Zef Mala

{{Short description|Albanian writer (1915–1979)}} {{Infobox person | name = Zef Mala | image = Zef Mala.png | image_size = 180px | alt = | caption = As a student in Vienna, 1934 | birth_name =  | birth_date = {{Birth date |1915|04|14}} | birth_place = Shkodër, Principality of Albania | death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|12|31|1915|04|14}}<ref name="Fierza"/> | death_place = Tirana, PSRA | other_names = | occupation = Esseyist, publicist, writer | years_active = | known_for = {{nowrap|Leader of the Communist Group of Shkodër}} | notable_works = }} '''Zef Mala''' (Shkodër, April 14, 1915 – Tirana, December 31, 1979) was an Albanian publicist and early communist. He was the leader of the Communist Group of Shkodër.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TC5AAAAIAAJ&q=zef+mala| title=Kosovo-past and present|author=Gordana Filipović| publisher=Review of International Affairs| year=1989| page=126|quote=...headed by Zef Mala as the leader.|oclc=21029735| location=Belgrade}}</ref>

==Life== Mala was born in the "Skënderbeg" neighborhood of Shkodër, the son of Roman Catholics Gjon and Shaqe Mala. The family took the last name from a great-grandfather named Mal Jaku, who came from the Pepaj clan of the Plan village of Pult.<ref>Kaloçi D., "Akuzat ndaj 73 komunistëve në gjyqin me Qemal Stafën", Gazeta Shqip, Issue. 121, 6 maj, 2007, pages 18-19</ref>

In 1933, he graduated from the Saverian College of Shkoder. In 1934, he settled in Tirana, where he wrote articles in the ''Besa'' newspaper, in a dedicated section for essays on "Life of great writers" ({{langx|sq|Jetë shkrimtarësh të mëdhenj}}). Mala won a scholarship from Zog's government and went to study in the Faculty of Philosophy<ref>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pECAAAAAIAAJ&q=zef+mala| title=Albanian literature: social perspectives| author=Arshi Pipa| page=156|publisher=R. Trofenik| year=1978|location= München| isbn=9783878281061}}</ref> of the University of Vienna.

Mala was a co-founder and leader of the Communist Group of Shkodër. In February 1939, a special court sat in Tirana in judgement of 73 people, including Mala, suspected of communist activities and spreading propaganda. Among the accused were Tuk Jakova, Vasil Shanto, Vojo Kushi, Branko Kadia, Emin Duraku, and Qemal Stafa.<ref>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo-4AAAAIAAJ&q=zef+mala| title=The People's Republic of Albania| page=39| author=Nicholas C. Pano| year=1968|isbn=9780801805202|oclc=397023|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press}}</ref> Mala was imprisoned but benefited from the Italian invasion of Albania, escaping on its eve, on 6 April 1939, together with Vasil Shanto. The same Italians would arrest him soon after for his involvement in anti-Fascist activity, and he was sent to the Santo Stefano Island internment camp in Italy during 1940–43. In the summer of 1943 he was brought back to Tirana for his case to be reprocessed in court. Condemned to 15 years of jail, he managed to escape from the prison and spent time hiding in his uncles' houses in Tirana.

Communist leader Enver Hoxha showed no sympathy for him, and had already secretly instructed Nako Spiru on 4 April 1944 to silently execute him, as being "not a good one". Luckily Mala escaped execution this time.<ref name="Fierza"/> Hoxha would later refer to Mala as a "confusing anti-Marxist".<ref>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYy4AAAAIAAJ&q=zef+mala| author=Enver Hoxha|title=Për shokët e mi pionierë: pjesë të zgjedhura nga Veprat|work=8 Nëntori| year=1985| page=160| quote=Unë e një pjesë e mirë e shokëve e njohim dhe e dënojmë Zef Malën, por ka dhe nga ata që akoma kanë iluzione për të. Ka bile ndonjë që e quan konfuzin antimarksist Zef Mala si «teoricien të madh».|oclc=15656129 }}</ref>

In 1945 he went to Italy where he was treated for his severe loss of vision. In 1946, Mala returned to Albania and started working in the National Library.

As an opponent of any dictatorship and Stalinism and being considered a Trotskyist or Orthodox Marxist,<ref>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgUUAQAAMAAJ&q=zef+mala| journal=Telos|issue= 59–60| page=92| year=1984|title=Telos - Google Books|publisher=Department of Sociology, Washington University|issn=0090-6514|oclc=1785433}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RZJpAAAAMAAJ&q=zef+mala| page=80| title=Albanian Stalinism: Ideo-Political Aspects|author=Arshi Pipa| year=1990|publisher=Eastern European Monographs|isbn=9780880331845|oclc=22234098}}</ref> he would become a target of the new Albanian communist leadership. Mala was arrested in 1945 accused of being an opponent the Yugoslav-Albanian relationship and the banning of political pluralism.<ref name="Butka">{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tijBQAAQBAJ&q=zef+mala&pg=PT15| title=The Bomb and the Soviet Embassy in Tirana| author=Uran Butka| date=December 2014}}</ref> He would be released soon after the demise of Koçi Xoxe, but would be arrested again, serving three jail sentences (a total of 60 years) until his death in 1979 inside the hospital-prison in Tirana.<ref name="Fierza">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gazetadita.al/zef-mala-mes-lavdise-dhe-persekutimit/ |title=Fierza Gjon, "Zef Mala, mes lavdisë dhe persekutimit", Gazeta ''Dita'', 16 April 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410051308/http://www.gazetadita.al/zef-mala-mes-lavdise-dhe-persekutimit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Disappointed by the communist regime and the fact that he had contributed to it, Mala was one of the few communists to give a public apology:<ref name="Butka"/>

{{cquote |''"We, who contributed to spreading this black cholera which gave birth to mourning, tears, blood, and poison inside the hearts of these long-suffered people, are the ones who should kneel, and open-kindheartedly ask for forgiveness"''|author=Zef Mala}}

==References== {{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mala, Zef}} Category:Albanian communists Category:People from Shkodër Category:1915 births Category:1979 deaths Category:University of Vienna alumni Category:Albanian anti-fascists Category:Albanian resistance members Category:Albanian Trotskyists Category:Albanian essayists Category:20th-century essayists