{{Short description|Ancient Turkic inscriptions in Russia}} <!-- Note: The following pages were redirects to [[Yenisei_Inscriptions]] before draftification: *[[The Yenisei Inscriptions]] -->

'''{{ill|Yenisei Inscriptions|lt=The Yenisei Inscriptions|tr|Yenisey Yazıtları|az|Yenisey_abidələri|ru|Енисейские_письменные_памятники}}''' are a series of [[Old Turkic]] inscriptions from the 8th-10th century CE, found near [[Yenisei Kyrgyz]] [[kurgans]] located in the Upper and Middle basins of the [[Yenisei River]] in modern-day [[Russia]] in [[Khakassia]], [[Tuva]] and the [[Altai Republic]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Igor|last=Kormushin|title=Yenisei runiform inscriptions and Turkic languages in the Yenisei Basin in the 8th - 10th centuries|journal=Turkic Languages|volume=23|year=2019|number=2|pages=153–162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=Yenisey Yazıtları » Sümbül Sokak |url=https://sumbulsokak.com/yenisey-yazitlari/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |language=tr}}</ref>

[[File:Yeniseirivermap.png|thumb|Yenisei Basin]]It is believed that Yenisei Inscriptions belong to different Turkic tribes living in Yenisei region. Some of these inscriptions, which are usually erected as tombstones, are a few words, most of them 5-10 lines. These inscriptions are written in plain and no exaggeration language.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yenisey yazıtları ve özellikleri: Yenisey yazıtları nedir, kime aittir? |url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/yasam/yenisey-yazitlari-ve-ozellikleri-yenisey-yazitlari-kime-ait-k1-5176626 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Sabah |language=tr}}</ref> It is often seen that the author tells in a sincere language that they left this world without being satiated. Traces of [[Shamanism]] is also seen in the inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davletov |first1=Nükhet OKUTAN |last2=Davletov |first2=Timur |date=2022-01-01 |title=Eski Türklerden Günümüze Altay Şamanizminde Çök/Sök Ayini |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jots/issue/66850/987916 |journal=Journal of Old Turkic Studies |language=tr |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=21–38 |doi=10.35236/jots.987916|s2cid=245622796 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Period == Yenisei inscriptions used unique letters instead of some of the Orkhon letters that we see in Orkhon inscriptions. These are more primitive than the letters used in Orkhon inscriptions. The texts used in the inscriptions are also primitive compared to the Orkhon inscriptions and there are no long texts since all are tombstones. Therefore, it is thought to have been written before the [[Orkhon inscriptions]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kılıç |first=Hüseyin |date=2002-03-01 |title=Yenisey Yazıtları |url=http://calakalem.com/2002/03/dilbilim/yenisey-yazitlari/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Çalakalem |language=tr}}</ref> However, dating studies point to the 8th-9th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aydin |first=Erhan |date=2012 |title=Yenisey Yazıtları nasıl tarihlendirilebilir? |url=https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TVRNMU1qY3pNdz09/yenisey-yazitlari-nasil-tarihlendirilebilir- |journal=Turkish Studies (Elektronik) |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=161–168 |issn=1308-2140}}</ref> [[File:Енисейские_письменные_памятники.jpg|thumb|Yenisei written monuments: E-1 monument Uyuk-Tarlak, E-2 monument Uyuk-Arzhan, E-37 monument Tes]] [[File:Minusinsk stele.png|thumb|upright|Stele Uybat-I. The stele itself dates back to the [[Okunev culture]], 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazin |first1=Louis |title=Les premières inscriptions turques (VIe-Xe siècles) en Mongolie et en Sibérie méridionale |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1990 |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=53, Fig.6 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1990.1278 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1990_num_45_1_1278}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rentzsch |first1=Julian |last2=Yıldız |first2=Hülya |title=Uybat I |date=8 June 2020 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-067577-1 |page=9 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110675771-002 |language=en |chapter=Uybat I | quote="The stele bears a carved-out human face at the bottom, of which Kormušin (1997: 91) states that archaeologists date it to no later than the 2nd millennium B.C.E. without specifying a concrete source. The stone was brought to the Mart'janov Museum of Local Lore in Minusinsk (Minusinskij regional'nyj kraevedčeskij muzej imeni N.M. Mart'janova) at the end of the 19th century, where it is kept under inventory no. 7 (Kormušin 1997: 91)."}}</ref>]] [[File:AppelgrenKivalo1931Abb331.png|thumb|upright|Re-used [[Deer stone]] stele (circa 1000 BCE), with [[Uyuk Turan Inscription]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazin |first1=Louis |title=Les premières inscriptions turques (VIe-Xe siècles) en Mongolie et en Sibérie méridionale |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1990 |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=53, Fig.8 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1990.1278 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1990_num_45_1_1278}}</ref>]]

== History of investigation == By 1983, 145 inscriptions were known, by 2006 - 184 inscriptions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-12 |title=Yenisey Bölgesi Yazıtları (184 yazıt) |url=https://uqusturk.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/yenisey-bolgesi-yazitlari-184-yazit/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=UQUS TÜRK |language=tr-TR}}</ref> and as of 2013, 225 inscriptions have been found.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Şemen |first=Serkan |date=2017-07-24 |title=Some Explanations on Yenisey Inscriptions |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jots/issue/30544/328740 |journal=Journal of Old Turkic Studies |language=tr |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=64–73}}</ref>

== Inscriptions of Yenisei tribes == The inscriptions were named with the name of the river, village or region where they were first found, and were indicated with numbers such as E-1, E-50, e-150 in academic type. For example: Uyuk-Tarlak (Е-1), Barık I (Е-5), Barık II (Е-6), Elegest (Е-10), Begre (Е-11), [[:File:Minusinsk stele.png|Uybat I]] (Е-30) etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arşivlenmiş kopya|url=http://www.bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222175553/http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=2|archive-date=22 February 2016|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arşivlenmiş kopya|url=http://el.kz/m/articles/view/content-1022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907143406/http://el.kz/m/articles/view/content-1022|archive-date=7 September 2016|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arşivlenmiş kopya|url=http://www.calakalem.com/huseyin12.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230237/http://www.calakalem.com/huseyin12.php|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arşivlenmiş kopya|date=12 February 2012|url=https://uqusturk.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/yenisey-bolgesi-yazitlari-184-yazit/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013173759/https://uqusturk.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/yenisey-bolgesi-yazitlari-184-yazit/|archive-date=13 October 2016|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref>

=== List of Inscriptions === Sources:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aydin |first=Erhan |date=2011-10-01 |title=YENİSEY YAZITLARINDA GEÇEN UNVANLAR VE UNVAN NİTELEYİCİLERİ |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/belleten/issue/32743/363458 |journal=Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=5–26 |issn=0564-5050}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aydın |first=Erhan |title=Yenisey Yazıtları / Yenisei Inscriptions. Konya, 2015: Kömen Publ. |url=https://www.academia.edu/19542641}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yildiz |first1=Aygün |last2=Çolak |first2=Kerem |date=2020-12-25 |title=Sosyal Bilgiler Dersi Öğretim Programı'nda Yer Alan Değerler Kapsamında Yenisey Yazıtlarının İncelenmesi |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ded/issue/57967/698299 |journal=Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi |language=tr |volume=18 |issue=40 |pages=77–113 |doi=10.34234/ded.698299 |s2cid=229661058 |issn=1303-880X|doi-access=free }}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} * E1 ( [[Uyuk-Tarlak inscription|Uyuk-Tarlak]] ) * E2 ( Uyuk-Arjan ) * E3 ( [[Uyuk Turan Inscription|Uyuk-Turan]] ) * E4 ( Ottuk-Daş I ) * E5 ( Barık I ) * E6 ( Barık II ) * E7 ( Barık III ) * E8 ( Barık IV ) * E9 ( Kara-sug ) * E10 ( [[Elegest inscription|Elegest Yazıtı I]] ) * E11 ( Begre ) * E12 ( Aldı-Bel I ) * E13 ( Çaa-höl I ) * E14 ( Çaa-höl II ) * E15 ( Çaa-höl III ) * E16 ( Çaa-höl IV ) * E17 ( Çaa-höl V ) * E18 ( Çaa-höl VI ) * E19 ( Çaa-höl VII ) * E20 ( Çaa-höl VIII ) * E21 ( Çaa-höl IX ) * E22 ( Çaa-höl X ) * E23 ( Çaa-höl XI ) * E24 ( Inscriptions on Khaya-Uju rocks ) * E25 ( Oznachennoe ) * E28 ( Oçurı Аçurı ) * E27 ( Oya ) * E28 ( Altın-köl ) * E29 ( Altın-Köl ) * E30 ( [[:File:Minusinsk stele.png|Uybat I]] ) * E31 ( Uybat II ) * E32 ( Uybat III ) * E33 ( Uybat-IV ) * E34 ( Uybat-V ) * E35 ( Tuba I ) * E36 ( Tuba II ) * E37 ( Tes ) * E38 ( Ak-Yus ) * E39 ( Kara-Yus ) * E40 ( Taşeba ) * E41 ( Kemçik-Çıgrak ) * E42 ( Bay-bulun I ) * E43 ( Kızıl-Çıraa I ) * E44 ( Kızıl-Çıraa II ) * E45 ( Kejeelig-Hovu ) * E46 ( Tele ) * E48 ( Abakan ) * E49 ( Bay-bulun II ) * E50 ( Tuva stele «B» inscriptions ) * E51 ( Tıva III ) * E52 ( Elegest II ) * E53 ( Elegest III ) * E54 ( Ottuk Daş III ) * E55 ( Tuvian stele "G" ) * E56 ( Malinovka ) * E57 ( Suygyn ) * E58 ( Kezek-Hure ) * E59 ( Kerbis-baarı ) * E60 ( Sargal Aqsy ) * E61 ( Sulug-adır-aksı ) * E62 ( Kanımıldık-kobı ) * E63 ( Ortaa-Hem ) * E64 ( Ottuk Daş II ) * E65 ( Kara-bulun I ) * E66 ( Kara-bulun II ) * E67 ( Kara-bulun III ) * E68 ( El-Bajı ) * E69 ( Çer-Çarık ) * E70 ( Elegest IV Eer Hol ) * E71 ( Podkuninskoe ) * E72 ( Aldı Bel II ) * E73 ( Yime ) * E74 ( Samagaltay ) * E75 ( Küten-Buluk ) * E76 ( Mirror I ) * E77 ( Mirror II ) * E78 ( Inscription on Chinese copper coin I ) * E79 ( Inscription on Chinese copper coin II ) * E80 ( Bronze Plaque ) * E81 ( Golden Vessel I ) * E82 ( Golden Vessel II ) * E83 ( Uybat VII ) * E84 ( Mirror III ) * E85 ( Mirror IV ) * E86 ( Amulet Signs ) * E87 ( Text on a Spindle ) * E88 ( Text on an Amulet ) * E89 ( Övür-I ) * E90 ( Övür-I ) * E91 ( Bedelig ) * E92 ( Demir-Sug ) * E93 ( Yur-Sayur I ) * E94 ( Yur-Sayur II ) * E95 ( Xemçik-Bom I ) * E96 ( Xemçik-Bom II ) * E97 ( Xemçik-Bom III ) * E98 ( Uybat VI ) * E99 ( Ortaa-Tey ) * E100 ( Bayan-Qol ) * E102 ( Arjan II inscriptions ) * E103 ( Arjan II inscriptions ) * E104 ( Oznachennoe II ) * E105 ( A Stele from Kyzyl Museum ) * E108 ( Uyuk Oorzak I ) * E109 ( Uyuk Oorzak II ) * E110 ( Uyuk Oorzak III ) * E111 ( Tepsey I ) * E112 ( Tepsey II ) * E113 ( Tepsey III ) * E114 ( Tepsey IV ) * E115 ( Tepsey V ) * E116 ( Tepsey VI ) * E117 ( Tepsey VII ) * E118 ( Turan I ) * E119 ( Saglı / Balbal Inscription in Saglı ) * E120 ( Tugutüp I ) * E121 ( Tugutüp II ) * E122 ( İyme II ) * E123 ( Tepsey VIII ) * E124 ( Tepsey IX ) * E125 ( Tepsey X ) * E126 ( Tepsey XI ) * E127 ( Mirror V / Zerkale iz Minusinska ) * E128 ( Mirror VI ) * E129 ( Mirror VII ) * E130 ( Mirror VIII ) * E131 ( Bronz Levha / Bronz Söve Pervazı ) * E132 ( Uybat VIII / Uybat ÇaaTas Stone ) * E133 ( Kopön Altın Küp III / Kopyon Çaa-Tas Stone ) * E134 ( Ust-Sos ) * E135 ( Ust-Kulog ) * E136 ( Mugur-Sargol I ) * E137 ( Kres-Haya ) * E138 ( Kara-Yüs II / Ozernaya ) * E139 ( Çaptıkov Taşı / Çaptık Taşı ) * E140 ( Mugur-Sargol II ) * E141 ( Bow sheath from Aymırlıg Kurgan I / the inscription on the horn bow I ) * E142 ( Bow sheath from Aymırlıg Kurgan II / the inscription on the horn bow II ) * E143 ( Mirror IX ) * E144 ( Novosyolovo ) * E145 ( Mugur-Sargol III ) * E146 ( - ) * E147 ( Yeerbek I ) * E148 ( Mugur-Sargol II ) * E149 ( Yeerbek II ) * E150 ( - ) * E151 ( - ) * E152 ( Şançı 3 ) * E153 ( Alash I ) * E154 ( Alash II ) * E155 ( Lisiç'ya I ) * E164 ( Adrianov ) {{colend}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* https://www.onturk.net/yenisey-yazitlari {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412000104/https://www.onturk.net/yenisey-yazitlari |date=2021-04-12 }} * [http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=2 Yenisei inscriptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128050249/http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=2}} * [https://uqusturk.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/yenisey-bolgesi-yazitlari-184-yazit/ Yenisey Yazıtları toplu halde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013173759/https://uqusturk.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/yenisey-bolgesi-yazitlari-184-yazit/}}

{{Turkic inscriptions}}

[[Category:Yenisei River]] [[Category:Turkic inscriptions]]