William Halperin

{{Infobox academic | name = William P. Halperin | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age| 1945|07|16}} | birth_place = Ottawa | occupation = Physicist, academic, and researcher | title = | awards = National Research Council Fellowship (Canada)<br />Alfred P. Sloan Fellow<br />Fellow, American Physical Society<br />E. LeRoy Hall, Distinguished Teaching Award<br />Fritz London Memorial Prize | website = | education = B.Sc.<br />M.Sc.<br />Ph.D. | alma_mater = Queen's University<br />University of Toronto<br />Cornell University | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | workplaces = Northwestern University }} '''William P. Halperin''' is a Canadian-American physicist, academic, and researcher. He is the Orrington Lunt Professor of Physics at Northwestern University.<ref name=NW>{{cite web|url=https://physics.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/core-faculty/william-halperin.html|title=William Halperin}}</ref>

Halperin is an experimentalist in condensed matter physics specializing in ultra-low temperature investigations of quantum liquids and solids, notably liquid and solid ³He (the light isotope of helium), superconducting quantum materials and unconventional superconductivity, magnetic compounds, highly porous materials including aerogels, porous glasses and cements. He has developed specialized acoustic techniques for very low temperatures as well as applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for very high magnetic fields.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.67.220503|title=Antiferromagnetism in the Vortex Cores of YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ|year=2003 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.67.220503 |last1=Mitrović |first1=V. F. |last2=Sigmund |first2=E. E. |last3=Halperin |first3=W. P. |last4=Reyes |first4=A. P. |last5=Kuhns |first5=P. |last6=Moulton |first6=W. G. |journal=Physical Review B |volume=67 |issue=22 |article-number=220503 |s2cid=119094814 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Halperin is a fellow and life member of the American Physical Society (APS) and life member of the Division of Condensed Matter Physics (DCMP) of the APS. He was elected chair of DCMP in 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://engage.aps.org/dcmp/resources/newsletters/archived-newsletters/summer-2017|title=Summer 2017 Newsletter}}</ref> and was elected to the Administrative Council of the APS for the period 2020–2024. He has served as an Editor for ''Progress in Low Temperature Physics'' (volumes 14–16).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/progress-in-low-temperature-physics/halperin/978-0-444-51944-3|title=Progress in Low Temperature Physics, Volume 15|date=3 November 2005 |isbn=978-0-444-51944-3 }}</ref>

==Early life and education== Halperin was born in Ottawa on July 16, 1945. He attended the Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute in Kingston Ontario and the Lycée Lavoisier in Paris. After receiving his bachelor's degree from Queen's University in 1967 and his master's degree from the University of Toronto in 1968, he moved to the United States, earning his Doctorate in 1975 under the direction of advisor Robert C. Richardson at Cornell University.<ref name=NW/>

==Career== Halperin started his career as an assistant professor at Northwestern University in 1975, and was promoted to associate professor in 1981, and to professor in 1986. From 1979 till 1985, he served as resident associate at Argonne National Laboratory. He also held a brief appointment in 1984 at the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique as Chercheur Associé in Grenoble, France.<ref name=NW/>

Halperin was appointed as chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy from 1991 till 1996, and Director of the Integrated Science Program at Northwestern University from 1998 to 2003.<ref name=NW/>

==Research== Halperin's research is focused on condensed matter physics, with a particular attention to ultra-low temperature investigations of quantum liquids and solids, notably liquid and solid ³He (the light isotope of helium), unconventional superconductivity, magnetic compounds, highly porous materials including aerogels, porous glasses and cements. His acoustic and nuclear magnetic resonance discoveries include transverse sound and order parameter collective modes in superfluid ³He,<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444874764500133|title=CHAPTER 7 - Order-Parameter Collective Modes in Superfluid ³He|chapter=Order-Parameter Collective Modes in Superfluid 3He |series=Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences |date=1990 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-87476-4.50013-3 |last1=Halperin |first1=W.P. |last2=Varoquaux |first2=E. |volume=26 |pages=353–522 |isbn=978-0-444-87476-4 }}</ref> quantum size effects in nano-particles,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.58.533|title=Quantum size effects in metal particles|year=1986 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.58.533 |last1=Halperin |first1=W. P. |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=533–606 |bibcode=1986RvMP...58..533H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and for solid ³He, the first observation of nuclear magnetic order.

Halperin constructed a Pomeranchuk refrigerator,<ref name=oop>{{cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-4520-6_22|title=Properties of ³He on the Melting Curve|year=1974 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-4520-6_22 |last1=Halperin |first1=W. P. |last2=Buhrman |first2=R. A. |last3=Webb |first3=W. W. |last4=Richardson |first4=R. C. |pages=139–143 |isbn=978-1-4613-4522-0 }}</ref> and with this device in 1974 he reached the lowest temperature achieved at that time in liquid ³He, at a temperature of 0.0007 K.<ref name=oon>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.32.927|title=Observation of Nuclear Magnetic Order in Solid ³He|year=1974 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.32.927 |last1=Halperin |first1=W. P. |last2=Archie |first2=C. N. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=F. B. |last4=Buhrman |first4=R. A. |last5=Richardson |first5=R. C. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=32 |issue=17 |pages=927–930 |bibcode=1974PhRvL..32..927H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He invented a thermodynamic temperature scale<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.34.718|title=Thermodynamic Temperature Scale Derived from Measurements of ³He Latent Heat|year=1975 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.34.718 |last1=Halperin |first1=W. P. |last2=Archie |first2=C. N. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=F. B. |last4=Richardson |first4=R. C. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=718–721 |bibcode=1975PhRvL..34..718H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> leading to his discovery of antiferromagnetism in solid ³He. This was the first observation of magnetic order in a nuclear system.<ref name=oon/> Otherwise magnetic order was only known to exist among electrons.

Halperin has studied magnetic and acoustic properties of the superfluid phases of ³He, an unconventional, topological superfluid of helium atom pairs at low temperatures below 0.0025 K, discovered by Osheroff, Richardson, and Lee<ref>{{cite journal|title=Evidence for a New Phase of Solid He³|year=1972 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.885 |last1=Osheroff |first1=D. D. |last2=Richardson |first2=R. C. |last3=Lee |first3=D. M. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=885–888 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1972PhRvL..28..885O }}</ref> and confirmed by Halperin and coworkers.<ref name=oop/> There are two superfluid phases in zero magnetic field A and B phases. The A phase is a chiral phase that breaks time reversal symmetry. The B phase breaks relative spin-orbit symmetry and is isotropic. The NMR frequency shifts in the A phase were accounted for by Leggett<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.352|title=Microscopic Theory of NMR in an Anisotropic Superfluid (³HeA)|year=1973 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.352 |last1=Leggett |first1=A. J. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=352–355 |bibcode=1973PhRvL..31..352L |url-access=subscription }}</ref> within a framework of the theory of electron superconductivity by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (1957).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Theory of Superconductivity|year=1957 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175 |last1=Bardeen |first1=J. |last2=Cooper |first2=L. N. |last3=Schrieffer |first3=J. R. |journal=Physical Review |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1175–1204 |s2cid=73661301 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1957PhRv..108.1175B }}</ref>

According to an accepted point of view at the time, the direction of polarization of sound waves in liquids must be aligned with their direction of propagation, so-called longitudinal sound. However, Halperin and coworkers, notably with his student Yoonseok Lee, discovered that sound with transverse polarization propagates robustly in superfluid ³He, rather similar to the well-known propagation of electromagnetic waves of light. This was the first demonstration of propagating transverse sound waves in any liquid.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/22712|title=Discovery of the acoustic Faraday effect in superfluid ³He-B|date=1999 |doi=10.1038/22712 |last1=Lee |first1=Y. |last2=Haard |first2=T. M. |last3=Halperin |first3=W. P. |last4=Sauls |first4=J. A. |journal=Nature |volume=400 |issue=6743 |pages=431–433 |arxiv=cond-mat/9902129 |bibcode=1999Natur.400..431L }}</ref> They also discovered that these transverse sound waves in ³He exhibit Faraday rotation of their polarization in the presence of a magnetic field. The analogous behavior for light waves was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1845.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Faraday-effect|title=Faraday effect}}</ref> These observations, replicated in superfluid helium, are in close agreement with theoretical predictions by Moores and Sauls.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00132087|title=Transverse waves in superfluid ³He-B|year=1993 |doi=10.1007/BF00132087 |last1=Moores |first1=G. F. |last2=Sauls |first2=J. A. |journal=Journal of Low Temperature Physics |volume=91 |issue=1–2 |pages=13–37 |bibcode=1993JLTP...91...13M |s2cid=121853121 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The phenomenon is closely related to an as yet experimentally unconfirmed prediction by Landau (1957)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/e/index/e/5/1/p101?a=list|title=Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics}}</ref> that transverse sound waves might propagate in normal liquid ³He in its degenerate Fermi liquid state at temperatures above those of its superfluid phases. Superconductivity in some quantum materials, such as the compound UPt₃, is thought to be closely related to superfluidity in ³He, exhibiting chiral symmetry and breaking time reversal symmetry.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-0822-z|title=Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry in the Topological Superconductor UPt₃|date=2020 |doi=10.1038/s41567-020-0822-z |last1=Avers |first1=K. E. |last2=Gannon |first2=W. J. |last3=Kuhn |first3=S. J. |last4=Halperin |first4=W. P. |last5=Sauls |first5=J. A. |last6=Debeer-Schmitt |first6=L. |last7=Dewhurst |first7=C. D. |last8=Gavilano |first8=J. |last9=Nagy |first9=G. |last10=Gasser |first10=U. |last11=Eskildsen |first11=M. R. |journal=Nature Physics |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=531–535 |arxiv=1812.05690 |bibcode=2020NatPh..16..531A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.197002|title=Evidence for Complex Superconducting Order Parameter Symmetry in the Low-Temperature Phase of UPt<small>3</small> from Josephson Interferometry|year=2009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.197002 |pmid=20365946 |last1=Strand |first1=J. D. |last2=Van Harlingen |first2=D. J. |last3=Kycia |first3=J. B. |last4=Halperin |first4=W. P. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=103 |issue=19 |article-number=197002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A new area of research in quantum fluids opened with the discovery of impurity phases of superfluid ³He by Parpia<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4667|title=Superfluid ³He in Aerogel|year=1995 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4667 |last1=Porto |first1=J. V. |last2=Parpia |first2=J. M. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=74 |issue=23 |pages=4667–4670 |pmid=10058568 |bibcode=1995PhRvL..74.4667P |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and by Halperin<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.661|title=Homogeneous equal-spin pairing superfluid state of ³He in aerogel|year=1995 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.661 |last1=Sprague |first1=D. T. |last2=Haard |first2=T. M. |last3=Kycia |first3=J. B. |last4=Rand |first4=M. R. |last5=Lee |first5=Y. |last6=Hamot |first6=P. J. |last7=Halperin |first7=W. P. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=661–664 |pmid=10060082 |bibcode=1995PhRvL..75..661S |url-access=subscription }}</ref> described theoretically by Sauls.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2861|title=Models for Superfluid ³He in Aerogel|year=1998 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2861 |last1=Thuneberg |first1=E. V. |last2=Yip |first2=S. K. |last3=Fogelström |first3=M. |last4=Sauls |first4=J. A. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=80 |issue=13 |pages=2861–2864 |arxiv=cond-mat/9601148 |bibcode=1998PhRvL..80.2861T |s2cid=119413987 }}</ref> These are superfluid phases of liquid ³He imbibed in highly porous silica aerogel. It was found that the stability of A and B superfluids could be engineered with anisotropy introduced with strain in the aerogel, positive strain favoring stabilization of the chiral A-phase and negative strain stabilizing the isotropic B-phase.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013134|title=Superfluid ³He in Aerogel|year=2019 |doi=10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013134 |last1=Halperin |first1=W.P. |journal=Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics |volume=10 |pages=155–170 |arxiv=1806.06437 |bibcode=2019ARCMP..10..155H |s2cid=119337588 }}</ref>

==Awards and honors== *1967 - Prince of Wales Prize (best academic record), Queen's University *1967 - National Research Council Fellowship (Canada) *1977 - Alfred P. Sloan Fellow<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sloan.org/past-fellows|title=Past Fellows}}</ref> *1995 - Fellow, American Physical Society<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=1995&unit_id=&institution|title=APS Fellow Archive}}</ref> *2000-2001 - Wender-Lewis Professor of Teaching and Research *2001-2016 - John Evans Professor of Physics *2007-2008 - E. LeRoy Hall Award, Distinguished Teaching Award *2016 - Orrington Lunt Professor of Physics *2017 - Fritz London Memorial Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=https://physics.duke.edu/fritz-london-memorial-prize|title=Fritz London Memorial Prize}}</ref>

==Bibliography== *Buhrman, R. A., & Halperin, W. P. (1973). Fluctuation Diamagnetism in a" Zero-Dimensional" Superconductor. Physical Review Letters, 30(15), 692. *Halperin, W. P., Archie, C. N., Rasmussen, F. B., Buhrman, R. A., & Richardson, R. C. (1974). Observation of Nuclear Magnetic Order in Solid He³. Physical Review Letters, 32(17), 927. *Halperin, W. P. (1986). Quantum size effects in metal particles. Reviews of Modern Physics, 58, 533. *D'Orazio, F., Bhattacharja, S., Halperin, W. P., Eguchi, K., & Mizusaki, T. (1990). Molecular diffusion and nuclear-magnetic-resonance relaxation of water in unsaturated porous silica glass. Physical Review B, 42, 9810. *Halperin, W. P., Jehng, J. Y., & Song, Y. Q. (1994). Application of spin-spin relaxation to measurement of surface area and pore size distributions in a hydrating cement paste. Magnetic resonance imaging, 12, 169–173. *Sprague, D. T., Haard, T. M., Kycia, J. B., Rand, M. R., Lee, Y., Hamot, P. J., & Halperin, W. P. (1995). Homogeneous equal-spin pairing superfluid state of ³He in aerogel. Physical Review Letters, 75, 661. *Lee, Y., Haard, T. M., Halperin, W. P., & Sauls, J. A. (1999). Discovery of the acoustic Faraday effect in superfluid ³He-B. Nature, 400(6743), 431–433. *Mitrović, V. F., Sigmund, E. E., Eschrig, M., Bachman, H. N., Halperin, W. P., Reyes, A. P., Kuhns, P., & Moulton, W. G. (2001). Spatially resolved electronic structure inside and outside the vortex cores of a high-temperature superconductor. Nature, 413, 501–504. *Choi, H., Davis, J. P., Pollanen, J., & Halperin, W. P. (2006). Surface Specific Heat of He 3 and Andreev Bound States. Physical Review Letters, 96(12), 125301. *Pollanen, J., Li, J. I. A., Collett, C. A., Gannon, W. J., Halperin, W. P., & Sauls, J. A. (2012). New chiral phases of superfluid ³He stabilized by anisotropic silica aerogel. Nature Physics, 8(4), 317–320. *Schemm, E. R., Gannon, W. J., Wishne, C. M., Halperin, W. P., & Kapitulnik, A. (2014). Observation of broken time-reversal symmetry in the heavy-fermion superconductor UPt₃. Science, 345(6193), 190–193. *Nguyen, M. D., Zimmerman, A. M., & Halperin, W. P. (2019). Corrections to Higgs mode masses in superfluid He³ from acoustic spectroscopy. Physical Review B, 99(5), 054510. *Halperin, W. P. (2019). Superfluid 3He in aerogel. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, 10, 155–170. *Avers, K. E., Gannon, W. J., Kuhn, S. J., Halperin, W. P., Sauls, J. A., DeBeer-Schmitt, L., ... & Eskildsen, M. R. (2020). Broken time-reversal symmetry in the topological superconductor UPt₃. Nature Physics, 16(5), 531–535.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Halperin, William}} Category:Living people Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States Category:Northwestern University faculty Category:Queen's University at Kingston alumni Category:University of Toronto alumni Category:Cornell University alumni Category:1945 births