{{Short description|Member of the Red Army Faction (1953–1993)}} {{Infobox person | name = Wolfgang Grams | birth_date = {{birth date|1953|3|6|mf=y}} | birth_place = Wiesbaden, West Germany | death_date = {{death date and age|1993|6|27|1953|3|6|mf=y}} | death_place = Bad Kleinen, Germany | death_cause = Suicide by gunshot | alma_mater = | image = | caption = Wanted poster from 1985 | other_names = | movement = | organization = Red Army Faction | monuments = | awards = | footnotes = }}
'''Wolfgang Werner 'Gaks' Grams''' (6 March 1953 – 27 June 1993) was a member of the Red Army Faction (RAF), a German far-left terrorist organization. Grams went underground in 1984 and subsequently belonged to the command level of the RAF's third generation.<ref name="TLPL1">{{Cite news|title=Wolfgang Grams, Terrorist an der Seite der Stasi|trans-title=Wolfgang Grams, a terrorist working alongside the Stasi|url=https://www.telepolis.de/article/Wolfgang-Grams-Terrorist-an-der-Seite-der-Stasi-3399490.html|first=Regine|last=Igel|publisher=TELEPOLIS|location=Hannover|date=2013-06-29|language=de}}</ref> During an attempt to arrest him by GSG 9, the counter‑terrorism unit of the Federal Border Guard (''Bundesgrenzschutz'', BGS), in Bad Kleinen, he was shot and, according to the findings of the Staatsanwaltschaft Schwerin (public prosecutor's office in Schwerin)—reviewed multiple times by the courts—died by suicide.<ref name="SWR1">{{Cite news|title=In Bad-Kleinen missglückt ein Einsatz der GSG9|trans-title=A GSG 9 operation in Bad Kleinen ends in failure|url=https://www.swr.de/kultur/gesellschaft/swr2-zeitwort-2023-06-27-100.pdf|first=Wolfgang|last=Meyer|publisher=Südwestrundfunk, SWR2 Zeitwort|location=Stuttgart|date=2023-06-27|language=de}}</ref> The exact circumstances of his death remain disputed. Within parts of the political left, the view persists that Grams was deliberately killed by officers involved in the operation.<ref name="TLPL1" /><ref name="DSPL">{{Cite magazine|title=Der Todesschuß, Versagen der Terrorfahnder|trans-title=The fatal shot, Failure of the anti‑terror investigators|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/toetung-wie-eine-exekution-a-bbe39726-0002-0001-0000-000013679543|magazine=Der Spiegel|location=Hamburg|issue=27|date=1993-07-04|language=German}}</ref>
==Life== Wolfgang Grams was born in Wiesbaden, West Germany. His father, Werner, had volunteered for service in the ''Waffen-SS'' during the Second World War.<ref>From the film ''Black Box BRD'' :de:Black Box BRD</ref> After 1945, he and his wife Ruth fled from the eastern territories. Wolfgang also had a brother named Rainer.
In his youth, the family lived near the Wiesbaden Army Airfield, and Grams took part in protests against the Vietnam War.
While living in a commune, he was given the nickname "Gaks." After the arrest of Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin, he began visiting Red Army Faction (RAF) prisoners, believing the conditions of solitary confinement to be inhumane.
Grams's name was later found in the notebook of an RAF member who was killed during an arrest attempt. He was held in custody for 153 days and received compensation in 1980 for his wrongful detention. He subsequently met Birgit Hogefeld, a leading member of the Red Army Faction (RAF), and began a relationship with her.<ref name="TLPL1" />
Although Grams had been released and compensated for wrongful detention in 1980, investigators later linked him again to RAF circles, and after he went underground in 1984 the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) issued a wanted‑person card for him in March 1985.<ref name="TLPL1" /> On 15 February 1987, the ''Tagesschau'' on ARD broadcast a bulletin on Grams and Hogefeld, describing him as 180 centimetres (5 ft 11 in) tall, with blue‑gray eyes and a distinctive dark spot discoloration on his face. He returned home only once, in the autumn of 1990, to meet his parents in the Taunus region.
Numerous documentaries, books, and articles have examined Grams's alleged involvement in several RAF attacks, including the killings of Gerold von Braunmühl (1986), Alfred Herrhausen (1989), and Detlev Karsten Rohwedder (1991).<ref name="TLPL1" /> In 2001, DNA evidence linked Grams to the Rohwedder killing.<ref name="ATI1">{{Cite news|title=Inside The Assassination Of Detlev Rohwedder, The Politician Who Tried To Unify East And West German Businesses|url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/detlev-rohwedder|first=Marco|last=Margaritoff|publisher=All That's Interesting|location=New York|date=2020-09-14}}</ref>
==Bad Kleinen operation== [[File:Bahnhof Bad Kleinen 1.jpg|thumb|Location of the operation: Bad Kleinen railway station]] thumb|Platform 3/4, where the exchange of gunfire took place, looking toward track bed 4 (right) and the exit of the underpass (centre background). The person in the foreground is standing roughly where Grams fired at his pursuers (photo, summer 2008) ===Shooting and death=== thumb|Track 4, onto which Wolfgang Grams fell backward during the exchange of gunfire, seen from the position of the GSG 9 officers at the time (photo, August 2011) The operation followed a tip‑off from the undercover informant {{ill|Klaus Steinmetz|de}}, who had infiltrated the Red Army Faction (RAF) and alerted authorities to a planned meeting.<ref name="TLPL1" /><ref name="SWR1" /> Steinmetz, who had lured Hogefeld to Mecklenburg and thereby set the Bad Kleinen operation in motion, was a German ''{{ill|V‑Mann|de|V-Person}}'' (undercover informant) for the Office for the Protection of the Constitution of Rhineland-Palatinate.<ref name="TLPL1" /><ref name="SWR1" /> On 27 June 1993, officers from the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) and the GSG 9 counter‑terrorism unit of the Federal Border Guard (''Bundesgrenzschutz'', BGS) were deployed to arrest Grams and Hogefeld at the Bad Kleinen railway station.<ref name="SWR1" /> Hogefeld was armed but did not fire her weapon during the arrest.<ref name="DSPL" /> During the attempted arrest, Grams ran up the stairs toward the tracks, pursued by six GSG 9 officers.<ref name="SWR1" /> He turned and fired ten shots at the officers on the platform, who returned fire.<ref name="SWR1" /> Two officers were injured, and GSG 9 officer Michael Newrzella was struck by four bullets and died on the platform.<ref name="SWR1" /> Grams fell backward onto the track after being shot in the abdomen and remained lying there.<ref name="SWR1" /> In the immediate aftermath, he reportedly attempted to take his own life; he was airlifted to the Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, where he died later that day from a head wound that forensic examiners later determined to be self‑inflicted.<ref name="SWR1" /><ref name="DSPL" />
===Controversy and investigations=== [[File:Grab Wolfgang Grams, Südfriedhof Wiesbaden (2023) MF.jpg|thumb|Grams was buried on 6 August 1993 in an urn burial plot at the Wiesbaden South Cemetery]] Shortly after the operation, allegations emerged that Grams had not shot himself but had been executed with a close‑range shot to the head by a GSG 9 officer.<ref name="SWR1" /> The allegation originated from a woman working at the station's kiosk, her account was recorded as an anonymous witness statement and was later deemed unreliable by investigators.<ref name="TLPL1" /><ref name="DSPL" /> Her account only became public when it was broadcast by the ARD television magazine ''Monitor'', which in turn challenged the official version of events.<ref name="TLPL1" /><ref name="SWR1" /> Shortly afterwards, however, it became clear that the ''Monitor'' report was incorrect, and the allegation was later disproven by forensic and judicial investigations. ''Der Spiegel'' subsequently published an analysis of how the false claims had been disseminated at the time. In later years, outlets such as ''Cicero'' argued that it was "the media" itself that had misrepresented the Bad Kleinen case.<ref name="TLPL1" /><ref name="SWR1" /> Independent investigators from Switzerland concluded that the fatal shot had come from Grams' own weapon, suggesting suicide.<ref name="SWR1" /><ref name="DSPL" /> Some forensic traces had been compromised; for example, the right hand of the deceased had been cleaned to obtain clear fingerprints, removing possible gunshot residue that could have supported a suicide finding.<ref name="SWR1" /> Despite these issues, the Staatsanwaltschaft Schwerin (public prosecutor's office in Schwerin) investigated the allegations and concluded in January 1994 that there were no indications supporting the execution claim.<ref name="SWR1" /><ref name="DSPL" /> Grams' parents challenged this conclusion in court, but it was upheld by five different courts, including the European Court of Human Rights in 1999.<ref name="peters">{{cite book | last = Peters | first = Butz | title = Tödlicher Irrtum | publisher = Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag | location = Frankfurt am Main | year = 2007 | language = German | pages = 694–701 | isbn = 978-3-596-17265-8 }}</ref>
===Political consequences=== Interior Minister Rudolf Seiters took responsibility for the poor conduct and handling of the operation and resigned in July of that year,<ref name="SWR1" /> as did Chief Federal Prosecutor Alexander von Stahl.<ref name="DSPL" /> Chancellor Helmut Kohl visited the GSG 9 unit, praised Officer Newrzella, and discouraged "attempts to portray Grams — who had killed Newrzella — as a martyr."
==In popular culture== *The award‑winning 2001 German documentary film ''Black Box BRD'' explores the lives and deaths of Wolfgang Grams and Alfred Herrhausen, the Deutsche Bank chairman whose assassination Grams is suspected of involvement in.<ref name="DF-2002-12-23">Thomas Moser: ''[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/politischeliteratur/131670/ Andreas Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, die Deutsche Bank, die RAF und Wolfgang Grams.]'' Deutschlandfunk, 23 December 2002</ref> *The incident has been referenced and criticised in German punk rock songs, including 'Kopfschuss' ('Head Shot') by WIZO, 'Bad K.' (a reference to Bad Kleinen) by Dritte Wahl, and 'Gewalt' ('Violence') by Slime.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-27|title=O-Töne: Was in Bad Kleinen wirklich geschah|url=https://www.jungewelt.de/artikel/203205.o-töne-was-in-bad-kleinen-wirklich-geschah.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=junge Welt|language=de}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Members of the Red Army Faction}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grams, Wolfgang}} Category:1953 births Category:1993 suicides Category:20th-century German murderers Category:People from Wiesbaden Category:Suicides by firearm in Germany Category:Members of the Red Army Faction Category:Death conspiracy theories