Yörüks

{{Short description|Turkish semi-nomadic ethnic subgroup}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Yörüks | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = File:A Yörük father with his daughter, Antalya, Altınkaya, Turkey, 2009.jpg | caption = A Yörük father with his daughter in Antalya (2009) | region1 = {{flag|Turkey}} | pop1 = >1,000,000 | ref1 = <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnUsAAAAYAAJ "Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey"], Volume 550, Issue 80, Thomas Duval Roberts, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. Page 74.</ref> (1970) | region2 = {{flag|North Macedonia}} | pop2 = 4,000 | ref2 = <ref>[https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16058/MK Yoruk in North Macedonia]. Joshua Project.</ref> | region3 = {{flag|Bulgaria}} | pop3 = 1,000 | ref3 = <ref>[https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16058/BU Yoruk in Bulgaria]. Joshua Project.</ref> | popplace = Anatolia, Balkans | rels = Islam (Sunni, Alevi) | langs = Turkish | related = Turkish people and other Turkic peoples }} {{Turkish people}} thumb|A Yörük village settled in 15th century, traditional Turkish houses The '''Yörüks''', also '''Yuruks''' or '''Yorouks''' ({{langx|tr|Yörükler}}; {{Langx|el|Γιουρούκοι}}, ''Youroúkoi''; {{langx|bg|юруци}}; {{langx|mk|Јуруци}}, ''Juruci''), are a Turkish ethnic subgroup of Oghuz descent,<ref>Klyashtorny, S.G. (1997) [http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/02/2-01.pdf "The Oguzs of the Central Asia and The Guzs of the Aral Region"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206070439/http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/02/2-01.pdf |date=2022-02-06 }} in ''International Journal of Eurasian Studies'' '''2'''</ref><ref>Vakalopoulos, Apostolos Euangelou. "'' Origins of the Greek Nation: The Byzantine Period, 1204-1461''". Rutgers University Press, 1970. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y_ceAAAAMAAJ&q=kailar+yuruks ''web link''], [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=tr&q=kailar+yuruks ''p. 163''], [https://books.google.com/books?hl=tr&q=%22On+the+Balkan%22+%22who+had+settled%22+Yuruks&btnG=Kitaplar%C4%B1+Ara ''p. 330'']</ref><ref name="Cahit 2004"/> some of whom are nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia, and partly in the Balkan peninsula.<ref name="Georgoudis2005"/> On the Balkans Yörüks are distributed over a wide area from the eastern parts of North Macedonia, parts of Bulgaria, north to Larissa in Thessaly and southern Thrace in Greece.<ref name="Europa ethnica">Svanberg, Ingvar: The turkish-speaking ethnic groups in Europe (pp.65-128) in [https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ_vAAAAMAAJ Europa ethnica, volume 41]. W. Braumüller, 1984, p.68.</ref><ref>A Bibliography of the Turkish-speaking Tribal Yörüks, by Ingvar Svanberg (Uppsala). [https://books.google.com/books?id=L51pAAAAMAAJ Materialia Turcica, Volumes 5-8]. Studienverlag Brockmeyer, 1981, page 21.</ref> Their name derives from the Old Turkish verb "yörü", meaning "to walk", and they are also called Yörük or Yürük. The contractions o > u and ö > ü in the first syllable in Rumelian dialects are typical, and while they are called '''Yörük''' in Anatolia, the '''Yürük''' form is used in Rumelia. These contractions are due to the Kipchak Turkic influence on dialects of Turkish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav Türkmen Ağızları Üzerine Birkaç Not |url=http://www.fed.sakarya.edu.tr/arsiv/yayinlenmis_dergiler/2010_2/makale_1.pdf |access-date=2025-06-11 |archive-date=2014-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504030226/http://www.fed.sakarya.edu.tr/arsiv/yayinlenmis_dergiler/2010_2/makale_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yıldız Yalçındağ |first=Elifnur |date=2024 |title=Kosova ve Kuzey Makedonya Türk Ağızlarında Kıpçakça Fonetik Unsurlar Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dilarastirmalari/issue/84872/1361565 |journal=Dil Araştırmaları}}</ref><ref>Turkish Language Association - ''TDK Online Dictionary''. [http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%b6r%c3%bck ''Yorouk''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404021912/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%b6r%c3%bck |date=April 4, 2009 }}, [http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%bcr%c3%bck ''yorouk''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404021912/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%bcr%c3%bck |date=April 4, 2009 }} {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yuruk "yuruk."] ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged.'' Merriam-Webster. 2002.</ref> The Yörüks were under the Yörük Sanjak, ({{langx|tr|Yörük Sancağı}}) which was not a territorial unit like the other sanjaks, but a separate organisational unit of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="ЋирковићМихаљчић1999">{{cite book|author1=Сима Ћирковић|author2=Раде Михаљчић|title=Лексикон српског средњег века|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AypYAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 March 2013|year=1999|publisher=Knowledge|page=645|isbn=9788683233014}}</ref><ref name="Matkovski1983">{{cite book|author=Aleksandar Matkovski|title=Otpor na Makedonija vo vremeto na turskoto vladeenje|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHBIAQAAIAAJ|access-date=23 March 2013|year=1983|publisher=Misla|page=372}}</ref>

According to some, those tribes residing in the east of the Kızılırmak river are called Turkmen and those in the west Yörük. Both terms were used together in Ottoman sources for Dulkadirli Turkmens living in Maraş and its surroundings.<ref>Solak, İbrahim. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221358/http://www.turkiyat.selcuk.edu.tr/pdfdergi/s12/solak.pdf XVI. Yüzyılda Maraş ve Çevresinde Dulkadirli Türkmenleri].</ref> The ethnohistorical terms Turcoman and Turkmen are used synonymously in literature to designate Yörük ancestry.<ref name="Cahit 2004"/>

== Origin of Yörüks == In the medieval era, to distinguish their own loyal Sunni Turkomans from the Shah-loyal Shiite Kızılbaş Turkomans of eastern Anatolia and Azerbaijan, Ottoman governors coined the blanket term ''Yörük'' (or ''Yürük''), meaning "nomad" or "wanderer."<ref>Sir Gerard Clauson, ''An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish'', Oxford 1972, p.972</ref><ref>Turkish Language Association – ''TDK Online Dictionary''. [http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%b6r%c3%bck ''Yorouk''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404021912/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%b6r%c3%bck|date=April 4, 2009}}, [http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%bcr%c3%bck ''yorouk''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404021912/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%bcr%c3%bck|date=April 4, 2009}} {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yuruk "yuruk".] ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged''. Merriam-Webster. 2002.</ref> This served as a political demarcation between western (Ottoman Turkic) and eastern (Persian-influenced) Turkoman groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inalcik |first=Halil |title=Rumors and Truths of Otttoman Empire |pages=38 |quote=During Ottomans, collective term used for Turkoman tribes was "Yörük." Ottoman bureaucrats, concerned with distinguishing their own Turkmens from the Shah-loyal Kızılbaş Turkmens, adopted the blanket term "Yörük" for their Turkomans.}}</ref>

Despite being politically divided between the Ottoman Turks and the Persian-influenced eastern realms, Eastern and Western Turkomans were ethnically and linguistically the same, differing only in minor dialectal or cultural aspects.

==Anatolia== thumb|right|Yörük (red) and Turkmens (yellow) in Anatolia [[File:AlaDaglarYoruk.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yörük shepherd in the Taurus Mountains in 2002.]] Historians and ethnologists often use the additional appellative 'Yörük Turcoman' or 'Turkmens' to describe the Yörüks of Anatolia. In Turkey's general parlance today, the terms "Türkmen" and "Yörük" indicate the gradual degrees of preserved attachment with the former semi-nomadic lifestyle of the populations concerned, with the "Turkmen" now leading a fully sedentary life, while keeping parts of their heritage through folklore and traditions, in arts like carpet-weaving, with the continued habit of keeping a ''yayla'' house for the summers, sometimes in relation to the Alevi community etc. and with Yörüks maintaining a stronger association with nomadism. These names ultimately hint at their Oghuz Turkish roots. The remaining "true" Yörüks of today's Anatolia traditionally use horses as a means of transportation, though these are steadily being replaced by trucks.

The Yörüks are divided in a large number of named endogamous patrilineal tribes (aşiret). Among recent tribes mentioned in the literature are Aksigirli, Ali Efendi, Bahsıs, Cakallar, Coşlu, Qekli, Gacar, Güzelbeyli, Horzum, Karaevli, Karahacılı, Karakoyunlu, Karakayalı, Karalar, Karakeçili, Manavlı, Melemenci, San Agalı, Sanhacılı, Sarıkeçili, Tekeli and Yeni Osmanlı. The tribes are splintered in clans or lineages, i.e. ''kabile'', ''sülale'' or ''oba''.<ref>Materialia Turcica, vol. 5-8, Studienverlag Brockmeyer., 1981, p.25</ref> * '''Anatolian Yörüks:''' Mersin Yörüks, Alaiye Yörüks, Tekeli Yörüks, Bursa Yörüks, Haruniye Yörüks, Maraş Yörüks, Ankara Yörüks, Eğridir Yörüks, Araç Yörüks, Taraklı Yörüks, Murtana Yörüks, Nacaklı Yörüks, Nasırlı Yörüks, Eski Yörüks, Toraman Yörük, Tacirleri Yörüks, Tor Yörüks.<ref name="Cahit 2004">Gelekçi, Cahit (2004). [http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/HALKBILIM/cg_yoruk/cg_yoruk.htm Türk Kültüründe Oğuz-Türkmen-Yörük Kavramları]. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Güz 2004, Issue '''1''' ISSN 1305-5992</ref>

===Sarıkeçili Yörüks=== The Sarıkeçili or "Yellow Goats" are the last Yörüks maintaining the nomadic way of life. They mainly live in Mersin Province in the central-eastern parts of the Turkish Mediterranean coast and consist of about 200 families. Their winter camps are in the coasts of Silifke, Gülnar and Anamur. In summer they live in the districts of Beyşehir and Seydişehir in Konya Province. Their nomad tents can be seen throughout the Mediterranean coastal sides of Turkey. This is a very common practice among old Turkic tribes in central Asia even nowadays.<ref name="Georgoudis2005">{{cite book | editor1 = A. Georgoudis | editor2 = A. Rosati | editor3 = C. Mosconi | date = 2 August 2005 | title = Animal production and natural resources utilisation in the Mediterranean mountain areas | publisher = Wageningen Academic Publishers | pages =621–622 | isbn = 9789086865611 | oclc = 1120537130 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ahHTDwAAQBAJ}}.</ref><ref name="GSED">A. Metin KARKIN / Selin OYAN. ''[https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/711892 A Study on Life, Cultural Features and Music of Sarıkeçililer, the Last Yoruks (Turkish Nomads) Living in Mersin Province]''. Atatürk Üniveristesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi. Journal of the Fine Arts Institute (GSED), '''35''', Erzurum 2015, pp. 271-285.</ref> A throat singing tradition, known as “Boğaz Havası” or “Boğaz Çalma”, has an important aspect in the culture of the Sarıkeçili Yörüks, it is performed by pressing the throat with a finger while singing with a sound.<ref name="GSED"/><ref name="Cahit 2004"/>

In the past centuries, many Sarıkeçili tribes also resided in these areas: İçil (today Mersin), Aydın, Konya, Afyonkarahisar, Akşehir, Saruhan, Doğanhisarı, Antalya, Lake Eğirdir, Isparta, Burdur, Dazkırı, Uluborlu. Most Sarıkeçili tribes living in these areas have already accepted the sedentary way of life. The Sarıkeçili around Antalya and Mersin are the last representatives of Yörük nomadism.<ref name="Cahit 2004"/><ref>Dulkadir, Hilmi (1997). [http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/CUKUROVA/sempozyum/semp_2/dulkadir.pdf İçel'de son Yörükler: Sartkeçililer], İçel Valiliği Yayınları</ref>

=== Manavlı Yörüks === {{Distinguish|Manavs}} '''Manavlı tribe''' or '''Manavlı Yörüks''' is a Yörük tribe living in Antalya, Adana, Aydın, Manisa and the Taurus Mountains. The Manavlı tribe appears in Ottoman records as "Manavlı, Manavlu, Manavlar Perakendesi." Their settlements are listed as İçil, Saruhan, and Alaiye Sanjaks. It is believed that the Manavlı Yörüks took their name from the fact that they lived in old times near the town of Manava, a Byzantine settlement now lost and located near the modern Manavgat.<ref>Türkay, Cevdet; BAŞBAKANLIK ARŞİVİ BELGELERİNE GÖRE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA: OYMAK, AŞİRET VE CEMAATLER, Tercüman Kaynak Eserler Dizisi: I, İstanbul, 1979, s.576</ref><ref>Günümüzde Sarıgöl ve çevresinde görülen havsız dokumalardaki motiflerin aşiretlerle bağlantıları / The relationships between tribal groups and the patterns used in their flat woven rugs around Sarıgöl, KAMİL GÜLLER, 2004</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |editor-last=SUCUKA |editor-first=Duygu |title=Yörükler Çalıştayı "Zor Yaşamlar" |url=https://turuz.com/storage/Turkologi-2-2019/6244-Yorukler_Chalishtayi-Duyqu_Sayuq-2016-152s.pdf |pages=50}}</ref> There is also the Manavlı Goat of the Yörüks.

=== Lifestyle === French historian and Turkologist Jean-Paul Roux visited the Anatolian Yörüks in the late 1950s and found that the majority of them were practicing Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roux|first=Jean-Paul|year=1961|title=La sédentarisation des nomades Yürük du vilayet d'Antalya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtgWAQAAMAAJ|journal=L'Ethnographie|language=fr|publisher=L'Entretemps éditions|volume=55|pages=67–68}}</ref> The tribes he visited were led by elected officials called ''muhtars'', or village headmen, rather than hereditary chiefs, although he did note that village elders maintained some social authority based on their age.{{Sfn|Roux|1961|p=68}} For the majority of the year, they lived in dark wool tents called ''kara çadır''.{{Sfn|Roux|1961|p=66}} During the summer, they went up to the mountains, and in the winter they came down to the coastal plains.{{Sfn|Roux|1961|p=68-69}} They kept a variety of animals, including goats, sheep, camels, and sometimes cattle.{{Sfn|Roux|1961|p=75}}

The focus of each tribe was the family unit. Young men would move directly from their family's tent to their own upon marriage. The Yörüks married endogamously; that is, they married strictly within their own tribe. Children were raised by the tribe as a whole, who told Roux "we are all parents."{{Sfn|Roux|1961|p=69}} Although the Yörüks had acquired a reputation for being deliberately resistant to formal education, Roux found that a full quarter of Yörük children he encountered were attending school, despite the difficulties of living a nomadic lifestyle in remote locations with limited access.{{Sfn|Roux|1961|p=70}}

==Balkans== thumb|right|Balkan Yörük settlements In 1911, the Yörük were a distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace, where they settled as early as the 14th century.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911|p=217}} An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailar or Kayılar Turks, were among the first settlements in Europe.{{citation needed|date=December 2016|reason=the second sentence was covered by a citation to "Bourchier 1911" (EB1911), but it does not support this sentence.}} * '''Rumelian Yörüks:''' Atçekenler/Tanrıdağı Yörüks, Naldöken Yörüks, Kocacık Yörüks, Ofcabolu Yörüks, Vize Yörüks, Yanbolu Yörüks, Selanik Yörüks.<ref name="Cahit 2004"/> Tekirdağ Yürüks.<ref>Çevik, Hikmet (1971). Tekirdağ Yürükleri, Tekirdağ Halkevi Yayını, İstanbul</ref>

In 1900 the Rumelian Turkish population in the Balkans was estimated at seven million. Shortly after the independence of the new Bulgarian state, they formed a significant minority in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/27913581 | title=OTTOMAN POPULATION, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, by KEMAL H. KARPAT }}</ref> Several waves of migration led to a decline of the Rumelian Turkish population, leaving about 1.5 million people by 1925. Many Rumelian Turks in Greece are not counted in census because they are registered as Christians to escape discrimination.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u9Lq_8Ozf5cC Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R], Volume 3 of ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World'', James Minahan, Greenwood Press (Westport, Conn., '''2002''') {{ISBN|0313316171}}, 9780313316173 pp. 1611–1616.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vi_VCm51kpkC The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide], Walter de Gruyter '''2011'''.</ref> Due to religious, linguistic and social differences, most Rumelian Turks did not intermarry or mix with the native populations of the Balkans.<ref>Vol. 2 of ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7vgpAQAAMAAJ Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey]'' (Greenwood Press, '''1984''') by Richard V. Weekes, {{ISBN|0313233926}}, p.821.</ref>

As late as 1971, Rumelian Turks still formed a distinct ethnos of former nomads (known as Yorukluk). Originally, these Yörük nomads were taken from West Anatolia (Saruhan, Menemen) to colonize parts of Rumelia, such as Thessaly and Rhodope in the Greek-Bulgarian-Macedonian borderland, or Plovdiv and Yambol in Bulgaria.<ref>Volume 3 of ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nawVAQAAMAAJ Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studie] s'' (London, '''2006''') by Elizabeth Jeffreys, quotation from p. 105.</ref><ref>Volume 4 of ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6cTXAAAAMAAJ Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities]'' (Global Vision, '''2001'''), by Nagendra Kr Singh, {{ISBN|818774605X}}, 9788187746058.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595144 Ottoman Methods of Conquest], by Halil Inalcik, Studia Islamica No. 2 ('''1954'''), pp. 103-129 (27 pages) Published By: Brill DOI:10.2307/1595144</ref>

=== Yörüks of North Macedonia and Bulgaria === {{Main|Balkan Gagauz Turkish}}

In 1993, the Yörük population of Bulgaria is estimated at approx. 418 thousand people,<ref>[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/turquie_1general.htm "Turquie: situation générale"]. (cited 2014) ''Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca''. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</ref> mainly divided into Surguch (7000 without children) and Yörük (320,000 without children).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150707225025/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgx Ethnologue entry for Balkan Gagauz Turkish] (Johnstone 1993)</ref> They live mainly in the European part of Turkey, in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria and in the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia. Dialects include Gajal, Gerlovo Turk, Karamanli, Kyzylbash, Surguch, Tozluk Turk, Yuruk (Konyar, Yoruk), Prizren and Macedonian Gagauz. Current estimates of 2019 assume that in the entire Balkan region approx. 1.5 to 2.3 million people of Yörük Turkish descent live.<ref name="Açık">Açık, F. ve Yavuz R. İ. (2019). [http://tdk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/13.-Fatma-A%C3%87IK-Rahime-%C4%B0rem-YAVUZ-Balkanlarda-%C3%96%C4%9Freticilerin-G%C3%B6z%C3%BCnden-T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-%C3%96%C4%9Fretimi.pdf “Balkanlarda Öğreticilerin Gözünden Türkçe Öğretimi” ("Teaching Turkish from the Perspective ofTeachers in the Balkans")]. Turkish World Journal of Language and Literature, Issue: '''48''' (Autumn 2019) - Ankara, pp. 299-326. DOI: 10.24155/tdk.2019.122.</ref>

===Kayılar Yörüks===

The Kailar Turks formerly inhabited parts of Thessaly and Macedonia (especially near the town of Kozani and modern Ptolemaida). Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of Konya, in Asia Minor, had settled in the country. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397 many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; some of the beys or Muslim landowners in southern Macedonia before the Balkan Wars may have been their descendants.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911|p=217}}

==Iran== Clans closely related to the Yörüks are scattered throughout the Anatolian Peninsula and beyond it, particularly around the chain of Taurus Mountains and further east around the shores of the Caspian Sea. Of the Turkmens of Iran, the Yomuts come the closest to the definition of the Yörüks. An interesting offshoot of the Yörük mass are the Tahtacı of the mountainous regions of Western Anatolia who, as their name implies, have been occupied with forestry work and wood craftsmanship for centuries. Despite this, they share similar traditions (with markedly matriarchal tones in their society structure) with their other Yörük cousins. The Qashqai people of southern Iran are also worthy of mention due to their shared characteristics.{{clarify|date=July 2014}}

==Notable people== *Ferdi Tayfur (born 1945), Turkish music singer *Alper Gezeravcı (born 1979), First Turkish astronaut *Şerif Turgut first Turkish female war correspondent *Bedia Akartürk (born 1941), Turkish folk music singer

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Aladağlar’da Yörükler.jpg|Yörük tent File:Yoeruek18.jpg|Yörük nomads File:A Yörük father with his daughters, Balkusan, Karaman, Turkey, 2015.jpg|Yörük father with his daughters, central Anatolia File:DAVIS(1879) p010 YOUROUK ENCAMPMENT IN THE TAURUS.jpg|Yörük camp in the Taurus Mountains, c. 1879 File:PSM V43 D200 Yuruk encampment.jpg|Yörük encampment, c. 1893 File:Yörük-Filzdecke.jpg|Yörük felt rug near Ussumly-Kadyanda, late 19th c. File:Yörük buğday çuvalı.jpg|Yörük embroidery on a wheat sack File:PSM V43 D197 Yuruk women at the spring.jpg|Yörük women at the spring File:Anthropological essay on male Yörük adults (Felix von Luschan, 1889).jpg|Anthropological essay on male Yörük adults (Felix von Luschan, 1889) </gallery>

==See also== * Qashqai people * Turkmens * Yürük rug * Tahtacı

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==References== * Brailsford, H.N. ''Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future''. Methuen & Co., London, 1906. [http://www.promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_4_6.html ''Kailar Turks''] * Cribb, Roger. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TFnE3YQ6VjsC&dq=Nomads+in+Archaeology&pg=PP1 ''Nomads in Archaeology.''] Cambridge University Press, 2004. * Orga, Irfan. ''The Caravan Moves On''. Secker & Warburg, London, 1958, reprinted Eland, London, 2002. '''Attribution'' *{{EB1911 |last=Bourchier |first=James David |wstitle=Macedonia |volume=17 |pages=216–222}}

==External links== {{Wiktionary|yörük}} {{Commons category|Yörük}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060412231754/http://www.yorukler.com/ Web portal for information sharing on and between Yörüks] *[https://archive.today/20130105125103/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/turkc-l/message/97 The disappearing Yörük and their music] *[http://www.yorturkvakfi.com Foundation of Yörüks in Turkey] *[https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/857163 Karacakoyun Yörüks of Western Anatolia] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130319141039/http://www.alisinanbilgili.com/tarsusvarsaklar%C4%B1i.pdf Varsak Yörüks of southern Anatolia]

{{Turkic peoples}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yorouk}} <!--Categories--> Category:Pastoralists Category:Turkomans in Turkey Category:Transhumant ethnic groups Category:Modern_nomads