{{Short description|Centrohelid algae}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Yogsothoth | authority = Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky, 2018<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/> | type_species = Yogsothoth knorrus | type_species_authority = Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky, 2018<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = * ''Y. knorrus'' * ''Y. carteri'' }}
'''''Yogsothoth''''' /ˈjɔgsəˌθɑθ/ is a genus of centrohelid protists, distinguished by the shape and arrangement of their external scales as well as their colonial life strategy. It was described in November 2018 by Shɨshkin and Zlatogursky, and is part of a newly described clade of centrohelids, determined as such by analysis of molecular data.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/><ref name="Adl 2019"/>
== Etymology == The genus name ''Yogsothoth'' is a reference to Yog-Sothoth, a character from H.P. Lovecraft's creative works. The genus was named as such due to its tendency to form colonies of cells with rounded plate-like outer scales and outwardly-radiating axopodia, which is visually similar to Lovecraft's description of Yog-sothoth as a conglomeration of glowing spheres.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
== History of knowledge == ''Yogsothoth'' was first described by Shɨshkin and Zlatogursky in November 2018, and was placed within the taxon Panacanthocystidia after identifying that it had too few 18S insertions to be classified under the established taxon of Acanthocystidia.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
=== Proposed taxonomy === Within the class of centrohelids, several descending taxa were described to place ''Yogsothoth,'' as it was genetically distinct from other centrohelids. The proposed taxonomy is as follows, with bolded classifications being described ''de novo'':<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
* Domain Eukaryota * Haptista * Class Centroplasthelida * '''Panacanthocystidia''' * '''Chthonida''' * '''Yogsothothina''' * '''Family Yogsothothidae''' * '''Genus ''Yogsothoth'''''
== Habitat and ecology == ''Yogsothoth'' is a marine organism found at the shores of warm seas.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/> Not much is known about its ecology. The closely related ''Raphidiophrys'' has similar axopodia extending from a scaled central cell, and can use them to prey on other organisms;<ref>Kinoshita, E.; Suzaki, T.; Shigenaka, Y.; Sugiyama, M. (1995). Ultrastructure and rapid axopodial contraction of a heliozoa, ''Raphidiophrys contractilis'' sp. nov. ''The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology'', 42(3), 283-288. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1995.tb01581.x. Retrieved March 28 2023.</ref> it's likely that ''Yogsothoth'' is predatory as well, given that it is non-photosynthetic.
== Description ==
=== Cell morphology === ''Yogsothoth'' cells are round and range in size from 5.53 - 15.20 μm. Each cell is covered in silicaceous oval-shaped plate scales with an axial rib and an inflected margin; they are around 1.3μm x 1-3μm, with the length varying more by species. Each cell produces long axopodia, which extend outwards towards the surface of the colony (or away from the substrate, in the case of single cells) and are only produced on the outward-facing part of the cell surface. Kinetocysts move along the axopodia.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
At the time of describing the type species ''Y. knorrus'', a second species, ''Y. carteri'', was also described. The two are mainly distinguished by the difference in appearance of their scales; compared to ''Y. knorrus, Y. carteri'' has larger, rounder, and deeper outer scales, and larger inner scales.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
=== Colony morphology === ''Yogsothoth'' cells are almost always in colonies. Depending on the species, the colony can be spherical with 7-10 individual cells, or discoidal or globular with 2-32 individual cells. Unlike other colonial centrohelids, ''Yogsothoth'' has no cytoplasmic bridges between individual cells; each cell is completely individual, despite being densely packed into a round colony surrounded by its outer scales.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
Further distinguishing them from other centrohelids, ''Yogsothoth'' produces two distinct types of scales. The colonies are surrounded by a dense layer of siliceous outer scales, the morphology of which vary by species but this outer layer is generally not seen in any other closely related taxon. The outer scales have an inward-furled margin, creating an inner cavity of varying depth. The cavity opening varies in shape and size. The back of each outer scale has an axial rib, similar to the inner scales. Conical papillae form irregular concentric rings on the outer surface of the scale, except for on the 'back' surface surrounding the axial rib.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
The colonies are commonly motionless and attached to a substrate, but they are also capable of floating or active 'creeping' movement, which is unique among colonial centrohelids. The colonies divide by fragmentation, and the daughter colonies can remain fixed to the same substrate or float away, taking some amount of the mother colony's outer scales with it. They can also produce single cells which will split off from the colony.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
=== Genetics === The 18S rRNA of ''Y. knorrus'' was sequenced and reconstructed to compare with other nearby taxa. This revealed clear relations to closely related taxa, especially Acanthocystidia and Raphidocystidae.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/> These shared segments were designated as core genetic traits unique to the newly formed taxon Panacanthocystidia.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/> Most of the common segments occurred in the variable expansion regions of the 18S rRNA sequence. The 18S rRNA also contained a unique substitution in an area that is overwhelmingly conserved among all eukaryotes. This substitution could theoretically result in a gene product with reduced function, as it would impact the ribosomal protein by encouraging folding in an unusual manner; however, the exact function of the gene and impact of this substitution is not confirmed.<ref name="Yogsothothidae"/>
== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Adl 2019">{{cite journal|vauthors=Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, ((Lahr DJG)), Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, ((Mitchell EAD)), Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q|year=2019|title=Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|volume=66|issue=1 |pages=4–119|doi=10.1111/jeu.12691|pmid=30257078 |pmc=6492006 }}</ref>
<ref name="Yogsothothidae">{{cite journal|first1=Yegor|last1=Shɨshkin|first2=Daria|last2=Drachko|first3=Vladimir I.|last3=Klimov|first4=Vasily V.|last4=Zlatogursky |date=November 2018|title=''Yogsothoth knorrus'' gen. n., sp. n. and ''Y. carteri'' sp. n. (Yogsothothidae fam. n., Haptista, Centroplasthelida), with notes on evolution and systematics of centrohelids|journal=Protist|volume=169|issue=5|pages=682–696|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2018.06.003}}</ref>
</references> {{Taxonbar|from=Q110222712}} Category:Taxa described in 2018 Category:Haptista genera