William Henry Black

{{Short description|English antiquarian and Seventh-Day Baptist leader}}

{{infobox person |name=William Henry Black |image=William Henry Black, Portrait, Unknown date, transparent.png |caption=William Henry Black, unknown date.<ref name=dissenters>{{cite web |title=Dissenters and Nonconformists (1): Introduction & Baptists |website=St George-in-the-East Church |url=http://www.stgitehistory.org.uk/media/dissenters1.html |access-date=14 September 2019 }}</ref> |birth_date=7 May 1808 |birth_place=[[Walworth]], [[Surrey]] |death_date=12 April 1872 |death_place=Mill Yard, [[Whitehall]], [[London]] |occupation=Antiquarian, paleographer, preacher |signature=William Henry Black, signature, 1846.svg }} '''William Henry Black''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|FSA}} (7 May 1808 – 12 April 1872) was a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[antiquarian]] and [[Seventh-Day Baptist]] leader. During his lifetime, he was well known in [[London]] antiquarian and literary circles for his talent for paleography and archiving. He was the member of many historical societies, and the founder of three more. He published numerous articles and books, during his lifetime, with more published posthumously.

Black was lesser known, but equally regarded, for his prominence in London Seventh-Day Baptist circles, leading a small congregation in London, which never held more than twenty people. This circle was the subject of a newspaper article in 1869, where the reporter wrote of the contrast between the dilapidated building the services were held in, and their leader, Black, who appeared as "a profound scholar and most courteous gentleman".

==Early life and education== William Henry Black was born on 7 May 1808, in [[Walworth]], [[Surrey]], to Mary and John Black of Kitmore. His mother's family, the Langleys, were the wealthy proprietors of estates in [[Oxfordshire]] and [[Buckinghamshire]], and strongly influenced Black's religious and historical interests, as well as his future religious opinion. He was educated at a private school, and acted as the tutor of several families in [[Tulse Hill]] when he was seventeen.<ref name=dnb>{{cite DNB |last=Ashton |first=John |wstitle=Black, William Henry |volume=5 }}</ref><ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB |last=Nurse |first=Bernard |date=2009 |title=Black, William Henry |id=2500 }}</ref>

==Antiquarian career== The earliest record of Black's antiquarian interests exist in his catalogues of various libraries. He catalogued the [[Arundel Manuscripts]], at the [[College of Arms]] in 1829 (before they were purchased by the [[British Library]]) and, as the [[Leathersellers' Company]] requested in 1831, [[Abraham Colfe]]'s grammar school library. From 1831 to 1833, Black worked in Oxford, compiling a catalogue of [[Elias Ashmole]]'s manuscripts, published in 1845, to much esteem.<ref name=dnb/><ref name=odnb/> Early on in his career, he was also a contributor to the works of other antiquarians, including [[Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet]]'s ''The History of Modern Wiltshire'' (11 vols; 1822–44) and [[Samuel Bentley]]'s ''Excerpta Historica'' (1831). Upon the 1834 [[Burning of Parliament]], Black boasted that he had been the earliest researcher to rush into the parliament buildings in hope of saving their valuable records. Thanks to the many literary contacts he had made while a reader at the [[British Museum]], Black obtained a position at the [[Record Commission]], a 19th-century [[royal commission]] into the state of the nation's archives.<ref name=odnb/>

This position at the commission proved valuable to Black, as his antiquarian interests were occupied with the training of junior transcribers, and revision of [[Thomas Rymer]]'s ''Foedera'', a set of volumes detailing "all the leagues, treaties, alliances, capitulations, and confederacies, which have at any time been made between the Crown of England and any other kingdoms, princes and states".<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/rymer-foedera |title=Browse collection: Rymer's Foedera |website=British History Online |access-date=14 September 2019 }}</ref> He also produced an original work in this time, ''[[Docket (court)|Docquets]] of [[Letters Patent]] Passed Under [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], 1642-6'', which was printed in 1837, but only published posthumously.<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{cite book |last=Cockburn |first=J. S. |title=A History of English Assizes, 1558–1714 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |page=262 |isbn=9780521084499 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBU9AAAAIAAJ |date=7 September 1972 }}</ref>

In 1840, again thanks to his literary connections, and his reputation as a [[paleographer]], Black acquired the position of assistant keeper at the [[Public Record Office]], which had been established only two years earlier. His duties, here, included cataloguing the [[Pell Office]] records and preparing reports on the records of [[HM Treasury]].<ref name=obit>{{cite journal |date=1876 |title=Wednesday, April 23rd 1873. [Containing an obituary of Black] |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London |pages=1–10 | volume=6 | doi=10.1017/S0950797300001384 }}</ref><ref name=odnb/> This career lasted until 1853, as his vehement [[Sabbatarianism]] annoyed his employers, who required him to work on Saturdays, though his duties at the Treasury continued until 1854.<ref name=odnb/>

Black was elected a Fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] in 1858, and was appointed into the Society's council three times, in 1863, 1864, and 1867.<ref name=185-189>{{cite journal |last=Micklewright |first=F. H. A. |title= Some further notes on Mill Yard meeting-house |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=191 |issue=9 |date=2 November 1946 |pages=185–189 |doi=10.1093/nq/191.9.185 }}</ref> He was one of the earliest members of the [[British Archaeological Association]] (est. 1843) the [[Camden Society]], and several [[English local history]] societies, specifically: the [[Surrey Archaeological Society|Surrey]], [[London and Middlesex Archaeological Society|London and Middlesex]], and [[Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society|Wiltshire]] Archaeological societies. He was also the founder of three antiquarian societies, all concerning [[Biblical archaeology]]: the Chronological Institute of London (est. 1850),<ref>{{cite book |title=Transactions of the Chronological Institute of London, Part 1 |location=London |date=1852 |page=Title page |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsbVAAAAMAAJ |last1=London |first1=Chronological Institute of }}</ref> the Palestine Archaeological Association, and the Anglo-Biblical Institute.<ref name=dnb/><ref name=odnb/> By 1870, each of these had been voluntarily subsumed into the newly founded [[Society of Biblical Archaeology]] (which was, itself, later absorbed into the [[Royal Asiatic Society]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Graham |chapter=The Beginnings of 'Biblical Archeology' |editor1-first=Iain |editor1-last=Provan |editor2-first=Mark |editor2-last=Boda |title=Let Us Go Up to Zion: Essays in Honour of H. G. M. Williamson |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPAjjp4LiqoC |isbn=9789004215986 |pages=4–5 (fn. 5) |date=23 July 2012 |publisher=BRILL }}</ref> According to [[Bernard Nurse]] of the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Black was "highly regarded by his contemporaries", and John Ashton, writing for the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', has called him "a conscientious and painstaking antiquary".<ref name=dnb/><ref name=odnb/> In his obituary, he was flatteringly described as being "richly stored with archaic learning and palaeographical knowledge, which he was always alike ready to impart to the youthful student and to give to the world at large."<ref name=obit/>

Black was a prolific historical researcher. He issued several pamphlets on Biblical history, and the majority of issues of the ''Journal of the British Archaeological Association'', from 1846 to 1872, contained articles by him. As a fellow of the society, several of his communications were published in the ''Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London'', between 1861 and 1871. His first communication to the Society concerned the will of [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], and caused a significant stir, with his obituary in the ''Proceedings'' claiming it caused "a complete revolution in the history of Holbein's works".<ref name=obit/> Black also edited three volumes of [[English poetry#The Renaissance in England|early modern English poetry]], for publication by the [[Percy Society]]. Near the end of his life, Black prepared an edition of the [[Antonine Itinerary]] for the [[Rolls Series]], which Ashton recorded "still await[ed] editing and publication" in 1886, and never ended up being published.<ref name=dnb/><ref name=odnb/>

==Seventh-Day Baptism== [[File:Baptist Church, Mill Yard, Leman Street, Whitechapel, c 1883.jpg|left|thumb|The Baptist Church of Mill Yard, Whitechapel, {{circa|1883}}]] In 1840, Black became the afternoon preacher of a small Seventh-Day Baptist community in Mill Yard, on Leman Street, [[Whitechapel]], following from [[J. B. Shepston]].<ref name=161-163>{{cite journal |last=Micklewright |first=F. H. A. |title= Some further notes on Mill Yard meeting-house |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=191 |issue=8 |date=19 October 1946 |pages=161–163 |doi=10.1093/nq/191.8.161 }}</ref> During this time there were only five members: himself, and the Slaters: Harriet (his third wife), Ann, Charlotte and Sophia.<ref name=dissenters/> Here, he occupied the minister's house of 15 Mill Yard.<ref name=185-189/> While he served here, the congregation never grew over twenty people.<ref name=dissenters/> At this congregation, Black was constantly involved in litigation relating to his religious matters.<ref name=odnb/> A member of the [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral]] charged Black with [[crypto-Judaism]], due to his emphasis in the [[Old Testament]] in his sermons, a charge which Black vigorously rebuked.<ref name=davies/> In 1851, he was charged with [[English defamation law|libeling]] a fellow Baptist minister, and was forced to pay heavy [[damages]].<ref name=odnb/> Black continued as the minister of this congregation until his death, in 1872.<ref name=95-99/> He was followed by his son-in-law, [[William Mead Jones]].<ref name=dissenters/> In 1885, this congregation moved from Mill Yard, as their premises were sold on to the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway|LTS Railway Company]].<ref name=137-140>{{cite journal |last=Micklewright |first=F. H. A. |title=Some further notes on Mill Yard meeting house |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=191 |issue=7 |date=5 October 1946 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.1093/nq/191.7.137 }}</ref>

In 1869, Black's congregation was the subject of a newspaper article by [[C. M. Davies]], where he found the building in disrepair, with a languishing fourteen-person congregation, in an "unlikely-looking, unsavoury place".<ref name=95-99>{{cite journal |last=Micklewright |first=F. H. A. |title= A congregation of Sabbatarian and Unitarian Baptists |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=191 |issue=5 |date=7 September 1946 |pages=95–99 |doi=10.1093/nq/191.5.95 }}</ref><ref name=dissenters/> Despite this, Davies records his meeting with Black as a pleasant surprise:

{{quote|A venerable scholar-like old man, arrayed in clerical black, and with a long white beard, received me most courteously, [...] I expected to find some illiterate minister, with a hobby ridden to death, when lo ! I found myself in the presence of a profound scholar and most courteous gentleman, who informed me that he thought in Latin, said his prayers in Hebrew, and read his New Testament lessons from the original Greek. [...] Shall I add another "idea" also? — that it would be no harm if some of our Sunday preachers would take a quiet run out on Saturday to Goodman's Fields, and carry away an original notion or two from [...] the Seventh-day Baptist minister, William Henry Black, FSA.<ref name=davies/>}}

==Personal life and death== William Henry Black was married three times. Black first married, at age twenty-two, to Elizabeth White. They had three daughters. In 1841, Black was remarried to Mary Anne (d. 1843), daughter of doctor [[Benjamin Noakes]]. Again, in 1844, Black was remarried to Harriot (d. 1861), daughter of William Slater, minister of Mill Yard. Theodora, Black's daughter, married William Mead Jones, who became his successor as pastor.<ref name=odnb/>

While at his job in the Public Record Office, Black suffered a marked decline in health, and believed his vision was damaged after a [[sewage]]-related incident in the Treasury Chambers. Davies recorded that Black was a keen poet, "one of the ''irritabile genus vatum'' [irritable race of poets ([[Horace]])]", having rebuked claims of crypto-Judaism using the medium.<ref name=davies>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=C. M. |date=1874 |chapter=Saturday with the Seventh-Day Baptists |title=Unorthodox London; or, Phases of religious life in the Metropolis |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unorthodoxlondo00davigoog/page/n239 227]-237 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unorthodoxlondo00davigoog |location=London |publisher=Tinsley Brothers }}</ref> Black died in Mill Yard, on 12 April 1872, leaving behind less than £1500 in his will.<ref name=odnb/>

==Bibliography== {{expand list|date=September 2019}} * ''Catalogue of the Arundel Manuscripts in the Library of the College of Arms'' (Not published; 1829) * ''Bibliothecæ Colfanæ catalogus. Catalogue of the library in the Free grammar-school at Lewisham, founded by Rev. Abraham Colfe'' (London: Worshipful Company of Leathersellers; 1831) * ''Docquets of Letters Patent and other Instruments Passed under the Great Seal of King Charles I at Oxford in the years 1642-6'' (Printed but never published; 1836) * ''Treatise on Arabic Numerals'' (Manuscript; 1839) * "A Paraphrase on the Seven Penitential Psalms in English Verse" in ''Percy Society Early English Poetry and Ballads of the Middle Ages'', '''7''' (London: Percy Society; 1842) * ''A Descriptive, Analytical and Critical Catalogue of the Manuscripts Bequeathed unto the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1845) * ''The Life and martyrdom of Thomas Beket, archbishop of Canterbury: from the series of lives and legends now proved to have been composed by Robert of Gloucester'' (London: Percy Society; 1845) * ''The enterlude of John Bon & Mast Person : a dialogue on the festival of Corpus Christi and on transubstantiation in verse'' (London: Percy Society; 1852) * ''On the Records of Chester Castle'' (Chester: The Courant Office; 1854) * "The Calendar of Palestine, Reconciled with the Law of Moses, against the Theory of Michealis" (London: Chronological Institute; 1861-2) * ''Discovery of the Will of Hans Holbein'' (London: J.B. Nichols & Sons; 1863) * ''Letters to Eminent Antiquaries on the Primitive Site and Plan of Roman'' (London: Private Distribution; 1863)' * ''History and Antiquities of the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers'' (London; 1871)

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2648405 Photograph of William Henry Black at The National Archives] (Available on paid request) * [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F67183 "Black, William Henry (1808-1872), antiquary" at The National Archives: Record Creators]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black, William Henry}} [[Category:1808 births]] [[Category:1872 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century English antiquarians]] [[Category:Antiquarians from London]] [[Category:Seventh Day Baptists]] [[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London]] [[Category:People from Walworth]]