{{Short description|Aboriginal Australian people of western New South Wales and NE South Australia}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} {{Use Australian English|date=July 2018}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Wilyakali Lands | image = | image_caption = | image_alt = | iucn_category = | iucn_ref = | coordinates = {{coord|31|08|48|S|142|22|53|E|region:AU-NSW|display=inline, title}} | map = New South Wales | map_alt = | map_width = 200px | relief = yes | label = Wilyakali Lands | label_position = | location = New South Wales | established = | area_ha = | area_km2 = | area_ref = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | nearest_city = {{NSWcity|White Cliffs}} | nearest_town = | governing_body = | website = }} The '''Wilyakali''' or '''Wiljaali''' are an Aboriginal Australian people of around the Darling River basin in Far West of New South Wales, as well as west of the state border, into South Australia. Their traditional lands centred on the towns of Broken Hill and Silverton and surrounding country. thumb|right|Traditional lands of the Wilyakali ("Wiljali")
==Etymology== Etymologically the word ''kali'' appears to be an archaic term meaning "people" and is incorporated in numerous tribal names of the Darling River valley, including Paakantyi ("creek people"), ''Bula-ali'' ("hill people") and ''Thangkakali''.{{sfn|Hercus|Austin|2004|p=208}} In this construction, the name would mean the ''Wilya people''.
==History== ===Arrival of Europeans=== The ethnographer A. W. Howitt that the Wiljakali tribe that was declared extinct during the early 1900s but is believed to have died out before acknowledgement by the federal government at the time in 1913–1915. Belonged to a distinct supra-tribal group he called the Itchumundi nation, believed to have become extinct in the early 1800s due to disease brought by British settlers.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}}
===Land corporation=== In the 1980s, the people formed the Wilyakali Aboriginal Corporation.<ref>[http://businessprofiles.com/details/wilyakali-aboriginal-corporation/AU-13704657083 Wilyakali Aboriginal Corporation.] at Business profiles.com.</ref> This corporation today runs Poolamacca Station and has also gone on to negotiate mining deals,<ref>Wilyakali in discussions over Mining Deal with Havilah Resources</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}} and native title claims<ref>[http://www.nntt.gov.au/applications-and-determinations/registration-test/pages/wa_-_registration_decision_-_sc12_1_wilyakali_native_title_group.aspx NNTR 08/02/2012] SA - Registration decision - SC12/1-1 Wilyakali Native Title Group.</ref>
==Country== Wilyakali traditional lands covered an estimated {{convert|8,400|mi2|km2}} from the Barrier Ranges westwards to Olary in South Australia. They encompassed Silverton, Mutooroo, and Boolcoomata. To the northwest they reached Mootwingee, and northeast to just south of Sturt Meadows. The tribe apparently moved south in the first half of the 19th century from its earlier domain to resist strong-arm cultural pressures from the Ngadjuri to adopt circumcision.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}}
The Malyangapa lived on their northern tribal borders, while the Yardliyawara were to their west.
===Native title=== A native title claim covering thousands of square kilometres, including agricultural land as well as several small towns along the Barrier Highway, was lodged in 2012 by Maureen, Glen, and Dulcie O'Donnell, on behalf of the Wilyakali people. Native title was finally formally recognised on 28 August 2023, in a decision handed down by Justice Elizabeth Raper.<ref>{{cite web | last=Brown | first=Oliver | title=Federal Court formally recognises Wilyakali people's native title claim over land in SA | website=ABC News | date=29 August 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-29/wilyakali-people-traditional-lands-recognised-by-federal-court/102790360 | access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Application Details: Wilyakali (SC2012/001) | website=NNTT| date=7 October 2010 | url=http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=SC2012/001 | access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>
==Wilyakali language== {{main|Wilyakali language}} The Wilyakali language is part of the Paakantyi language group, which is nearly extinct.{{sfn|Hercus|Austin|2004|p=208}}
==Traditional culture== Traditional Wilyakali adopted many cultural influences from people to their north and west, such as ''mura'' stories, before they had vanished during the era of the removal of Indigenous children by government from their native lands.{{sfn|Beckett|Hercus|2009|p=8}}
According to A. P. Elkin, Wilyakali kinship system terms bore some overlap with those of the Wadikali.{{sfn|Elkin|1938|p=41}}
==Mutawintji National Park== [[File:Mutawintji2 - River Red Gums.JPG|Mutawintji and river red gums|thumb]] [[File:Mutawintji4 - Eagle Nest.JPG|Mutawintji and eagle nest in Flindersia tree|thumb]] {{Main|Mutawintji National Park}} The Wilyakali are joint managers of the Mutawintji National Park, which is the first national park handed back to the believed traditional owners in NSW.<ref>[http://www.caringforcountry.com/public/?p=1 National Indigenous Land and Sea Management Conference] 2010. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112005745/http://www.caringforcountry.com/public/?p=1 |date=12 November 2013 }}</ref>
==Areas of cultural significance== <gallery> File:Mutawintji6 - carving.JPG|Petroglyph in Wilyakali country File:Mutawintji8 - brolga.JPG|Petroglyph of a brolga in Wilyakala country </gallery>
Traditional places of cultural significance include Mutawintji gullies.{{sfn|Madonna Magazine|2004}} <gallery> File:Mutawintji1 - dome.JPG|Mutawintji Dome File:Mutawintji3 Hill Climb.JPG|Mutawintji & exposed rock </gallery>
==Alternative names== * ''Bo-arli, Bulali'' ('Hill people', from ''bula'', hill) * ''Wiljagali'' * ''Wiljakali'' * ''Wiljali'' * ''Willoo''
Source: {{harvnb|Tindale|1974}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
===Citations=== {{Reflist|20em}}
==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{Cite book| title = The Two Rainbow Serpents Travelling: Mura Track Narratives from the 'Corner Country' | last1 = Beckett | first1 = Jeremy | last2 = Hercus | first2 = Luise | author2-link = Luise Hercus | year = 2009 | publisher = Australian National University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_Irv7kvomAcC&pg=PA8 | isbn = 978-1-921-53693-9 }} *{{Cite journal | title = Kinship in South Australia (Continued) | last = Elkin | first = A. P. | author-link = A. P. Elkin | journal = Oceania | date = September 1938 | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–78 | doi = 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1938.tb00216.x | jstor = 40327699 }} *{{Cite book| chapter = The Yarli Languages | last1 = Hercus | first1 = Luise | last2 = Austin | first2 = Peter | author1-link = Luise Hercus | author2-link = Peter Austin (linguist) | year = 2004 | title = Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method | editor1-last = Bowern | editor1-first = Claire | editor1-link = Claire Bowern | editor2-last = Koch | editor2-first = Harold | publisher = John Benjamins Publishing | chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/2099279 | pages = 207–222 | isbn = 978-9-027-29511-8 }} *{{cite magazine| title = Sacred Sites Mutawintji Dreaming Tracks | magazine = Madonna Magazine | url = http://www.madonnamagazine.com.au/articles/0403pike.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040430194106/http://www.madonnamagazine.com.au/articles/0403pike.html | date = 30 April 2004 | archive-date = 30 April 2004 | ref = {{harvid|Madonna Magazine|2004}} }} *{{Cite book| chapter = Wilyakali | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974 | author-link = Norman Tindale | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wiljakali.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724160017/http://www.samuseum.australia.sa.com/tindaletribes/wiljakali.htm | archive-date = 24 July 2008 | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 }} {{refend}}
{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}}
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Category:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales Category:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia