Kelantan–Pattani Malay

{{Short description|Austronesian language}} {{hatnote|"Kelantanese" redirects here. For the ethnic group, see Kelantanese Malays.}} {{Infobox language | name = Kelantan–Pattani Malay | altname = Baso/Kecek Taning Baso/Kecek Klate Baso/Kecek Nayu {{small|(only in Thailand)}} Baso Jawi{{sfn|Le Roux|1998|p=230}} | nativename = {{lang|mfa|ภาษายาวี}} {{lang|mfa|{{Script/Arabic|بهاس ملايو ڤطاني / كلنتن}}}} ''Bahasa Melayu Kelantan''/{{Transliteration|mfa|Pattani}} | states = Malaysia, Thailand | ethnicity = Patani Malays Bangkok Malays Kelantanese Malays Baling Malays Grik Malays Reman Malays | region = Malaysia: Kelantan Merapoh, Pahang Besut and Setiu, Terengganu Baling, Sik and Padang Terap, Kedah Hulu Perak (Pengkalan Hulu and Grik), Perak Thailand: Pattani Songkhla | speakers = 1.5 million in Thailand | date = 2010 | ref = e22 | speakers2 = 2 million in Malaysia<ref>{{cite web|title= What Are the Most Spoken Languages in Malaysia?|url= https://www.ecinnovations.com/blog/languages-spoken-in-malaysia/#:~:text=Kelantanese%20Malay%20has%20around%202,versions%20in%20Sabah%20and%20Sarawak.|website=EC Innovations|date=8 November 2025|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian | fam3 = Malayic | script = Latin script Thai script Jawi script | iso3 = mfa | iso3comment = Pattani | glotto = patt1249 | glottorefname = Kelantan-Pattani Malay | lingua = 33-AFA-cb (Kelantan) 33-AFA-cc (Pattani) | map = Kelantan-Pattani Malay spoke map.png | mapcaption = {{legend|#FF5500|Majority language}} {{legend|#BF5757|Minority language}} | notice = IPA | minority = {{flag|Thailand}} }} '''Kelantan–Pattani Malay''' ({{Langx|ms|bahasa Melayu Kelantan–Patani}}; {{Langx|th|ภาษายาวี}}; {{lang|mfa-Latn-TH|baso/kece Patani}} in Pattani; {{lang|mfa-Latn-MS|baso/kecek Klate}} in Kelantan) is an Austronesian language of the Malayic subfamily spoken in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, as well as in Besut and Setiu districts of Terengganu state and the Perhentian Islands, and in the southernmost provinces of Thailand. It is the primary spoken language of Thai Malays and used as a lingua franca by ethnic Southern Thais in rural areas, Muslim and non-Muslim and the Sam-Sam, a mostly Thai-speaking population of mixed Malay and Thai ancestry.

Kelantan–Pattani Malay is highly divergent from other Malay varieties because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Malay world by high mountains, deep rainforests and the Gulf of Thailand. It is also influenced by Thai in Thailand.

Kelantanese–Pattani Malay is distinct enough that radio broadcasts in Standard Malay cannot be understood easily by native speakers of Kelantan–Pattani Malay, such as those in Thailand, who are not taught the standard variety of the language. Unlike Malaysia, where Standard Malay is compulsory in the school curriculum, no one is required to learn Standard Malay in Thailand and so there is potentially less language influence from Standard Malay but potentially more from Thai. It is also distinct from Kedah Malay, Pahang Malay and Terengganu Malay, but those languages are much more closely related to the Kelantanese-Pattani Malay language than Standard Malay.

==Names== The language is often referred to in Thai as {{Transliteration|th|phasa Yawi}} ({{Langx|th|ภาษายาวี}}; {{IPA|th|pʰāːsǎː jāːwīː|IPA}}), which is a corruption of the Malay name for the modified Arabic alphabet for writing Malay, Jawi (جاوي; {{IPA|ms|ɟaˈwi|label=IPA}}). It is also referred to in Thai as ''phasa Malayu Pattani'' ({{Langx|th|ภาษามลายูปัตตานี}}; {{IPA|th|pʰāːsǎː mālāːjūː pàttāːnīː|IPA}}) and similarly locally in Malay as ''bahasa Melayu Patani'' (Jawi: بهاس ملايو ڤطاني). The language is often called ''baso Taning'', or ''baso Nayu Taning'' ({{IPA|ms|baˈsɔ ˈnːaju ˈtːaniŋ}}) in local varieties of Pattani.

Kelantanese is known in Standard Malay as ''bahasa Kelantan'', and in Kelantanese as ''baso Kelate''. It is also known as ''baso Besut'' or ''Kecek Kelate-Besut'' in Besut and Setiu of Terengganu State.

One variant of Kelantan–Pattani Malay is the Reman variant, also known as ''bahasa Reman'', according to the speakers of this area. The areas where this variant was spoken were under the Reman state of the Kingdom of Pattani that was abolished in 1902 in which the areas were Batu Kurau, inland Perak (Gerik, Pengkalan Hulu, Lenggong) and inland Kedah (Sik, Baling, Padang Terap). This Reman variant has many dialects and subdialects, with local endonyms, across the areas where this variant is spoken.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Writing system== {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}} Kelantanese Malay is written both in Latin and in the Jawi alphabet, a writing system based on the Arabic script. This is in stark contrast to the rest of the general population of Malay speakers in both Malaysia and Indonesia that now mainly use the Latin script, known in Malay as ''rumi'' (رومي), for daily communication. Today, Pattani Malay is generally not a written language, though it is sometimes written in informal settings. An old-fashioned form of standard Malay is used when writing is needed rather than the local dialect. A phonetic rendering of Pattani Malay in the Thai alphabet has been introduced, but it has not been met with much success due to the socio-religious significance of Jawi to Muslim Malays.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

==History== Southern Thailand has continued to be a region affected by two cultural spheres: the mainly Buddhist, Thai-speaking Siamese kingdoms and the mainly Muslim, Malay-speaking sultanates. The region was a warehouse of trade where merchants from Europe, India, Arabia, China, Siam, and other parts of the Malay world met. At first dominated by Hindu-Buddhist Indian influences, the great kingdom of Srivijaya would later fall into chaos. Islam was introduced by Arab and Indian traders in the 11th century and has been the dominant religion ever since, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism that had held sway. By the 14th century, the area became vassals to Ayutthaya, but the region was autonomous and never fully incorporated into modern Thai nation-state until 1902. This political autonomy and isolation from the rest of the Malay world allowed for the preservation of the Malay language and culture but also led to the divergence of the dialect.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Variation== Kelantan–Pattani Malay can be divided into three major variants and several dialects (and a few subdialects):

'''Kelantan''': Coastal (Narathiwat, Besut dialects), Central / River, Dabong / Inland

'''Pattani''': Yala, Saiburi, Bana Taning, Chenok / Chana, Nonthaburi / Bangkok

'''Reman''': Grik, Sik, Baling, Padang Terap, Batu Kugho / Selama, Southern Yala

* The Reman variants of Kedah and Perak show some vocabulary influence from Perak Malay and Kedah Malay (e.g. {{Transliteration|mfa|mika}} ('you'), {{Transliteration|mfa|ang/hang}} ('you'), {{Transliteration|mfa|ciwi}} ('brag/show off'), etc.).

'''Creole/Pidgin''': Samsam Malay (a mixed language of Thai and Pattani Malay spoken by those of mixed Thai-Malay ancestry)

==Distribution== Kelantanese is spoken in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, as well as in Besut and Setiu districts of Terengganu and the Perhentian Islands. It is also spoken in the Merapoh township, in the Lipis district of Pahang since this town borders the state of Kelantan.

Many people in the districts of Baling, Sik and Padang Terap in Kedah as well as the Hulu Perak district of Perak speak Kelantan-Patani language of ''Reman'' dialects, since most of the Malay people there are the descendants of Kelantanese migrants and Pattani refugees (in which whereby these regions were once parts of the Reman Kingdom of Pattani).

Pattani Malay is the main language of the Thai provinces Narathiwat, Yala and Pattani where ethnic Malays make up the majority of the population, it is also spoken in parts of Songkhla and Bangkok. It is less spoken in the province of Satun, where despite making up the majority, ethnic Malays generally speak Southern Thai and their Malay dialect is similar to Kedah Malay. It is also spoken in scattered villages as far north as Hat Yai. In the past, Malay was the main language as far north as the Isthmus of Kra, the traditional division between Central Thailand and Southern Thailand, based on the preponderance of etymologically Malay place names.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Comparison with Standard Malay== Kelantan–Pattani Malay is different enough from Standard Malay that it is often unintelligible to speakers of the standard language. Differences include some differences in vocabulary, and different sound correspondences. The influence of Southern Thai and the Kelantan–Pattani Malay in Pattani upon each other is great, and both have large numbers of loanwords from the other. The influence of the Thai language makes comprehension between the Pattani variety of Kelatan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay a bit more difficult than comprehension between the Kelantanese variety of Kelantan–Pattani Malay and Standard Malay.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=== Vowels === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Correspondence Rule '''(SM ≙ KPM)''' ! colspan="2" |Standard Malay (SM) !Kelantan–Pattani Malay (KPM) !English Translation |- |Final {{IPA|/a/}} with nasal coda |≙ |Nasal {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}} |{{Lang|zsm|ayam}} |{{IPA|/ajam/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[ajɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} |'chicken' |- |Initial {{IPA|/ia/}} | rowspan="3" |≙ | rowspan="3" |Open-mid front {{IPA|[ɛ]}} |{{Lang|zsm|biasa}} |{{IPA|/biasa/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[bɛsɔ]|lang=mfa}} |'normal' |- |{{IPA|/ah/}} before {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}} |{{Lang|zsm|bahan}} |{{IPA|/bahan/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[bɛhɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} |'ingredient' |- |{{IPA|/an/}} before {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}} |{{Lang|zsm|makanan}} |{{IPA|/makanan/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[mãkɛnɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} |'food' |- |{{IPA|/a/}} in final {{IPA|/ah/}} | rowspan="2" |≙ | rowspan="4" |Open-mid {{IPA|[ɔ]}} |{{Lang|zsm|rumah}} |{{IPA|/rumah/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[ɣumɔh]|lang=mfa}} |'house' |- |{{IPA|/a/}} in final {{IPA|/ak/}} |{{Lang|zsm|masak}} |{{IPA|/masak/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[masɔʔ]|lang=mfa}} |'cooking' |- |Final {{IPA|/a/}} in open-ended words | rowspan="2" |≙ |{{Lang|zsm|sana}} |{{IPA|/sana/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[sanɔ]|lang=mfa}} |'there' |- |Initial {{IPA|/ua/}} |{{Lang|zsm|puasa}} |{{IPA|/puasa/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[pɔsɔ]|lang=mfa}} |'fasting' |- |Final {{IPA|/ai/}} | rowspan="3" |≙ | rowspan="3" |Open {{IPA|[a]}} |{{Lang|zsm|sungai}} |{{IPA|/suŋai/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[suŋa]|lang=mfa}} |'river' |- |Final {{IPA|/au/}} |{{Lang|zsm|pisau}} |{{IPA|/pisau/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[pisa]|lang=mfa}} |'knife' |- |{{IPA|/an/}} before consonant |{{Lang|zsm|santan}} |{{IPA|/santan/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[satɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} |'coconut milk' |- |{{IPA|/u/}} in coda {{IPA|/uŋ/}} |≙ |Nasal {{IPA|[ũ]}} |{{Lang|zsm|mungkin}} |{{IPA|/muŋkin/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[mũkiŋ]|lang=mfa}} |'maybe' |}

=== Consonants === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Correspondence Rule '''(SM ≙ KPM)''' ! colspan="2" |Standard Malay (SM) !Kelantan–Pattani Malay (KPM) !English Translation |- |Final coda {{IPA|/f/}} | rowspan="2" |≙ | rowspan="2" |Glottal fricative {{IPA|[h]}} |{{Lang|zsm|maaf}} |{{IPA|/maaf/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[maah]|lang=mfa}} |'sorry' |- |Final coda {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Lang|zsm|panas}} |{{IPA|/panas/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[panah]|lang=mfa}} |'hot' |- |Initial, mid and final {{IPA|/r/}} |≙ |Velar fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}} |{{Lang|zsm|reban}} |{{IPA|/rəban/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[ɣəbɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} |'coop' |- |Coda {{IPA|/r/}} | rowspan="2" |≙ | rowspan="2" |Omitted |{{Lang|zsm|permata}} |{{IPA|/pərmata/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[pəmatɔ]|lang=mfa}} |'jewellery' |- |Final coda {{IPA|/l/}} |{{Lang|zsm|tinggal}} |{{IPA|/tiŋɡal/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[tiŋɡa]|lang=mfa}} |'leave' |- |Final coda {{IPA|/p/}} | rowspan="3" |≙ | rowspan="3" |Glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} |{{Lang|zsm|letup}} |{{IPA|/lətup/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[lətuʔ]|lang=mfa}} |'to explode' |- |Final coda {{IPA|/t/}} |{{Lang|zsm|sesat}} |{{IPA|/səsat/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[səsaʔ]|lang=mfa}} |'lost' |- |Final coda {{IPA|/k/}} |{{Lang|zsm|masak}} |{{IPA|/masak/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[masɔʔ]|lang=mfa}} |'to cook' |- |Final coda {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} after

non-a vowel |≙ |Velar nasal {{IPA|[ŋ]}} |{{Lang|zsm|mungkin}} |{{IPA|/muŋkin/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[mũkiŋ]|lang=mfa}} |'maybe' |- |Initial and mid {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |≙ |Voiceless palatal plosive {{IPA|[c]}} |{{Lang|zsm|cuci}} |{{IPA|/t͡ʃut͡ʃi/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[cuci]|lang=mfa}} |'to wash' |- |Initial and mid {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |≙ |Voiced palatal plosive {{IPA|[ɟ]}} |{{Lang|zsm|jalan}} |{{IPA|/d͡ʒalan/|lang=zsm}} |{{IPA|[ɟalɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} |'path' |}

=== Vocabulary === {| class="wikitable" |+Basic Words<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=Kamus Kelantan: Loghat Kelate |url=https://w3hafizm.blogspot.com/2010/11/kamus-kelantan-loghat-kelate.html |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=Pencarian Bijak |language=ms}}</ref> !Kelantan–Pattani Malay !Standard Malay !English Translation |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|jamah}} |{{Lang|zsm|pegang}} |'to hold' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|goba}} |{{Lang|zsm|risau}} |'worried' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|ghohok}} |{{Lang|zsm|susah}} |'difficult' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|getek}} |{{Lang|zsm|juga}} |'too' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|kekoh}} |{{Lang|zsm|gigit}} |'to bite' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|kelorek}} |{{Lang|zsm|kedekut}} |'greedy' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|kesit}} |{{Lang|zsm|sunyi}} |'quiet' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|tubik}} |{{Lang|zsm|keluar}} |'exit/out' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|mmupo}} |{{Lang|zsm|mandi sungai}} |'river bathing' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|nnate}} |{{Lang|zsm|binatang}} |'animal' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|gege}} |{{Lang|zsm|bising}} |'noisy' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|petong}} |{{Lang|zsm|baling}} |'to throw' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|ggapo}} |{{Lang|zsm|apa}} |'what' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|dok}} |{{Lang|zsm|bukan}} |'not' |- |{{Transliteration|mfa|betak}} |{{Lang|zsm|kenyang}} |'full' |} Note(s):

* The spelling used for the Kelantan–Pattani Malay words is a pronunciation respelling.

Speakers in the Pattani region are also noted to use loans directly from Thai such as ''tahang'' "army" from {{lang|th|ทหาร}} {{RTGS|''tá-hǎan''}}, ''torosak'' "telephone" from {{lang|th|โทรศัพท์}} {{RTGS|''toorá-sàp''}} and ''besek'' "receipt" from {{lang|th|ใบเสร็จ}} {{RTGS|''bai-set''}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Abdonloh Khreeda-Oh |author2=Hishamudin Isam |author3=Mashetoh Abd Mutalib |date=January 2022 |title=The Borrowing Processes of Thai Language in Patani Malay Dialect in Thailand |url=http://ijmra.in/v5i1/2.php |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis |volume=05 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.47191/ijmra/v5-i1-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904054553/http://ijmra.in/v5i1/2.php |archive-date=4 September 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Phonology== There are 21 consonants and 12 vowels in Pattani Malay.{{sfn|Nawanit Yupho|1989|pp=126–127}}.

=== Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|c͡ç}} |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |- !voiced |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|ɟ͡ʝ}} |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !voiceless | |{{IPA link|s}} | |{{IPA link|x}} |{{IPA link|h}} |- !voiced | |({{IPA link|z}}) | |{{IPA link|ɣ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Semivowel |{{IPA link|w}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Lateral | |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Trill | |({{IPA link|r}}) | | | |} '''Notes(s):''' * the palatal stops has been identified as palatal plosives [{{IPA link|c}}, {{IPA link|ɟ}}] according to Nawanit (1993), palatal affricates [{{IPA link|c͡ç}}, {{IPA link|ɟ͡ʝ}}] according to Wu (2023), and post alveolar affricates [{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}, {{IPA link|dʒ}}] * /{{IPA link|x}}/ is inherently geminated and can only occur at the front of the word like 'kkijo' [xːiɟ͡ʝɔ] "to work" and 'kketah' [xːətah] "paper", some speakers may merge the phoneme with [kː] * The phonemes /{{IPA link|r}}/ and /{{IPA link|z}}/ only appear in some loanwords or proper names * /{{IPA link|t}}/ is more pronounced as a voiceless dental plosive [{{IPA link|t̪}}] rather than an alveolar one (Wu, 2023)

=== Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Nawawit (1986) ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Back |- !{{small|oral}} !{{small|nasal}} !{{small|oral}} !{{small|nasal}} !{{small|oral}} !{{small|nasal}} |- !High |{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|ɨ}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |{{IPA link|ũ}} |- !Mid |{{IPA link|e̞|e}} | | | |{{IPA link|o̞|o}} | |- !Low |{{IPA link|ɛ}} |{{IPA link|ɛ̃}} |{{IPA link|ä|a}} |{{IPA link|ã}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |{{IPA link|ɔ̃}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Adi Yasran (2010), Teoh (1994) ! ! colspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Back |- !High | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|i}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|u}} |- !Mid | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|e̞|e}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|o̞|o}} |- !Low | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|a}} | colspan="2" | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Wu (2023) ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Back |- !{{small|oral}} !{{small|nasal}} !{{small|oral}} !{{small|nasal}} !{{small|oral}} !{{small|nasal}} |- !High |{{IPA link|i}} | | | |{{IPA link|u}} |{{IPA link|ũ}} |- !Mid-high |{{IPA link|e̞|e}} | | | |{{IPA link|o̞|o}} | |- !Mid-low |{{IPA link|ɛ}} |{{IPA link|ɛ̃}} |{{IPA link|ə}} | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |{{IPA link|ɔ̃}} |- !Low | | |{{IPA link|ä|a}} |{{IPA link|ã}} | | |- |} Note(s):

* The close central unrounded vowel {{IPAslink|ɨ}} is believed to actually be a schwa {{IPAslink|ə}} according to Teoh (1994), Adi Yasran (2005) and Wu (2023). * Before a final {{IPAslink|k}} and final {{IPAslink|h}} coda and in open-ended words, {{IPA|/a/}} is pronounced as: ** Open-mid back rounded {{IPAblink|ɔ}} according to Nawanit (1989){{sfn|Nawanit Yupho|1989|p=127}} and Wu (2023) across his work; exp. {{lang|ms|mata}} > {{IPA|/matɔ/}} 'eyes', {{lang|ms|masak}} > {{IPA|/masɔʔ/}} 'ripe'{{sfn|Jiang Wu|2023|p=52}} (the one used from hereon throughout the page). ** Open back unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}} according to Adi Yasran (2006, 2010){{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|Zaharani Ahmad|p=76}}{{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|2010|p=1}} and Zaharani (2006).{{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|Zaharani Ahmad|p=76}} ** Near-open central {{IPAblink|ɐ}} according to Teoh (1984).{{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|2010|pp=14–15}} ** Henceforth in this page, this allophonic vowel will be transcribed as {{IPA|[ɔ]}}. * Many such as Adi Yasran (2010) and Teoh and Yeoh (1988) believe that the nasal vowels of Kelantan–Pattani Malay do not count as phonemes, yet Wu (2023) distinguishes it as separate phonemes.

=== Gemination === Gemination occurs for various purposes and in various forms in Kelantan-Pattani Malay. At the phonemic level, these geminations are transcribed as {{IPA|/CC/}} but they are pronounced as {{IPA|[Cː]}} so {{IPA|/dd/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[dː]}}.{{sfn|Nawanit Yupho|1989|pp=129–133}}

==== Initial syllable reduction ==== These geminations are derived by deleting the initial syllable and replacing it with a geminated form of the initial consonant of the remaining word.

* From simple words ** {{Transliteration|mfa|betina}} {{IPA|/bətina/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ttina/ [tːinɔ]|lang=mfa}} 'woman' ** {{Transliteration|mfa|buwi}} {{IPA|/buwi/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/wwi/ [wːi]|lang=mfa}} 'to give' * From prefixed words ** {{Transliteration|mfa|berjalan}} {{IPA|/bərɟalan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ɟɟalan/ [ɟːalɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'to walk' ** {{Transliteration|mfa|berdiri}} {{IPA|/bərdiri/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ddiri/ [dːiɣi]|lang=mfa}} 'to stand up'

==== Initial morpheme reduction ==== These geminates are derived by deleting the initial morpheme of a reduplicated word and replacing it with a geminated form of the remaining morpheme. Unlike the geminations acquired from initial syllable reduction, these geminates are not free variants of their Standard Malay counterparts.

* From the reduplicated form of a word ** {{Transliteration|mfa|baik-baik}} {{IPA|/baik baik/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/bbaik/ [bːaiʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'well' ** {{Transliteration|mfa|molek-molek}} {{IPA|/molek molek/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/mmolek/ [mːɔlɛʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'properly' * From words that are reduplications of a single word ** {{Transliteration|mfa|layang-layang}} {{IPA|/lajaŋ lajaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/llajaŋ/ [lːajɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'kite' ** {{Transliteration|mfa|kura-kura}} {{IPA|/kura kura/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/kkura/ [kːuɣɔ]|lang=mfa}} 'tortoise'

==== Functional word reduction ==== In this situation, a word with a function is deleted and the word afterwards is geminated. This sort of gemination is a free variant of its Standard Malay counterpart.

* From a verbal linker ** {{Transliteration|mfa|basuh buwi cuci}} {{IPA|/basuh buwi cuci/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/basuh ccuci/ [basuh cːuci]|lang=mfa}} 'to wash clean' ** {{Transliteration|mfa|taruh buwi panjang}} {{IPA|/taruh buwi paɲɟaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/taruh ppaɲɟaŋ/ [taɣuh pːaɲɟɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'to keep something so it'll grow long' * From preposition reduction ** {{Transliteration|mfa|ke darat}} {{IPA|/kə darat/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ddarat/ [dːaɣaʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'to/at/from the shore' ** {{Transliteration|mfa|sejak pagi}} {{IPA|/səɟak paɡi/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ppaɡɡi/ [pːaɡi]|lang=mfa}} 'since the morning'

==== Loanwords ==== Many loanwords tend to have initial geminated consonants too.

* {{Transliteration|mfa|tar}} {{IPA|/tar/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ttar/ [tːa]|lang=mfa}} 'tar'

=== Stress === Kelantan–Pattani Malay has a set of stress rules that is quite different to that of Standard Malay.{{sfn|Nawanit Yupho|1989|pp=133–135}}

==== Words with initial simple consonants ==== Generally, in Kelantan–Pattani Malay, the primary stress falls on the last syllable if the word starts with a single consonant.

* {{Transliteration|mfa|nak}} {{IPA|/nak/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˈnɔ̃ʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'to want' * {{Transliteration|mfa|dalam}} {{IPA|/dalam/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˌdaˈlɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'in' * {{Transliteration|mfa|gelisah}} {{IPA|/ɡəlisah/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ɡəˌliˈsɔh]|lang=mfa}} 'restless'

However, in words with more than one syllable, syllables with a schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} are unstressed.

* {{Transliteration|mfa|petang}} {{IPA|/pətaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[pəˈtɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'afternoon' * {{Transliteration|mfa|belakang}} {{IPA|/bəlakaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[bəˌlaˈkɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'back'

Syllables that do not have the schwa and are not in the word-final position take the secondary stress.

* {{Transliteration|mfa|jalan}} {{IPA|/ɟalan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˌɟaˈlɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'path' * {{Transliteration|mfa|makanan}} {{IPA|/makanan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˌmãˌkɛˈnɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'food'

==== Words with geminated consonants ==== If a word has an initial syllable with a geminated consonant, that syllable automatically takes the primary stress.

* {{Transliteration|mfa|berjalan}} {{IPA|/bərɟalan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ɟɟalan/ [ˈɟːaˌlɛ̃]|lang=mfa}} 'to walk' * {{Transliteration|mfa|ke darat}} {{IPA|/kə darat/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ddarat/ [ˈdːaˌɣaʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'to/at/from the shore'

==References==

=== Citations === {{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |author=Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz |date=2010 |title=Inventori Vokal Dialek Melayu Kelantan: Satu Penilaian Semula |url=https://plm.org.my/ejurnal/index.php/jurnallinguistik/article/view/153 |url-status=live |journal=Jurnal Linguistik |language=ms |volume=11 |pages=1–19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715014843/https://plm.org.my/ejurnal/index.php/jurnallinguistik/article/view/153 |archive-date=15 July 2024}} * {{Cite journal |author=Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz |author2=Zaharani Ahmad |title=Kelegapan Fonologi dalam Rima Suku Kata Tertutup Dialek Kelantan: Satu Analisis Teori Simpati |url=http://digitalkelantancollection.umk.edu.my/koleksikelantan/items/show/516 |url-status=dead |journal=Jurnal Bahasa |language=ms |volume=6 |pages=76–96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215131149/http://digitalkelantancollection.umk.edu.my/koleksikelantan/items/show/516 |archive-date=15 February 2022}} * {{Cite book|title=Malayic varieties of Kelantan and Terengganu|author=Jiang Wu|publisher=LOT Publications|year=2023|isbn=978-94-6093-436-0|location=Amsterdam|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/3642470|doi=10.48273/LOT0651|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |author=Nawanit Yupho |date=1989 |title=Consonant Clusters and Stress Rules in Pattani Malay |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nawanit1986consonant.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=15 |pages=125–137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701075129/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nawanit1986consonant.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2025}} * {{Cite book |title=Thailand |date=2005 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=1-74059-697-8 |edition=11th |location=Footscray, Victoria}} * {{Cite journal|last=Le Roux|first=Pierre|date=1998|title=To Be or Not to Be…: The Cultural Identity of the Jawi (Thailand)|url=https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a1242.pdf|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume=57|issue=2|pages=223–255|doi=10.2307/1178753|jstor=1178753}} {{refend}}

===Further reading=== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Ishii |first=Yoneo |title=The Junk Trade from Southeast Asia: Translations from the Tôsen Fusetsu-gaki, 1674–1723 |date=1998 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=981-230-022-8 |location=Singapore}} * {{Cite book |last=Laver |first=John |title=Principles of Phonetics |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-45655-X |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Reungnarong |first=Prapon (ประพนธ์ เรืองณรงค์) |title= |script-title=th:บุหงาปัตตานี: คติชนไทยมุสลิมชายแดนภาคใต้ |date=1997 |publisher=มติชน |location=Bangkok |language=th}} * {{Cite book |last=Smalley |first=William A. |title=Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Language Ecology in Thailand |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-76288-2 |location=Chicago |author-link=William A. Smalley}} {{refend}}

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