{{Short description|Single-species fungal genus}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = | taxon = Xanthosyne | authority = Lendemer, R.C.Harris, Brodo & McMullin (2024) | type_species = ''Xanthosyne granularis'' | type_species_authority = R.C.Harris (2024) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''X. granularis''<br /> ''X. sharnoffiorum''<br /> ''X. varians'' }}
'''''Xanthosyne''''' is fungal genus in the family Lecanoraceae.<ref name="2024 Outline"/> The genus was established in 2024 to accommodate a group of crustose lichens that had previously been classified under various names, most notably as ''Lecidea varians'', which was originally described in 1814. These lichens form thin crusts on tree bark and are characterised by their variable appearance, ranging from pale grey to yellow-green, with small black fruiting bodies and diverse chemical compositions. The genus is most commonly found in the humid temperate forests of eastern North America, though it also occurs in parts of California and southern Europe.
==Taxonomy==
Genus ''Xanthosyne'' was established in 2024 to accommodate the morphologically and chemically variable species long known as ''Lecidea varians''. Earlier workers had shunted that species among several {{lichengloss|lecideoid}} genera, but molecular phylogenetics analyses, coupled with a broad survey of secondary metabolites and thallus structure, showed that it stands alone on its own branch within the family. Those results led Irwin Brodo and colleagues to coin the name ''Xanthosyne'' with ''X. varians'' as the type and, in a narrow sense, its sole member.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024"/>
The basionym ''Lecidea varians'' was described by Erik Acharius in 1814,<ref name="Acharius 1814"/> and became a textbook example of the difficulties involved in classifying lecideoid lichens. Through the twentieth century it was shuffled through ''Pyrrhospora'', ''Lecidella'' and, most recently, ''Traponora'', yet none of those placements survived scrutiny once multi-gene phylogenies became available. Irwin Brodo and co-workers demonstrated that the species forms an isolated lineage in the Lecanoraceae, distant from any established genus; they therefore erected ''Xanthosyne'' to provide a stable classification. While their revision recognised several segregates and subspecies on molecular grounds, many floras still treat the group as a single, variable species, leaving the genus monotypic in practice.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024"/>
Despite the current one-species concept, the authors recovered at least eight well-supported clades within ''X. varians'', each tied to a distinctive cocktail of lichen products such as atranorin, thuringione, arthothelin or thiophanic acid. Because the chemical patterns only partly track morphology or geography, they retained the units at subspecific rather than specific rank, pending broader sampling across the genus's range.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024"/>
==Description==
''Xanthosyne varians'' forms an {{lichengloss|effuse}}, thin to moderately thick crust on the bark of hardwoods and, less frequently, conifers. The thallus ranges from pale grey to yellow-green, sometimes becoming patchily {{lichengloss|leprose}} or {{lichengloss|granular}}, a reflection of its diverse chemotypes. Apothecia are lecideine: round, black to dark brown {{lichengloss|discs}} with a persistent {{lichengloss|proper margin}}, typically 0.2–0.8 mm across. The hymenium often bears greenish pigments, and the asci contain eight colourless, ellipsoid spores measuring 9–12 μm by 4–6 μm. Secondary chemistry is variable: individual thalli may contain xanthones, depsidones or other lichen products, a feature that first alerted chemists to its atypical status.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024"/>
Microscopically the species shows the {{lichengloss|paraplectenchymatous}} exciple and amyloid ascal apparatus typical of Lecanoraceae, yet its combination of slightly thickened paraphyses, persistent {{lichengloss|carbonised}} margin and complex chemistry sets it apart from outwardly similar genera. The {{lichengloss|photobiont}} is a unicellular green alga of the genus ''Trebouxia'', producing a cortex-free ({{lichengloss|ecorticate}}) thallus that adheres closely to the substrate.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024"/>
==Habitat and distribution==
''Xanthosyne'' is most frequent in the humid, temperate forests of eastern North America, where it is among the commonest crustose lichens on smooth bark of ''Acer'', ''Fraxinus'' and ''Liquidambar'' species. Populations extend south-westward into the interior United States and along the Atlantic seaboard, while disjunct occurrences reach coastal California and montane sites in southern Europe, demonstrating a broad ecological amplitude. Within its core range it can carpet entire twigs and trunk bases, tolerating periodic flooding and moderate air pollution.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024"/>
The lichen prefers shaded to semi-shaded conditions and moderate moisture, thriving in riparian corridors and old-growth hardwood stands but declining on exposed, sun-bleached bark.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024"/>
==Species== * ''Xanthosyne granularis'' {{au|R.C.Harris (2024)}} * ''Xanthosyne sharnoffiorum'' {{au|Brodo, R.C.Harris, Lendemer & McMullin (2024)}} * ''Xanthosyne varians'' {{au|(Ach.) R.C.Harris, Lendemer, Brodo & McMullin (2024)}}
==References== <references>
<ref name="Acharius 1814">{{cite book |last=Acharius |first=Erik |year=1814 |title=Synopsis Methodica Lichenum |page=38 |language=la |publisher=Svanborg & Co. |location=Lundin |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4BMAAAAAQAAJ/page/n63/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="Brodo et al. 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Brodo |first1=Irwin M. |last2=Lendemer |first2=James C. |last3=Harris |first3=Richard C. |last4=McMullin |first4=R. Troy |last5=López de Silanes |first5=Maria Eugenia |last6=van Miltenburg |first6=Niels |last7=Bull |first7=Roger |last8=Paradis |first8=Michel |last9=Ginter |first9=Anna |title=''Xanthosyne'' (Lecanoraceae), a new genus for ''Lecidea varians'' and related species in Europe and North America |journal=The Bryologist |volume=127 |issue=2 |year=2024 |pages=169–219 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-127.2.169}}</ref>
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|first448=D.S. |last449=Thakshila |first449=S.A.D. |last450=Thambugala |first450=K.M. |last451=Thamodini |first451=G.K. |last452=Thilanga |first452=D. |last453=Thines |first453=M. |last454=Tiago |first454=P.V. |last455=Tian |first455=X.G. |last456=Tian |first456=W.H. |last457=Tibpromma |first457=S. |last458=Tkalčec |first458=Z. |last459=Tokarev |first459=Y.S. |last460=Tomšovský |first460=M. |last461=Torruella |first461=G. |last462=Tsurykau |first462=A. |last463=Udayanga |first463=D. |last464=Ulukapı |first464=M. |last465=Untereiner |first465=W.A. |last466=Usman |first466=M. |last467=Uzunov |first467=B.A. |last468=Vadthanarat |first468=S. |last469=Valenzuela |first469=R. |last470=Van den Wyngaert |first470=S. |last471=Van Vooren |first471=N. |last472=Velez |first472=P. |last473=Verma |first473=R.K. |last474=Vieira |first474=L.C. |last475=Vieira |first475=W.A.S. |last476=Vinzelj |first476=J.M. |last477=Tang |first477=A.M.C. |last478=Walker |first478=A. |last479=Walker |first479=A.K. 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</references>
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134740034}}
Category:Lecanoraceae Category:Monotypic Lecanorales genera Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa described in 2024 Category:Taxa named by Irwin Brodo Category:Taxa named by Richard Clinton Harris Category:Taxa named by James Lendemer Category:Taxa named by R. Troy McMullin