ɑ:|n|ˌ|t|ɑ:|n}}) is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. 99.1% of its population is Tzotzil Maya, an indigenous people with linguistic and cultural ties to other highland Maya peoples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://es.scribd.com/doc/51752151/Principales-resultados-del-Censo-2010-Chiapas&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhablantes%2Blengua%2Bindigena%2Bchiapas%2B2010%26espv%3D2%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D643|title=Google Translate|access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref>

==Toponymy== In accordance with anthropologist Robert Lauhgling, the region of Zinacantán was also known as ''"Ik'al Ojov"'' (Black Lord), but the name changed to ''"Sots'leb"'' (Place of Bats), in Tzotzil (a Mayan language), because a bat cave was located there, which was deified by the locals, leading them to give it this name. In their own language, the inhabitants of Zinacantán call themselves ''"Sots'leb,"'' which means "bat people."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/zinacantan|title=Zinacantán|work=Viviendo El Tiempo Maya|access-date=2025-07-19|archive-date=2025-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428031320/https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/zinacantan|url-status=dead}}</ref> The name "Zinacantán" comes from Nahuatl and translates as "place of bats."<ref name = "ENCYCLOPEDIA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM07chiapas/municipios/07111a.html|title=Zinacantán|work=Encyclopedia of Municipalities and Delegations of Mexico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429111347/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM07chiapas/municipios/07111a.html|archive-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> Cecilio Robelo, in his work «Toponimia Tarasco-Hispano-Nahoa» associates the translation «del bata» with the name ''Zinacanyotl''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080013306/1080013306.PDF|title=Topomania Maya-Hispano-Nahoa|author=Cecilio Robelo|year=1902|page=46}}</ref>

==Population== As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 36,489.<ref name=SEDESOL>{{cite web|title=Zinacantán|url=http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=111|work=Catálogo de Localidades|publisher=Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL)|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133420/http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=111|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2010, the town of Zinacantán had a population of 3,876.<ref name=SEDESOL/> Other than the town of Zinacantán, the municipality had 60 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Navenchauc (4,625), Pasté (3,771), classified as urban, and Nachig (3,260), Apas (1,485), Patosil (1,452), Zequentic (1,201), and Bochojbo Alto (1,088), classified as rural.<ref name=SEDESOL/>

==Traditional charges and feasts==

Many feasts are celebrated during the year. In every feast men are in charge of the celebration—they are: ''martomoetik'', ''alperesetik'', and ''moletik''. The first two of these three names are loan words from the Spanish ''mayordomos'' and ''alférez'', respectively. They have to pay whatever is needed in order to celebrate the feasts. These three kinds of ''cargos'' (“charges”) are in fact a hierarchy. They constitute an ascending scale in the same order as they are described below. One can never become one of the moletik if he hasn't been a martomo first and then an alperes. These charges are just for men, although their wives have important roles in their husbands' charges. There are twelve martomoetik, twelve alperesetik and six moletik, who are chosen by the inhabitants of Zinacantan every year. Each one has a different feast assigned to him during the year, although they each have to assist in every feast throughout the year. thumb|Textiles worn at the festival of San Lorenzo|left|211x211px

The ''martomoetik'' are those in charge to buy whatever is needed for the feast within the church (flowers, candles, pine leaves, etc.). The ''alperesetik'' are those who buy and prepare everything needed for the feast outside the church: fireworks, ''kameró'' (which is a sort of “bomb” or explosive that they use at certain moments of the feast in order to emphasize its importance), etc. The ''moletik'' are the elders who are in charge of teaching the younger chargers how to organize the feast. Three days before of the very day of the feast they begin to celebrate by wearing their traditional clothes and performing the corresponding traditional rites.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The patron saint of Zinacantán is San Lorenzo (Saint Lawrence), whose feast day is 10 August. This traditional feast lasts four days (8–10 August). The feast of Saint Sebastian, 20 January, is also important in Zinacantan. In fact, Saint Sebastian's feast lasts from 18 to 22 January. There are also many other feasts which are less important, including Epiphany on 6 January, Our Lady of the Candelaria on 2 February, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Pentecost, Saint Dominic on 4 August, Saint Matthiew on 22 September, and Christmas.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==History==

In pre-Columbian times before the conquerors' arrival, Zinacantán already had strong links with the Aztecs in the Central Zone of Mexico. Zinacantecans exchanged their products (especially salt, but by the 19th century also cacao, tobacco, and coffee) with Aztec traders.

The first missionaries who came to evangelize the native inhabitants in Zinacantán were the Dominican Friars. They settled in Zinacantan in the 16th century and built a wooden chapel to begin their mission. These missionaries left Zinacantán before they were expelled from Mexico by the government in the 17th century. They resumed their pastoral work in Zinacantan in 1976.

An important development in Zinacantán was the construction of the Pan American Highway, which significantly improved the mobility and prosperity of the Zinacanteco population, as it enabled them to easily transport goods to market such as maize and flowers.

==Geography== ===Climate=== Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as subtropical highland (Cfb).<ref name="Climate-Data.org"/>

{{Weather box |metric first=yes |single line=yes |location=Zinacantán |Jan record high C= |Feb record high C= |Mar record high C= |Apr record high C= |May record high C= |Jun record high C= |Jul record high C= |Aug record high C= |Sep record high C= |Oct record high C= |Nov record high C= |Dec record high C=

|source = Climate-Data.org (altitude: 1276m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web|url=//en.climate-data.org/north-america/mexico/chiapas/zinacantan-789328/|title=Average Temperature, weather by month, Zinacantan weather averages |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

|source 2 =

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==Demographics== It has 5,575 inhabitants, which represents an average annual increase of 3.7% in the 2010-2020 period based on the 3,921 inhabitants recorded in the previous census. It occupies an area of 3,733 km², which determines a density of 1494 inhabitants/km² in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/mexico/chiapas/zinacant%C3%A1n/071110001__zinacant%C3%A1n/|title=Zinacantán - in Zinacantán (Chiapas)|work=Citypopulation|language=en|date=February 1, 2021}}</ref>

{{Historical populations |type=demographic |color_12=blue |name=Zinacantán |height=300 |width=300 |2000|3472 |2005|3688 |2010|3921 |2020|5575 |notes=<small>Source: National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics</small>}}

In 2010, it was classified as a locality with a high degree of social vulnerability.<ref name ="CATALOG">{{Cite web|url=http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=111|title=Catalog of Localities|work=Planning Support System of the PDZP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133420/http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=111|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

The population of Zinacantán is predominantly literate (19.70% of illiterate people in 2020) with a level of schooling of around 5.5 years. 96.11% of the population is indigenous.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mexico.pueblosamerica.com/i/zinacantan/ |title=Zinacantán (Zinacantán, Chiapas)|work=PueblosAmérica}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}} *''This article draws upon information contained in the Spanish-language Wikipedia article, :es:Zinacantán.'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070520202112/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07111a.htm Zinacantán at Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: ]

==External links== * [http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/33 Zinacantán Tzotzil Vocabulary List] (from the World Loanword Database)

{{Chiapas}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|16|45|N|92|42|W|region:MX_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinacantan}} Category:Municipalities of Chiapas

Zinacantán

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