{{Short description|Historical Mongol government edict}} {{Multiple issues| {{tone|date=July 2024}} {{more citations needed|date=December 2008}} }} [[File:Jarlig Temur Qutlugh copy 1 GIM.jpg|thumb|Jarlig of [[Temür Qutlugh]] khan (copy), 1397.]]

A '''jarlig,'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/ya20/|title=Большой Энциклопедический Словарь|publisher=www.vedu.ru|accessdate=2019-12-10|archive-date=2019-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210164808/http://www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/ya20/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Георгиева Н. Г., Георгиев В. А., Орлов А.С | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-_bpDQAAQBAJ | title = Иллюстрированный исторический словарь | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= |date = 2016 |publisher= Проспект |at= |volume= | pages = | page = | series = | isbn = 978-5-392-23221-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Бунимович Н. Т., Макаренко В. А. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Словарь современных понятий и терминов | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= |date = 2002 |publisher= Республика |volume= | pages = 523| series = | isbn = }}</ref> also written '''''yarlyk''''' (from {{langx|ru|[[wikt:ярлык|ярлы́к]]}} and {{langx|uk|ярлик}}), is an edict, permission, license, or written commandant of [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] and [[Chinggisid]] rulers' "formal diplomas."{{Sfn|Kołodziejczyk|2011|p = 3}} It was one of three non-fundamental [[law]] pronouncements that had the effect of regulation or ordinance, the other two being ''debter'' (a record of precedence cases for administration and judicial decisions) and ''billing'' (maxims or sayings attributed to [[Genghis Khan]]). The jarlig provides important information about the running of the [[Mongol Empire]].

[[Ögedei]] Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing [[Paiza|gergees]] (tablet that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarligs in the 1230s.

From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, all princes of Northeastern Rus received jarligs authorizing their rule. The issuing of jarligs on governing of Rus finalized the establishment of the title of [[Grand Duke of Vladimir]] (Grand Prince). Initially, those jarligs came from the [[Khagan|qaghan]] in [[Karakorum]], but after [[Batu Khan|Batu]] established the [[khanate]] of the Golden Horde ({{circa | 1227}}), they came from [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]]. None of these jarligs, however, is extant. In the mid-15th century, Grand Duke [[Basil II of Muscovy|Basil II]] of Moscow began forbidding other Rus princes from receiving the jarlig from Mongol khans, thus establishing the right of the Moscow grand prince to authorize local princely rule. Mongol leaders gave the jarlig to emissaries, travelers, monks, and merchants to give them free passage, exemptions from taxes and imposts and security.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799 Enerelt Enkhbold (2019) The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships, Central Asian Survey, DOI: 10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799]</ref>

[[Kublai Khan]] began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his [[kheshig]] sign all jarligs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates in 1280.

[[Ghazan]] reformed the issuance of jarligs (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarligs be kept on file at court in Persia. Jarligs older than 30 years were to be canceled, along with old [[paiza]]s (Mongol seals of authority).

Even after 1260, the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in China still considered ''jarlig'' must be issued by only Qa'an/Khagan (Emperor) but ''linkji'' by khans (princes) of three western khanates.<ref>Reuven Amitai, Michal Biran ''Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world'', p. 342</ref> However, some high-ranking officials continued to issue jarligs under the name of a khan or Emperor in [[Central Asia]].<ref>Dai Mastui [https://hirosaki-u.academia.edu/DaiMatsui/Papers/1083481/A_Mongolian_Decree_from_the_Chaghataid_Khanate_Discovered_at_Dunhuang "A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang"], in: P. Zieme (ed.), ''Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism: In Memoriam Kōgi Kudara'', Turnhout (Belgium), Brepols, 2008, pp. 160</ref>

The Rus' metropolitan archive{{which|date=May 2020}} preserves six jarligs, constituting the so-called Short Collection, which are considered to be translations into Russian of authentic patents issued from the [[Qipchaq Khanate]]:{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

# from Khan Tiuliak (Tulunbek) of [[Mamai]]'s Horde to Metropolitan Mikhail (Mitia) (1379) # from [[Khatun]] Taydula to the Rus' princes (1347) # from Khan [[Mengu-Timur]] to [[Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]] (1308) # from Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Feognost (1343) # from Khan [[Berdibeg]] to [[Metropolitan Alexius]] (Alexei) (1357) # from Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Alexius (1354)

A seventh jarlig, which purports to be from [[Khan Özbeg]] to Metropolitan Peter, found in the so-called full collection, has been determined to be a sixteenth-century forgery. The jarlig to the metropolitans affirm the freedom of the Church from taxes and tributes, and declare that the Church's property should be protected from expropriation or damage as long as Rus' churchmen pray for the well-being of the khan and his family.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==Contemporary use== {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}

In modern [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], the term ({{Langx|mn|зарлиг|translit=zarlig}}) is used to refer to official edicts.

In Russian culture, the word is used to refer to a [[label]], or, rarely, a [[price|price tag]]. It may also refer to an icon [[Shortcut (computing)|shortcut]] in modern [[graphical user interface]]s.

As an example of a [[reborrowing]], the word also re-entered the Mongolian language with the Russian meaning and pronunciation.

==See also== * [[Firman]]

==References== {{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography== * {{cite book|title = The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents|last = Kołodziejczyk|first = Dariusz|publisher = Brill|year = 2011|isbn = 9789004191907|location = Leiden|url = http://www.brill.com/crimean-khanate-and-poland-lithuania|author-link = Dariusz Kołodziejczyk|access-date = 2016-01-23|archive-date = 2017-06-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170630003555/http://www.brill.com/crimean-khanate-and-poland-lithuania|url-status = dead}}

{{Mongol Empire}}

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