Yellowspotted trevally

{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | image = Goldspotted trevally.JPG | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn | author1 = Smith-Vaniz, W.F. | author2 = Williams, I. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = ''Carangoides ferdau '' |errata=2017 | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T20429455A115372940 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20429455A46664064.en }}</ref> | taxon = Carangoides fulvoguttatus | authority = ([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775) | range_map = Carangoides fulvoguttatus distribution.png | range_map_caption = Approximate range of the yellowspotted trevally | synonyms = *''Scomber fulvoguttatus'' Forsskål, 1775 *''Caranx fulvoguttatus'' (Forsskål, 1775) *''Turrum emburyi'' [[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1932 *''Carangoides emburyi'' (Whitley, 1932) *''Caranx emburyi'' (Whitley, 1932) *''Ferdauia claeszooni'' Whitley, 1947 }}

The '''yellowspotted trevally''' (''Carangoides fulvoguttatus''), also known as the '''yellowspotted kingfish''', '''goldspotted trevally''', '''turrum''', or '''yellowspot''', is a widespread [[species]] of large inshore [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[fish]] in the jack [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Carangidae]]. The yellowspotted trevally inhabits the [[tropical]] and subtropical waters of the western [[Indo-Pacific]] region, from [[South Africa]] in the west to [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] in the east. The species is known to grow to a maximum length of at least 1.2 m, and is distinguished by [[gill raker]] and fin morphology, as well as the distinctive golden spots which give the fish its name. The yellowspotted trevally generally prefers inshore rocky and [[coral]] [[reef]]s, but is occasionally found over deep [[Shore|offshore]] [[sand bank]]s to a depth of 100 m. It is a predatory fish, taking fish, [[cephalopod]]s, and [[crustacean]]s, and shows diet partitioning with other trevallies in studies conducted in Australian waters. Reproduction is poorly studied, although observational evidence suggests [[spawn (biology)|spawning]] occurs in aggregations, probably during summer in South Africa. It is generally of minor importance to commercial [[fisheries]] throughout its range, but is considered an excellent sportfish by [[Fisherman|anglers]] and [[spearfishing|spearfishermen]], and a good [[table fish]].

==Taxonomy and naming== The yellowspotted trevally is classified within the genus ''[[Carangoides]]'', a group of fish commonly known as jacks and trevallies. ''Carangoides'' falls into the jack and horse mackerel family [[Carangidae]], the Carangidae are part of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carangiformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=380–387 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref>

The species was first described by the [[naturalist]] [[Peter Forsskål]] in 1775 based on the [[holotype]] specimen taken from the waters of the [[Red Sea]].<ref name = "Zoocat">{{cite book | last = Hosese | first = D.F. |author2=Bray, D.J. |author3=Paxton, J.R. |author4=Alen, G.R. | title = Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes | publisher = CSIRO | date = 2007 | location = Sydney | page = 1150 | isbn =978-0-643-09334-8 }}</ref> He named the species ''Scomber fulvoguttatus'' relating the species to the [[Scomber|true mackerel]]s as during this period the family Carangidae had yet to be established. The species was later transferred to ''[[Caranx]]'' and then to ''Carangoides'', where it has remained. The species was independently renamed a number of times, the first as ''Turrum emburyi'' by [[Gilbert Percy Whitley]], a name which was commonly used and later transferred into ''Caranx'' and ''Carangoides''. Some 15 years later, Whitley again assigned the fish to a new species and genus name, ''Ferdauia claeszooni'', but this genus was soon synonymised with ''Carangoides'', and this name, as well as ''Turrum emburyi'', was shown to be a [[junior synonym]] of ''Carangoides fulvoguttatus''.<ref name = "Gunn">{{cite journal | doi = 10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92 | last = Gunn | first = John S. | title = A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters | journal = Records of the Australian Museum Supplement | volume = 12 | pages = 1–78 | date = 1990 | url = https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf | archive-date = 2018-07-21 | access-date = 2019-09-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180721174045/https://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/17723/92.pdf }}</ref> The [[common name]] 'turrum' is still used in Australia for the fish, but is also widely misapplied to similar species.<ref name = "Zoocat"/>

==Description== The yellowspotted trevally is a large fish, growing to at least 1.2 m in length and reaching a recorded maximum weight of 18 kg.<ref name = "fishbase">{{FishBase | genus = Carangoides | species = fulvoguttatus | year = 2008 | month = October}}</ref> Its body shape is like the jacks of the genus ''[[Caranx]]'', being more elongated and [[subcylindrical]] than most of the other species of ''Carangoides''.<ref name = "FAO">{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Kent E. |editor2=Volker H. Niem | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) | publisher = FAO | date = 2001 | location = Rome |page= 2694 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x2400e/x2400e52.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104587-9}}</ref> As a juvenile, the fish is more [[Glossary of ichthyology#O|subovate]], becoming more elongated with age, with the [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] profile of the head and [[nape]] becoming steeper with age also.<ref name = "FAO"/> The [[dorsal fin]] is in two distinct parts, the first consisting of eight spines, while the second is composed of one [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|spine]] and 25 to 30 [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|soft rays]], with the anterior lobe of this fin being shorter than the head length. The [[anal fin]] has two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine attached to 21 to 26 soft rays and the [[pelvic fin]] has one spine and 18 to 19 soft rays.<ref name = "Lin1999">{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei |author2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | date = 1999 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 }}</ref> The [[lateral line]] has a gentle anterior arch, which is slightly longer than the straight section of the lateral line, with the intersection below the 13th to 16th soft ray of the dorsal fin. The curved section contains 80 to 88 [[scale (zoology)|scales]], while the straight section consists of 12 to 17 scales and 26 to 31 [[scute]]s.<ref name = "Lin1999"/> The breast is scaleless until the origin of the pelvic fins and up to the origin of the [[pectoral fin]]s, although some individuals have a narrow band of scales separating the pectoral fins. In adults, the mouth cleft is directly beneath the eye, with the both [[jaw]]s containing bands of [[Ichthyology terms#V|villiform]] teeth. It has 22 to 27 [[gill raker]]s in total and 24 vertebrae.<ref name = "FAO"/>

The juveniles of the yellowspotted trevally are uniformly silver with a few golden spots above the lateral line, with the upper body becoming a more [[iridescent]] blue green with increasing age. At adulthood, many small golden to brassy spots occur above the midline with large individuals also having three irregular, indistinct dark blotches on the flank.<ref name = "Gunn"/> An inconspicuous dusky spot is usually seen on the [[operculum (fish)|operculum]]. The dorsal and anal fins are dusky yellow, with the anal fin having a whitish-blue leading edge and distal margin. The pectoral and [[caudal fin]]s are olive-yellow, becoming dusky at the edges, while the pelvic fin is whitish-blue.<ref name = "FAO"/>

==Distribution and habitat== The yellowspotted trevally is broadly distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of the [[Indo-Pacific]] region.<ref name = "Barrier">{{cite book | last = Randall | first = John Ernest |author2=Roger C. Steene |author3=Gerald R. Allen | title = Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | date = 1997 | page = 161 | isbn = 0-8248-1895-4 }}</ref> The species ranges from [[South Africa]] in the west, north to the Red Sea and [[India]], and is distributed throughout [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Indonesia]]n island chain. Its range extends south to [[northern Australia]], north to [[Taiwan]] and [[Japan]], and as far east as [[Palau]], [[Tonga]], and [[New Caledonia]] in the Pacific.<ref name = "fishbase"/>

The yellowspotted trevally predominantly inhabits [[inshore]] [[lagoon]]s and rocky or coral [[reef]] systems, although is occasionally found in [[seagrass meadow]]s,<ref name = "grass">{{cite journal | last1 = Gell | first1 = Fiona R. |author-link1=Fiona Gell |author2=Mark W. Whittington | title = Diversity of fishes in seagrass beds in the Quirimba Archipelago, northern Mozambique | journal = Marine and Freshwater Research | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–121 | date = 2002 | doi = 10.1071/MF01125}}</ref> around offshore islands and on deep [[sand bank]]s to depths around 100 m. It is intolerant of low salinities, so does not enter [[estuaries]].<ref name = "SAfrica">{{cite book | last = van der Elst | first = Rudy |author2=Peter Borchert | title =A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa | publisher = New Holland Publishers | date = 1994 | page = 142 | isbn = 1-86825-394-5 }}</ref>

==Biology and fishery== The yellowspotted trevally lives either alone or in large [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]],<ref name = "Barrier"/> with smaller groups often patrolling the edges of reefs in search of food and large solitary fish are known to patrol seagrass beds in search of prey.<ref name = "grass"/> The species' diet consists of small fish such as [[anchovies]], a wide range of crustaceans, including [[swimming crab]]s, [[mantis shrimp]], and [[prawns]], and cephalopods such as [[squid]].<ref name = "SAfrica"/> Preliminary dietary information collected from the North West Shelf of Australia shows ''C. fulvoguttatus'' and ''[[Bludger (fish)|C. gymnostethus]]'' inhabit very similar habitats, and are able to do so by partitioning their diets, with ''C. fulvoguttatus'' taking more fish and cephalopods, while ''C. gymnostethus'' predominantly takes crustaceans.<ref name = "Gunn"/> The only data on reproduction in the species come from Palau, where large [[spawn (biology)|spawning]] aggregations form in the third quarter of the [[lunar month]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Johannes | first = Robert E. | title = Reproductive strategies of coastal marine fishes in the tropics | journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–84 | date = 1978 | doi = 10.1007/BF00006309}}</ref> Spawning takes place in South Africa over the summer.<ref name = "SAfrica"/>

The yellowspotted trevally is of moderate importance to [[fisheries]] throughout its range, so catch statistics are rarely kept for this species specifically. One exception is [[Saudi Arabia]], with the [[FAO]] reporting a yearly catch between 128 and 324 [[tonne]]s between 2000 and 2004,<ref name = "fishbase"/> with no apparent trends in the catch data. The species is taken by hook and line, [[gill net]]s, and various traps.<ref name = "FAO"/> The yellowspotted trevally is of major importance to [[angling|angler]]s and [[spearfishing|spearfishermen]] in some countries, with the species highly valued in Australia and South Africa. Surveys of recreational catches in the [[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]] indicate around 5 tonnes of fish are taken every year, with around 3 tonnes kept for consumption or use as bait.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Williamson | first = P.C. | author2 = N.R. Sumner | author3 = B.E. Malseed | title = A 12-month survey of recreational fishing in the Pilbara region of Western Australia during 1999–2000 | journal = Fisheries Research Report | volume = 153 | pages = 61 pp | publisher = Department of Fisheries, Western Australia | date = 2006 | url = http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/frr/frr153/index.php?0401 | isbn = 1-877098-82-5 | access-date = 2008-10-05 | archive-date = 2008-07-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719145842/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/frr/frr153/index.php?0401 }}</ref> Fish are mostly caught from boats using small baits including fish and crab, as well as [[fishing lure|lures]], minnows, metal slugs, soft plastic lures, and even [[fly fishing|saltwater flies]]. It is an excellent [[gamefish]], with young fish also considered good [[table fish]], becoming somewhat dry with age.<ref name = "starling">{{cite book | last = Starling | first = Steve | title = The Australian Fishing Book | publisher = Reed Books Pty. Ltd. | location = Hong Kong | date = 1986 | pages = 512 pp | isbn = 0-7301-0141X}}</ref> The yellowspotted trevally is also considered a good candidate for [[aquaculture]] in the future.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ogata | first = H.Y. |author2=Arnil C. Emata |author3=Esteban S. Garibay |author4=Hirofumi Furuita | title = Fatty acid composition of five candidate aquaculture species in Central Philippines | journal = Aquaculture | volume = 236 | issue = 1–4| pages = 361–375 | date = 2004 | doi = 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.10.015 }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== *[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=1926 Yellowspotted trevally at Fishbase] *[http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cfulvogut.htm Australian Museum Online information page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820045212/http://australianmuseum.net.au//fishes/fishfacts/fish/cfulvogut.htm |date=2008-08-20 }} *[http://www.sunfish.com.au/html/turrum.html Fishing information] * {{SealifePhotos|218385}}

[[Category:Carangoides|yellowspotted trevally]] [[Category:Marine fish of East Africa]] [[Category:Fish described in 1775|yellowspotted trevally]]