{{Short description|Ecoregion (WWF) in Java, Indonesia}} {{Infobox ecoregion |name = Western Java montane rain forests |image = Gunung Gede Pangrango, cibodas, bogor, jawa barat, 02032011 01.jpg |image_size = 300 |image_alt = |caption = Mount Gede Pangrango National Park |map = Ecoregion_IM0167.png |map_size = 300 |map_alt = Ecoregion territory (in purple) |map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple) |ecozone = Indomalayan |biome = Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests |animals = |bird_species = |border = Western Java rain forests |area = 26342 |country = Indonesia |state = |region_type = |elevation = |coordinates = {{coord|7.25|S|107.75|E|display=title,inline}} |geology = |seas = |rivers = |climate = |soil = |conservation = |global200 = |habitat_loss = |habitat_loss_ref = |protected = 7.76 |protected_ref = <ref name="dopa"/> }} The '''Western Java montane rain forests''' ecoregion (WWF ID: IM0167) covers the montane rain forest above 1,000 meters in the volcanic mountain ridges in the west of the island of Java in Indonesia. Several mammals and bird species are found only in this ecoregion, including the Javan mastiff bat ''(Otomops formosus)'' and the Volcano mouse ''(Mus vulcani)''. Only about one-fifth of the original rainforest remains in its original state, as human pressures are encroaching on the mountain slopes.<ref name="wwf">{{cite web|title=Western Java montane rain forests|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0167|publisher=World Wildlife Federation|language=en|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{cite web|title=Western Java montane rain forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40167|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{cite web|title=Western Java montane rain forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Western_Java_montane_rain_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref>
== Location and description == The ecoregion stretches 500 km from west to east across western and central Java. This mountainous region, historically known as Parahyangan, is only 30-80 km wide. Major volcanoes, from west to east, include Mount Salak, Mount Pangrango, Mount Guntur, Galunggung, Mount Cereme, Mount Slamet, Mount Sindoro, Mount Sumbing, and Mount Merbabu. The highest elevation is {{convert|3428|m|ft}} at Mount Slamet. The ecoregion is completely surrounded by the Western Java rain forests ecoregion at lower elevations.<ref name="eoe"/><ref name="ecomap"/>
== Climate == The climate of the ecoregion is ''Tropical monsoon climate'' (Köppen climate classification (Am)). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year (all months being greater than {{convert|18|C|F}} average temperature), and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation, but more than (100-(average/25) mm. This climate is mid-way between a tropical rainforest and a tropical savannah.<ref>{{cite web|first1=M. |last1=Kottek |first2=J. |last2=Grieser |first3=C. |last3=Beck |first4=B. |last4=Rudolf |first5=F. |last5=Rubel |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{cite web|title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification|publisher=World Bank|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref>
== Flora and fauna == About 65% of the ecoregion is covered in closed forest, mostly broadleaf evergreen, an additional 20% is open forest.<ref name="dopa"/> The evergreen forest includes ''Artocarpus elasticus'', yellow mahogany (''Epicharis parasitica''), langsat (''Lansium parasiticum''), and ''Planchonia valida''. Common montane tree species include ''Lithocarpus'', ''Quercus'', and ''Castanopsis'' species, as well as laurels.<ref name="eoe"/> At higher elevations, characteristic species are heath (family Ericaceae) such as ''Rhododendron''.
There are 64 species of mammals in the ecoregion, 16 of which are endemic. Mammals of conservation interest include the endangered Javan surili ''(Presbytis comata)'', the endangered Silvery gibbon'' (Hylobates moloch)'', and the critically endangered Javan leopard ''(Panthera pardus melas)''.<ref name="eoe"/>
== Protected areas == Over 7% of the ecoregion is officially protected.<ref name="dopa"/> These protected areas include: * Mount Halimun Salak National Park * Mount Gede Pangrango National Park * Mount Ciremai National Park * Mount Merbabu National Park * Mount Merapi National Park
== References == {{reflist}}
==External links== *{{commons-inline}}
Category:Indomalayan ecoregions Category:Ecoregions of Indonesia Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Category:Ecoregions of Malesia Category:Montane forests