{{short description|Holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost}} {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = Whit Monday |nickname = Pentecost Monday (Western), Monday of the Holy Spirit (Eastern) |type = christian |image = File:Andrej Rublëv 001.jpg |imagesize = |caption = Medieval Russian icon of the Old Testament Trinity by Andrei Rublev, used as the icon of the feast for Whit Monday. |official_name = |observedby = Many European countries, and some former colonies |litcolor = |longtype = Christian, Public |significance = |begins = 1st Monday after Whit Sunday |ends = |date = |date{{LASTYEAR}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday |format=infobox |year={{LASTYEAR}}}} (Western) | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday (Eastern) |format=infobox |year={{LASTYEAR}}}} (Eastern) }} |date{{CURRENTYEAR}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday |format=infobox |year={{CURRENTYEAR}} |cite=y}} (Western) | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday (Eastern) |format=infobox |year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}} (Eastern) }} |date{{NEXTYEAR}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR}}}} (Western) | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday (Eastern) |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR}}}} (Eastern) }} |date{{NEXTYEAR|2}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}} (Western) | {{Moveable date |holiday=Whit Monday (Eastern) |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}} (Eastern) }} |duration = 1 day |frequency = Annual |celebrations = |observances = |relatedto = Whit Sunday, Whit Tuesday, Whit Friday, Trinity Sunday }} '''Whit Monday''' or '''Pentecost Monday''', also known as '''Monday of the Holy Spirit''', is the holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost, a moveable feast in the Christian liturgical calendar. It is moveable because it is determined by the date of Easter. In the Catholic Church, it is the '''Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church''', marking the resumption of Ordinary Time.
Whit Monday gets its name from "Whitsunday", an English name for Pentecost, one of the three baptismal seasons. The origin of the name "Whit Sunday" is generally attributed to the white garments formerly worn by those newly baptised on this feast.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campion |first=William Magan |author-link=William Magan Campion |date=1870 |title=The Prayer book interleaved with historical illustrations and explanatory notes arranged parallel to the text |volume=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8QCAAAAQAAJ&q=Whitsunday+baptized&pg=PA125 |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |page=125 |isbn= |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
==Observance== Pentecost is always on a Sunday<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Phillip |date=2 June 2022 |title=Why is Pentecost on a Sunday? |url=https://catholicexchange.com/why-is-pentecost-on-a-sunday/ |website=catholicexchange.com |location=Nashua, New Hampshire |publisher=Sophia Institute Press |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> and is therefore usually a non-working day. The Monday after Pentecost is a public holiday in: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Austria, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, The British Virgin Islands, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominica, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Hungary, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Monaco, Montserrat, The Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Switzerland, Togo and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=n.d. |title=Whit Monday around the world in 2025 by Day |url=https://www.officeholidays.com/byday/whit-monday |website=officeholidays.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> In many of these countries, Whit Monday is known as "the second day of Pentecost" or "the second Whitsun".{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
Whit Monday was a bank holiday in the United Kingdom up until 1964. From 1965 to 1970 it was moved to the last Monday in May on a trial basis. It was then formally replaced by the fixed Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=n.d. |title=Spring Bank Holiday ... in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/spring-bank-holiday |website=timeanddate.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> Until 1973, Whit Monday was a public holiday in Ireland. It was formally replaced by the fixed June Bank Holiday on the first Monday in June in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=n.d. |title=June Bank Holiday |url=https://www.bankholidays.ie/june-bank-holiday |website=bankholidays.ie |location= |publisher= |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> Whit Monday was a public holiday in various former British colonies, especially in the Pacific. It remains a public holiday in some of the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean.
Whit Monday is not a public holiday in the United States, but some US churches organise Whit Monday prayer rallies, which include prayers and street marches. Historically, Whit Monday used to be one of the major annual holidays in Pennsylvania Dutch Country. From around 1835 to just after the Civil War, Whit Monday was referred to as the "Dutch Fourth of July" in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where people came to eat, drink and be entertained.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=n.d. |title=Whit Monday ... in the United States |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/whit-monday |website=timeanddate.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref> Whit Monday is not a public holiday in Australia, but church events which observe Whit Monday may include evening services, Bible group meetings, and Sunday school lessons which focus on teaching children about the origins and the meaning of Whit Monday and Whit Sunday.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=n.d. |title=Whit Monday ... in Australia |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/australia/whit-monday |website=timeanddate.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
In Germany, Whit Monday ({{langx|de|Pfingstmontag}} {{IPA|de|p͡fɪŋstˈmoːntaːk||De-Pfingstmontag.ogg}}) is a Holy Day of obligation for Roman Catholics.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=5 October 1995 |title=Deutsche Bischofskonferenz |url=http://www.drs.de/fileadmin/Rechtsdoku/4/4/2/95_23_15.pdf |website=drs.de |location= |publisher= |access-date=29 May 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325150400/http://www.drs.de/fileadmin/Rechtsdoku/4/4/2/95_23_15.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> In France, Whit Monday became a work-day for many workers from 2005 to 2007. This was to raise extra funds following the government's lack of preparation for a summertime heat wave, which led to a shortage of proper health care for the elderly.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=6 May 2008 |title=French Government Restored A Holiday |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/news/holidays/france-solidarity-day.html |website=timeanddate.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> It continues to be a "worked public holiday" in France.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=24 April 2012 |title=Fêtes légales et jours fériés |url=http://www.service-public.fr/actualites/00790.html |website=service-public.fr |location= |publisher= |access-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503210415/http://service-public.fr/actualites/00790.html |archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> Whit Monday is celebrated in South Tyrol, and for its capital city Bolzano it replaces the holiday of the local patron saint celebrated elsewhere in Italy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vianello |first=Giampietro |date=17 May 2024 |title=Why isn’t Pentecost Monday a public holiday in Italy? |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20240517/why-isnt-pentecost-monday-a-public-holiday-in-italy |website=thelocal.it |location=Stockholm, Sweden |publisher=The Local |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> In Sweden, Whit Monday was a public holiday until 2004; it was replaced by the National Day of Sweden in 2005.<ref>[http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Lag-1989253-om-allmanna-hel_sfs-1989-253/ Sveriges riksdag – Svensk författningssamling 1989:253 – "Lag (1989:253) om allmänna helgdagar".]</ref>
Although Whit Monday is a civil holiday in many countries, it was not a Catholic religious holiday any more than the other weekdays which follow Pentecost Sunday. Until the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, they were part of the octave of Pentecost, which was added in the 7th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=1969 |title=Calendarium Romanum |url=https://ia800303.us.archive.org/22/items/CalendariumRomanum1969/Calendarium%20Romanum%20%281969%29.pdf |location= |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |page=56 |isbn= |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> The Monday after Pentecost is now the first day of the resumption of Ordinary Time. While the details differ from diocese to diocese, the most widespread practice in Germany (where the holiday remains an obligation) was to have a compulsory votive Mass of the Holy Spirit, outranking even solemnities (these would be local solemnities in that case).
However, in February 2018, Pope Francis declared that henceforth, Whit Monday will be the fixed date for the celebration of a new feast, officially known as the "Memorial of Mary, Mother of the Church" to be celebrated throughout the Western Catholic Church,<ref>{{cite web |last=Watkins |first=Devin |date=3 March 2018 |title=Pope institutes new celebration of Mary, Mother of Church |url=http://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2018-03/pope-institutes-new-celebration-of-mary--mother-of-church.html |website=Vatican News |location=Vatican City |publisher= |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> with the exception of the Ordinariates, where the octave of Whitsun Week has been restored, and the new Memorial is observed on the Saturday after Ascension Day.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=n.d. |title=Ordo |url=http://ordinariate.net/ordo/ |website=The Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter |location=Houston, Texas |publisher= |access-date=28 May 2024 |quote=❖ Because Pentecost has a privileged Octave in the calendar of the Ordinariate, the Memorial of The Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church, is observed on the Saturday after Ascension Day. (Notation on Whit Monday in the 2024 Ordo linked here.)}}</ref>
===Observance in Eastern Orthodoxy and the Eastern Catholic Churches=== In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches Whit Monday is known as "Monday of the Holy Spirit" or "Day of the Holy Spirit".<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaskill |first=Alonzo L. |date=n.d. |title=What is the Christian Holiday of Pentecost? |url=https://www.patheos.com/answers/what-is-the-christian-holiday-of-pentecost |website=Patheos |location= |publisher= |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref> It is the first day of the afterfeast of Pentecost, being dedicated specifically to the honour of God the Holy Spirit, and particularly in commemoration of His descent upon the apostles at Pentecost.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=n.d. |title=Pentecost: The Descent of the Holy Spirit |url=https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/worship/the-church-year/pentecost-the-descent-of-the-holy-spirit |website=Orthodox Church in America |location=Alexandria, Virginia |publisher= |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref> The day following is known as the Third Day of the Trinity. In services on the Monday of the Holy Spirit many of the same hymns are sung as on the day of Pentecost itself. During the Divine Liturgy the Deacon intones the same introit as on the day of Pentecost, and the dismissal is the same as on the day of Pentecost. Special canons to the Holy Spirit are chanted at Compline and Matins.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vasilik |first=Vladimir |date=6 August 2014 |title=On the Second Canon for Pentecost |url=https://orthochristian.com/71325.html |website=orthochristian.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
== See also == * Azores Day * {{Portal-inline|Christianity}}
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==External links== * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=46 Trinity Week—Day of the Holy Spirit] Orthodox icon and synaxarion * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv9wwu9D98I Whit Monday Procession], Manchester, England; Pathé News, 1924
{{Pentecost|state = expanded}}
Category:Pentecost Category:Public holidays in Denmark Category:Public holidays in Germany Category:Public holidays in Norway Category:Holidays based on the date of Easter Category:May observances Category:June observances Category:Monday observances