{{Short description|Russian applied physicist (1930–2019)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{family name hatnote|Ivanovich|Alferov|lang=Eastern Slavic}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Zhores Alferov | native_name = {{Nobold|Жорес Алфёров}} | native_name_lang = ru | image = Zhores Alferov April 2016.jpg | caption = Alferov in 2016 | office = Member of the [[State Duma]] ([[closed list|Party List]] Seat) | term_start = 17 January 1996 | term_end = 1 March 2019 | successor = [[Mikhail Berulava]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|03|15|df=yes}} | birth_name = Zhores Ivanovich Alferov | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Byelorussian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|03|01|1930|03|15|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia | party = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Our Home – Russia|NDR]] (1995–1999) * [[CPRF]] (1999–2019)}} | spouse = Tamara Darskaya | children = 2 | alma_mater = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University|V. I. Ulyanov Electrotechnical Institute]] * [[Ioffe Institute]] ([[Candidate of Sciences|KN]], [[Doctor of Sciences|DN]])}} | known_for = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Laser diode]] * [[Thin-film solar cell]]}} | awards = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] (1971) * [[EPS Europhysics Prize]] (1978) * [[Demidov Prize]] (1999) * [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2000) * [[Nick Holonyak, Jr. Award]] (2000) * [[Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology]] (2001) * [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] (2001) * [[SPIE Gold Medal]] (2002) * [[Global Energy Prize]] (2005)}} | module={{infobox scientist|embed=yes | fields = [[Solid-state physics]] | work_institutions = Ioffe Institute | thesis_title = {{No italic|Гетеропереходы в полупроводниках}} | thesis_url = https://primo.nlr.ru/permalink/f/oo3rn7/07NLR_LMS007455730 | thesis_year = 1970 | notable_students = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Dmitri Garbuzov]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Physics Tree - Zhores I. Alferov|url=https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=163578|website=academictree.org|access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> * [[:ru:Устинов, Виктор Михайлович|Victor Ustinov]]}} }} }}
'''Zhores Ivanovich Alferov'''{{Efn|{{Langx|ru|Жорес Иванович Алфёров}}, {{IPA|ru|ʐɐˈrɛs ɨˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ɐlˈfʲɵrəf|pron}}}} (15 March 1930 – 1 March 2019) was a Russian<ref name="Meissner2019">{{cite book|author1=Meissner, Dirk |author2=Gokhberg, Leonid |author3=Saritas, Ozcan |title=Emerging Technologies for Economic Development|date=2019|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-04368-1|page=65}}</ref><ref name="Petrova-Koch2020">{{cite book|author1=Petrova-Koch, Vesselinka |author2=Hezel, Rudolf |author3=Goetzberger, Adolf |title=High-Efficient Low-Cost Photovoltaics: Recent Developments|date=2020|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-22864-4|page=11}}</ref> [[applied physicist]] who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. In 2000, Alferov shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for the development of the semiconductor [[heterojunction]] for optoelectronics.<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 2000|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/summary/|url-status=live|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034902/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/index.html|archive-date=2008-10-21|access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> He also became a politician in his later life, serving in the [[State Duma]] as a member of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Communist Party]] from 1999.
== Early life and career== Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born on 15 March 1930 in [[Vitebsk]], [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]], the son of Ivan Karpovich Alferov and Anna Vladimirovna.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhores Alferov – Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/biographical/|url-status=live|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623213408/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/biographical/|archive-date=2025-06-23|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref>
In 1952, Alferov graduated from the Electronics Department of [[Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University|V. I. Ulyanov Electrotechnical Institute]] in Leningrad. The following year, he joined the staff of the [[Ioffe Institute]], becoming its director in 1987. He obtained his [[Candidate of Sciences]] in Technology in 1961 and his [[Doctor of Sciences]] in Physics and Mathematics in 1970, both from the Ioffe Institute.<ref name=Ioffe>{{Cite web|title=Zhores I. Alferov|url=https://old.ioffe.ru/alferov.html|website=old.ioffe.ru|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref>
Alferov was elected a corresponding member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] in 1972, and a full member in 1979. From 1989, he was Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and President of its [[Saint Petersburg]] Scientific Center.<ref name=Ioffe/>
== Research == Alferov worked with a group led by Vladimir Tuchkevich, who became director of the [[Ioffe Institute]] in 1967, on planar semiconductor amplifiers for use in [[radio receiver]]s.<ref name="Josephson2010">{{cite book|author=Josephson, Paul R. |title=Lenin's Laureate: Zhores Alferov's Life in Communist Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcXxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date= 2010|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-29150-7}}</ref>{{rp|125–128}} These planar semiconductor amplifiers would be referred to as transistors in the present day. His contribution included work on [[germanium diode]]s for use as a rectifier.
In the early 1960s, Alferov organized an effort at Ioffe Institute to develop semiconductor heterostructures. [[Heterojunction]] transistors enabled higher frequency use than their [[homojunction]] predecessors, and this capability plays a key role in modern mobile phone and satellite communications. Alferov and colleagues worked on [[Gallium arsenide|GaAs]] and [[Aluminium arsenide|AlAs]] [[III-V]] heterojunctions. A particular focus was the use of heterojunctions to create [[semiconductor lasers]] capable of lasing at room temperature. In 1963, Alferov filed a patent application proposing double-heterostructure lasers; [[Herbert Kroemer]] independently filed a US patent several months later.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Popov|first=Yuri|year=2004|title=On the history of the invention of the injection laser|journal=Physics-Uspekhi|volume=47|issue=10|pages=1068–1070|doi=10.1070/PU2004v047n10ABEH002077|s2cid=250760666 }}</ref><ref name="CaseyPanish1978">{{cite book|author1=Casey, Horace Craig |author2=Panish, M. B. |title=Heterostructure lasers: Fundamental principles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qN9RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-163101-7|pages=5–6}}</ref> In 1966, Alferov's lab created the first lasers based on heterostructures, although they did not lase continuously. Then in 1968, Alferov and coworkers produced the first [[continuous-wave]] semiconductor heterojunction laser operating at [[room temperature]].<ref name="Josephson2010"/>{{rp|163–167}} This achievement came a month ahead of [[Izuo Hayashi]] and [[Morton Panish]] of [[Bell Labs]] also producing a continuous-wave room-temperature heterojunction laser.<ref name=Hecht2004>{{cite book|last=Hecht|first=Jeff|title=City of light : the story of fiber optics|year=2004|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=9780195162554|pages=151–155|edition=Rev. and expanded }}</ref>
It was for this work that Alferov received the 2000 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] together with Herbert Kroemer "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="alferov1">{{Cite journal |last=Alferov |first=Zhores I. |date=July 2001 |title=Nobel Lecture: The double heterostructure concept and its applications in physics, electronics, and technology |url=https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.73.767 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=767–782 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.73.767 |bibcode=2001RvMP...73..767A }}</ref><ref name="kroemer2">{{Cite journal |last=Kroemer |first=Herbert |date=July 2001 |title=Nobel Lecture: Quasielectric fields and band offsets: teaching electrons new tricks |url=https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.73.783 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=783–793 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.73.783 |bibcode=2001RvMP...73..783K }}</ref>
In the 1960s and 1970s Alferov continued his work on the physics and technology of semiconductor heterostructures in his lab at the Ioffe Institute. His investigations of injection properties of semiconductors and his contributions to the development of [[laser]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[LED]]s, and [[epitaxy]] processes led to the creation of modern heterojunction physics and electronics.<ref name=":0" /> The development of semiconductor heterojunctions revolutionized semiconductor design, and had a range of immediate commercial applications—including LEDs, [[barcode reader]]s, and [[CD]]s.<ref name=":0" /> [[Hermann Grimmeiss]] of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards Nobel Prizes, said: "Without Alferov, it would not be possible to transfer all the information from satellites down to the Earth or to have so many telephone lines between cities."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/965528.stm|title=Russian and Americans share hi-tech Nobel|date=10 October 2000|work=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2008}}</ref>
Alferov had an almost messianic conception of heterostructures, writing: "Many scientists have contributed to this remarkable progress, which not only determines in large measure the future prospects of solid state physics but in a certain sense affects the future of human society as well."<ref>[http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/selected%20papers/semiconductors/32-1.pdf Lib.semi.ac.cn] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013108/http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/selected%20papers/semiconductors/32-1.pdf |date=7 July 2011 }} (PDF)</ref>
== Scientific administration == In 1987, Alferov became the fifth director of the Ioffe Institute. In 1989, Alferov gained the administrative position of chairman of the Leningrad Scientific Center, now referred to as the St. Petersburg Scientific Center. In the Leningrad region, this scientific center is an overarching organization comprising 70 institutions, organizations, enterprises, and scientific societies.<ref name="Josephson2010"/>{{rp|196}}
Alferov worked to foster relationships between early educational institutions and scientific research institutions to train the next generation of scientists, citing [[Peter the Great]]'s vision for the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] to be organized with a scientific research core in close contact with a gymnasium (secondary school).<ref name="Josephson2010"/>{{rp|199}} In 1987, Alferov and colleagues at the Ioffe Institute established a secondary school in Saint Petersburg, the School of Physics and Technology, under the umbrella of the Ioffe charter. In 1997 Alferov founded the Research and Education Center at the Ioffe Institute and in 2002, this center officially became the [[Saint Petersburg Academic University]] after gaining a charter to award masters and PhD degrees.
In the 2000s, through his role in academic administration and in parliament, Alferov advocated for and worked to advance Russia's [[nanotechnology]] sector. The primary research charter of the [[Saint Petersburg Academic University]], which Alferov founded, was the development of nanotechnology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-19 |title=Fondazione Alferov Italia |url=http://www.alferov.it/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519205512/http://www.alferov.it/ |archive-date=19 May 2019 }}</ref> Alferov provided a consistent voice in parliament in favor of increased scientific funding. In 2006, Prime Minister [[Mikhail Fradkov]] announced the creation of a federal agency, [[Rusnano|Rosnanotekh]], to pursue nanotechnology applications.
== Political career == [[File:Vladimir Putin 12 October 2000-2.jpg|thumb|right|Alferov meeting President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[Kremlin]], 2000.]]
Alferov was elected to the Russian Parliament, the [[State Duma]], in [[1995 Russian legislative election|1995]] as a deputy for the political party [[Our Home – Russia]], generally considered to be supportive of the policies of President [[Boris Yeltsin]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meissner |first=Dirk |title=Emerging technologies for economic development |date=2019 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-030-04368-1 |location=New York, NY}}</ref> In [[1999 Russian legislative election|1999]], he was elected again, this time on the list of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]]. He was re-elected in [[2003 Russian legislative election|2003]] and again in [[2007 Russian legislative election|2007]], when he was placed second on the party's federal electoral list behind [[Gennady Zyuganov]] and ahead of [[Nikolai Kharitonov]], even though he was not a member of the party.<ref>[http://www.commersant.com/p802109/elections_/ Communists, Patriots Name Their Leaders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722072804/http://www.commersant.com/p802109/elections_/ |date=22 July 2011 }}, Kommersant, 7 September 2007.</ref>
== Non-profit service == Alferov served on the advisory council of [[CRDF Global]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Zhores I. Alferov|publisher=CRDF Global|url=http://www.crdf.org/profiles/profiles_show.htm?doc_id=696672|access-date=31 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130171743/http://www.crdf.org/profiles/profiles_show.htm?doc_id=696672|archive-date=30 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Personal life == His wife was named Tamara Darskaya. Together they had two children; a son, Ivan, and a daughter, Olga.<ref name=NYTimes2019/>
Alferov was an [[atheism|atheist]] and expressed objections to religious education.<ref>"Prominent Russians: Zhores Alferov". RT (TV network). Retrieved 21 April 2012.</ref> He was one of the signers of the [[Academicians' letter|open letter]] to President [[Vladimir Putin]] from members of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] against [[clericalism|clericalization]] of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2019/03/02_a_12218221.shtml|title="Великий по всем меркам": умер Жорес Алферов|website=Газета.Ru|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
== Death == Since November 2018, Alferov suffered from [[hypertensive emergency]]. He died on 1 March 2019 in [[Saint Petersburg]] at the age of 88.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Умер нобелевский лауреат Жорес Алферов|url=https://ria.ru/20190302/1551496774.html|language=ru|agency=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=2019-03-02|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2019>{{Cite news|last=Mellow|first=Craig|date=2019-03-02|title=Zhores Alferov, 88, Dies; Nobel Winner Paved Way for Laser Technology|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/obituaries/zhores-alferov-dead.html|url-access=subscription|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
== In popular culture == The song «World That Was Made By Alferov» by '''Leningrad Nights''' from the fourth album ''Physics'' (2025) is dedicated to Zhores Alferov.<ref><nowiki>https://vk.com/wall-206322062_622</nowiki></ref>
== Recognition == [[File:Dmitry Medvedev and Zhores Alfyorov (2010-03-15) 01.jpg|thumb|With [[Dmitry Medvedev]], 15 March 2010]] === International awards === {| class="wikitable" ! Year ! Organization ! Award ! Citation ! {{Reference column heading}} |- | 1971 | {{Flagicon|US}} [[Franklin Institute]] | [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] | "For the double-heterostructure injection laser." | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhores I. Alferov|url=https://fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/zhores-i-alferov|url-status=live|publisher=[[Franklin Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605015240/https://fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/zhores-i-alferov|archive-date=2024-06-05|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> |- | 1978 | {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[European Physical Society]] | [[EPS Europhysics Prize]] | "For heterojunctions." | <ref>{{Cite web|title=EPS Europhysics Prize|url=https://www.eps.org/members/group_content_view.asp?group=85187&id=554142|url-status=dead|website=www.eps.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916092557/https://www.eps.org/members/group_content_view.asp?group=85187&id=554142|archive-date=2023-09-16|access-date=2014-12-05}}</ref> |- |- | 2000 | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] | [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]{{Efn|Awarded jointly with [[Jack Kilby]] and [[Herbert Kroemer]].}} | "For developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics." | <ref name="Nobel Prize"/> |- | 2000 | {{Flagicon|US}} [[Optical Society of America]] | [[Nick Holonyak, Jr. Award]] | "For his original investigations of heterostructure injection lasers and cw room temperature semiconductor lasers." | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nick Holonyak, Jr. Award|url=https://www.optica.org/get_involved/awards_and_honors/awards/award_descriptions/nickholonyak/|url-status=live|website=www.optica.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627054155/https://www.optica.org/get_involved/awards_and_honors/awards/award_descriptions/nickholonyak/|archive-date=2025-06-27|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> |- | 2001 | {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Inamori Foundation]] | [[Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology]]{{Efn|Awarded jointly with [[Izuo Hayashi]] and [[Morton Panish]].}} | "A Pioneering Step in the Development of Optoelectronics through Success in Continuous Operation of Semiconductor Lasers at Room Temperature." | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhores Ivanovich Alferov|url=https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/|url-status=live|website=www.kyotoprize.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116182607/https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/|archive-date=2025-01-16|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> |- | 2002 | {{Flagicon|US}} [[SPIE]] | [[SPIE Gold Medal]] | | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Medal of the Society|url=http://spie.org/x3077.xml|url-status=dead|publisher=[[SPIE]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524031857/http://spie.org/x3077.xml|archive-date=2011-05-24|access-date=2009-10-06}}</ref> |- | 2005 | {{Flagicon|Russia}} Global Energy Association | [[Global Energy Prize]]{{Efn|Awarded jointly with [[Klaus Riedle]].}} | "For research and practical contribution to creation of semi-conductor energy converters for use in solar and electrical energy applications." | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Laureates|url=https://globalenergyprize.org/en/laureaty-3/|url-status=live|website=globalenergyprize.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906191950/https://globalenergyprize.org/en/laureaty-3/|archive-date=2025-09-06|access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref> |}
=== Russian awards === {| class="wikitable" !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| Institution !scope="col"| Award !scope="col"| Citation !scope="col"| {{Reference column heading}} |- | 1999 | [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0 Demidov Science Foundation] | [[Demidov Prize]] | "Outstanding contributions to the physics of semiconductors and semiconductor quantum electronics" | <ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ru:Лауреаты Демидовской премии|url=http://www.uran.ru/ru/about/laureaty-demidovskoi-premii|url-status=dead|language=ru|publisher=[[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220141/http://uran.ru/ru/about/laureaty-demidovskoi-premii|archive-date=2012-09-19|access-date=2012-08-11}}</ref> |- | 2001 | [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], [[Government of the Russian Federation]] | [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] | [https://www.ioffe.ru/sem_tech/sem_tech_old/awards.htm "Fundamental research into the processes of formation and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots] and developing [[quantum dot laser | lasers based on them]]" | <ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ru:Указ Президента РФ от 05.08.2002 № 831|url=http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/18374|language=ru|publisher=[[Government of the Russian Federation]]|access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> |}
=== Memberships === {| class="wikitable" ! Year ! Organization ! Type ! {{Reference column heading}} |- | 1990 | {{Flagicon|US}} [[National Academy of Sciences]] | International Member | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhores I. Alfërov|url=https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/zhores-i-alferov-xn5gfq/|url-status=live|website=www.nasonline.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720100122/https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/zhores-i-alferov-xn5gfq/|archive-date=2025-07-20|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> |- | 1990 | {{Flagicon|US}} [[National Academy of Engineering]] | International Member | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Zhores I. Alfërov|url=https://www.nae.edu/27581/Dr-Zhores-I-Alfrov|website=www.nae.edu|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> |- | 2001 | {{Flagicon|US}} [[Optical Society of America]] | [[Optica Fellow]] | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhores Ivanovich Alferov|url=https://www.optica.org/history/biographies/bios/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/|url-status=live|website=www.optica.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222071628/https://www.optica.org/history/biographies/bios/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/|archive-date=2022-12-22|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> |}
== See also == * [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]] * [[List of members of the State Duma of Russia who died in office]]
== Notes == {{Noteslist}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == {{Commons category|Zhores Alfyorov}} * {{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090506025640/http://kprf.ru/personal/alferov/ Zhores Alferov website at the Communist Party of the Russian Federation] *[http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003103249/http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html |date=3 October 2014 }}, on the website of [[Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute]] *{{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2000 ''Double Heterostructure Concept and its Applications in Physics, Electronics and Technology'' *[http://scepsis.ru/eng/articles/id_8.php Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin]
{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976-2000|state=expanded}} {{2000 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich}} [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Belarusian Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Russian Nobel laureates]] [[Category:21st-century Belarusian Jews]] [[Category:Belarusian atheists]] [[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]] [[Category:Our Home – Russia politicians]] [[Category:Communist Party of the Russian Federation members]] [[Category:Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Belarusian inventors]] [[Category:Belarusian physicists]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Jewish Belarusian politicians]] [[Category:Jewish Russian physicists]] [[Category:Jewish socialists]] [[Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary members of the Russian Academy of Education]] [[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Demidov Prize laureates]] [[Category:Recipients of the Lenin Prize]] [[Category:Full Cavaliers of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Francysk Skaryna]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 5th class]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] [[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]] [[Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates]] [[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]] [[Category:Russian atheists]] [[Category:Russian inventors]] [[Category:Russian physicists]] [[Category:Russian secular Jews]] [[Category:Semiconductor physicists]] [[Category:Jewish Soviet physicists]] [[Category:Soviet physicists]] [[Category:Russian academics]] [[Category:Soviet academics]] [[Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin]] [[Category:Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University alumni]] [[Category:Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)]] [[Category:Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)]] [[Category:Fourth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)]] [[Category:Fifth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)]] [[Category:Sixth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)]] [[Category:Seventh convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)]] [[Category:Scientists from Vitebsk]] [[Category:Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology]] [[Category:Belarusian secular Jews]] [[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]