List of roller coaster elements

{{Short description|none}} {{TOC right}} [[Roller coaster]]s are widely known for their drops, inversions, [[airtime (rides)|airtime]], and other intense ride elements that contribute to the ride. They are also made up of a variety of features and components responsible for the mechanical operation and safety of the ride. Some are very common and appear on every roller coaster in some form, while others are unique to certain makes and models. [[Amusement park]]s often compete to build the [[List of roller coaster rankings|tallest, fastest, and longest roller coasters]] to attract thrill seekers and boost park attendance.<ref name="Amusement park competition">{{cite news |last=Martín |first=Hugo |title=Thrill ride designers compete to push the limits |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2012-mar-13-la-fi-thrill-ride-records-20120314-story.html |access-date=May 12, 2024 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 13, 2012}}</ref> As coaster design evolved with the aid of computer-simulated models, newer innovations produced more intense thrills while improving overall quality and durability.<ref name="Coaster Wars">{{cite web |title=Top Thrill Dragster: The Inside Track on Cedar Point's Landmark Coaster and Potential Final Lap |url=https://www.themeparktourist.com/features/20220325/32490/top-thrill-dragster-inside-track-cedar-points-landmark-coaster-and |website=Theme Park Tourist |access-date=May 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325150434/https://www.themeparktourist.com/features/20220325/32490/top-thrill-dragster-inside-track-cedar-points-landmark-coaster-and |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |date=March 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Lead expanded in May 2024. More expansion mentioning some of the most popular elements is probably still needed. -->

==Common elements== ===Banked turn=== {{See also|Banked turn}} [[File:Dragon Kahn's Banked Turn.jpg|thumb|A banked turn on [[Dragon Khan]]]] A '''banked turn''' is when the track twists from the horizontal plane into the vertical plane, tipping the train to the side in the direction of the turn. Banking is used to minimize the lateral [[G-force]]s on the riders to make the turn more comfortable. When a banked turn continues to create an upward or downward spiral of approximately 360 degrees or more, it becomes a [[#Helix|helix]].

===Brake run=== {{Main|Brake run}} A brake run on a roller coaster is any section of [[Rail tracks|track]] that utilizes some form of brakes to slow or stop a [[Train (roller coaster)|roller coaster train]]. The most common type is the friction brake, often called a fin brake, which involves a series of hydraulic-powered clamps that close and squeeze metal fins that are attached to the underside of a coaster train. Other common types include skid brakes and magnetic brakes. These different types are divided into two main categories; trim brakes refer to brake runs that slow the train, while block brakes are brake sections that stop the train completely. Roller coasters may incorporate multiple brake runs throughout the coaster's track layout to adjust the train's speed at any given time.<ref name="Brakes-HowStuffWorks">{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Tom |last2=Threewit |first2=Chelsea |title=How Roller Coasters Work |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/roller-coaster2.htm |website=HowStuffWorks |access-date=May 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024085401/https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/roller-coaster2.htm |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |pages=3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

While modern roller coasters have at least one computer-controlled brake run embedded in the track, older coasters such as [[The Great Scenic Railway]] at [[Luna Park, Melbourne|Luna Park Melbourne]] may have brakes onboard the train and rely on a brakeman operator to apply them as needed. Older wooden coasters are also more likely to rely on skid brakes,<ref name="Brakes-HowStuffWorks" /> which may still depend on manual engagement at a nearby control panel or by moving large levers in the station.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Drive tire=== A drive tire, or squeeze tire depending on its usage, is a [[Electric motor|motorized]] [[tire]] used to propel a roller coaster train along a piece of track. Although they are most often used in station areas and [[brake run]]s, they can also be used to launch trains at greater speeds. However, they are generally used to propel the train at speeds between 5-8&nbsp;mph. [[The Incredible Hulk Coaster]] at Universal's [[Islands of Adventure]] is notable for using drive tires to launch the train up an incline.

Some roller coasters use drive tires instead of a chain on lift hills. Notable examples include many junior coasters made by [[Vekoma]] and [[Zierer]], The [[Olympia Looping]] traveling roller coaster, and [[Mindbender (Galaxyland)|Mindbender]] at [[Galaxyland]]. Drive tires are also used to power other types of amusement rides, such as [[ferris wheel]]s, [[Pirate Ship (ride)|Pirate Ships]], and other spinning rides.

When oriented horizontally, drive tires are often put in pairs so as to "squeeze" a portion of the train as it crosses that section of track. In this case, it is usually the brake fin that is used to propel or slow the train with the tires. When oriented vertically, they contact the underside of the train as it crosses a particular section of track. This underside area is a flat area which often has a grated metal surface to increase friction between the car and the tire. One disadvantage of vertical drive tires is that rainy weather can greatly reduce friction between the tire and the train, possibly causing the train to slightly overshoot its intended position and cause an emergency stop.

===Headchopper=== [[File:El Toro headchopper.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|A headchopper on [[El Toro (Six Flags Great Adventure)|El Toro]]]] A '''headchopper''' is an element where the support structure of the ride or a portion of the track appears to come very close to making contact with passengers, particularly with their heads. The illusion is intentional, and headchoppers are designed so that even the tallest rider, with both hands up, would be unable to make contact assuming rider height requirements are being met.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

On [[inverted roller coaster]]s, the equivalent is a '''foot chopper''', which creates the illusion that riders' legs will make contact with the ride's support structure or some other structure, similar to a headchopper.<ref name="Footchopper-Levine">{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Arthur |title='Thrill of a lifetime': This roller coaster fan got the chance to operate a ride |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/america/theme-parks/2021/10/13/roller-coasters-what-its-like-operate-ride-coney-island/6102810001/ |access-date=May 14, 2024 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=October 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240514152821/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/america/theme-parks/2021/10/13/roller-coasters-what-its-like-operate-ride-coney-island/6102810001/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Both headchoppers and foot choppers can appear on [[Wing Coaster]] models from [[Bolliger & Mabillard]] when the train passes through keyhole elements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 5 Coasters at Six Flags Great America |url=https://www.coaster101.com/2019/02/12/top-five-coasters-at-six-flags-great-america/ |website=Coaster101 |access-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525154939/https://www.coaster101.com/2019/02/12/top-five-coasters-at-six-flags-great-america/ |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |date=February 12, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The train seats riders in pairs on both sides of the track, with nothing above or below each rider, as it passes through the center of an object creating the illusion its passengers may not have enough clearance to fit.<ref>{{cite news|last=MacDonald|first=Brady|title=X-Flight wing coaster premieres at Six Flags Great America in May|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-apr-11-la-trb-xflight-six-flags-great-america-04201211-story.html|access-date=17 August 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chavez|first=Jon|title=Park's 1st 'winged' coaster to debut at Cedar Point in 2013|url=http://www.norwalkreflector.com/content/parks-1st-winged-coaster-debut-cedar-point-2013|access-date=17 August 2012|newspaper=Norwalk Reflector|date=14 August 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023744/http://www.norwalkreflector.com/content/parks-1st-winged-coaster-debut-cedar-point-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Helix=== A helix is a section of track that forms a spiral, which generally exceeds 360°. Helixes can spiral upward or downward.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Launch track=== [[File:Speedmonster1.JPG|thumb|right|The launch track on [[SpeedMonster]]]] {{Main|Launch track}} A launch track is a straight section of track along a [[launched roller coaster]] layout in which the [[train (roller coaster)|train]] is quickly accelerated to a significant velocity in a matter of seconds. It serves the same basic purpose as a [[lift hill]]—providing energy to the train—but does so in a different manner. A lift hill gives the train [[potential energy]] as it is slowly raised to the highest point of the lift hill and released. A launch track gives the train [[kinetic energy]] immediately during its quick acceleration at launch, which often occurs before the train enters its first significant incline.

A launch track normally includes some form of brakes to brace for an expected return of the train, such as in a [[shuttle roller coaster]] design, or for an unexpected return of the train when a [[rollback (roller coaster)|rollback]] occurs on a complete-circuit coaster. Rollbacks are more common on coasters that feature a [[Top hat (roller coaster element)|top hat]] element, such as [[Stealth (roller coaster)|Stealth]] at [[Thorpe Park]], and [[Top Thrill 2]] at [[Cedar Point]]. Typically, brakes on a launch track retract to a lower position during launch and move into an engaged position immediately after launch.

===Lift hill=== [[File:Walibi World Goliath.jpg|thumb|A {{convert|150|ft|adj=on}} lift hill on Goliath at [[Walibi Holland]]]] {{Main|Lift hill}} A lift hill, or chain lift, is often the initial upward section of track on a typical roller coaster that initially transports the [[roller coaster train]] to an elevated point. Upon reaching the top, the train is then disengaged from the lift hill and allowed to coast through the rest of the roller coaster's circuit.

Lift hills usually propel the train to the top of the ride via one of a few different types of methods: a [[Roller chain|chain]] lift involving a long, continuous chain which trains hook on to and are carried to the top; a drive tire system in which multiple motorized tires push the train upward; a cable lift system as seen on [[Millennium Force]] at [[Cedar Point]]; or a [[Linear motor|linear synchronous motor]] system as seen on [[Maverick (roller coaster)|Maverick]].

Launch lift hills are similar to launch tracks, but inclined rather than flat. Sometimes, launch lift hills serve the same purpose as lift hills but offer faster transport to the top of the lift hill; or they are sometimes used to power the train up into an element, like the Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal Orlando. Launch lift hills use mostly linear synchronous motors or linear induction motors but sometimes use drive tires.

===Linear induction motor=== {{See also|Linear motor}} The [[linear induction motor]] is a simple but powerful type of electric motor used to propel the cars. Rather than using a standard enclosed spinning rotor and drive wheels, there is a long flat magnetic pole plate with closely spaced electric coils. This pole plate mounts on the track underneath the car and a matching metal plate attached to the car moves across the magnetic pole faces. By applying a multiphase alternating current to the poles, the pole plate induces [[eddy currents]] into the moving plate and can be used to accelerate or brake the car.

Compared to other drive mechanisms, the linear motor is typically maintenance-free. The pole faces on the track and moving plate attached to the car do not need to touch, and the gap between them can be quite wide to accommodate any side-to-side car motion, so there is no friction or wear between them. Further, the magnetic coil assembly on the driving pole plates are either [[Electronic packaging#Potting|potted]] or sealed in a weathertight enclosure, so that rain, vibration, and dust do not affect motor performance or cause drive motor slippage.

===On-ride camera=== {{Main|On-ride camera}} An on-ride camera is a [[camera]] mounted alongside the track of a roller coaster that automatically photographs all of the riders on passing trains. They are usually mounted at the most intense part of the ride, to capture the best possible pictures. The pictures are available for viewing and purchase at a booth outside the ride's exit. On some rides, such as [[Saw: The Ride]] at [[Thorpe Park]], [[Rocky's Rapids]] at [[Indiana Beach]], and [[Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit]] at [[Universal Studios Florida]], video, as well as still photographs, can be purchased upon exiting the ride.

===Pre-drop=== A pre-drop, or preliminary drop, is any small hill following the lift hill that precedes the main drop. After a train is hauled up the lift and begins to descend down the hill in a standard configuration, the force of gravity pulls the train cars that are still hooked to the lift. When a pre-drop is used, the tension and stress on the lift mechanism is reduced prior to the train's release. The element is commonly found on early B&M roller coasters, as well as older roller coasters from other manufacturers. An alternative name "trick hill" comes from the illusion created from the pre-drop, which "tricks" riders into thinking they have already started the main descent, when in fact they haven't.

===Station=== The station is the area where riders board or alight the ride vehicle. Many stations divide the queue and have guests wait behind gates corresponding to their respective seats on the ride vehicle. Most roller coasters only have one station, however some may have multiple to allow for higher rider throughput.

===Train=== {{Main|Roller coaster train}} A roller coaster train describes the [[vehicle]](s) which transports passengers around a roller coaster's circuit. More specifically, a roller coaster train is made up of two or more "cars" which are connected by some sort of specialized [[universal joint]]. The vehicle is called a "train" due to its similarities with a [[train|railroad train]]. Individual cars vary in design, often carrying multiple passengers each. Some roller coasters, notably [[wild mouse roller coaster]]s, operate with individual cars instead of trains.

===Tunnels=== [[File:Oblivion Tunnel.jpg|thumb|The tunnel entrance on [[Oblivion (roller coaster)|Oblivion]]]] Some roller coasters feature [[tunnel]]s, and they may include special effects such as lighting, fog, and sound. The [[Iron Rattler]] at Six Flags Fiesta Texas, for example, features a darkened, above-ground tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsdownsandupsidedown.com/iron-rattler/ |title=Iron Rattler — Ups Downs and Upside Down - Roller Coasters and Theme Parks |access-date=2018-08-12 |archive-date=2018-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812120422/http://www.upsdownsandupsidedown.com/iron-rattler/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Non-inverting track elements== [[File:Roller Coaster Camelbacks.jpg|thumb|left|Consecutive camelbacks on [[Grand National (roller coaster)|Grand National]]]]

===Camelback=== A '''camelback''' or '''camelback hill''', also known as an '''airtime hill''' or '''bunny hop''', is a hump-shaped hill that travels in a straight line and is designed to lift riders out of their seats to provide a feeling of weightlessness. The effect is commonly known as [[Air time (rides)|airtime]],<ref name="CoasterCritic-Fury325">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecoastercritic.com/2015/03/intimidator-vs-fury-325-differences-similarities.html|title=Fury 325 vs Intimidator: Differences & Similarities|last=Bullock|first=Joel|date=March 5, 2015|publisher=The Coaster Critic|access-date=June 12, 2015|archive-date=June 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612154300/http://www.thecoastercritic.com/2015/03/intimidator-vs-fury-325-differences-similarities.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Urbanowicz|first=Steven J.|title=The Roller Coaster Lover's Companion: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the World's Best Coasters|url=https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterlov00stev|url-access=registration|quote=roller coaster camelback hill.|year=2002|publisher=Citadel Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterlov00stev/page/137 137]|isbn=9780806523095}}</ref> and camelbacks produce negative g-force to achieve the effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://attractionsmagazine.com/more-details-on-rip-ride-rockit-coaster-plus-video/|title=More details on Rip Ride Rockit coaster, plus video|date=April 23, 2009|work=Orlando Attractions Magazine|access-date=June 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="UltimateRollercoaster-Glossary">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/glossary/#c|title=Roller Coaster Glossary|publisher=Ultimate Rollercoaster|access-date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> The term has been used to describe a series of smaller hills typically found near the end of a track's layout, which is a common finale on older wooden coasters.<ref name="UltimateRollercoaster-Glossary" /><ref name="ACN-Elements">{{cite web|url=http://www.americacoasters.com/Resources/?page=typesofinversions|title=Types of elements|publisher=American Coasters|access-date=June 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622093953/https://www.americacoasters.com/Resources/?page=typesofinversions |archive-date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> A modern coaster's implementation of a camelback can be a much larger, single hill often found earlier in the track's layout.<ref name="CoasterCritic-Fury325" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cedarpoint.com/gatekeeper/the-ride|title=Gatekeeper: The Ride - Facts and Figures|publisher=Cedar Point|access-date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>

===Double dip=== {{anchor|Double Dip|Double Up|Double Down|Double-Drop}} [[File:Kennywood Jack Rabbit DSCN2786.JPG|thumb|upright=0.85|A double dip on [[Jack Rabbit (Kennywood)|Jack Rabbit]]]] A '''double dip''' element, also known as a '''double drop''' or '''double down''', is created when a hill is divided into two separate drops by a flattening out of the drop midway down the hill. Two notable rides featuring this element are [[Jack Rabbit (Kennywood)|Jack Rabbit]] located at [[Kennywood]] and [[Jack Rabbit (Seabreeze)|Jack Rabbit]] located at [[Seabreeze Amusement Park|Seabreeze]], both of which are roller coasters designed by [[John A. Miller]] in 1920. The inverse of this element is known as a '''double up''', where two inclines are separated by a level piece of track. [[Stampida]] at Portaventura Park is an example that incorporates both a double dip and a double up element.

===Hammerhead turn=== [[File:Behemoth (Canada's Wonderland) 06.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A hammerhead turn on [[Behemoth (roller coaster)|Behemoth]]]] A '''hammerhead turn''' is based on a flying maneuver by the same name and is similar to, but not the same as, a 180-degree overbanked turn ({{crossreference|see [[#Overbanked turn]]}}). The train enters the element with a steep slope up and a slight curve in the direction opposite that of the overall turn (a so-called "priming" of the turn). The train then banks heavily to the side opposite the initial curve and finishes its climb while it negotiates the overall turn, beginning its descent midway through the turn. The second half of the element is the same as the first half, but in reverse order. While negotiating a hammerhead turn element, the train makes a turn of more than 180 degrees; however, because of the entry and exit curves, the overall effect is that of a 180-degree turn that exits toward the direction from which it entered, roughly parallel to the portion of track preceding the hammerhead turn. Hammerhead turns are found on some B&M [[hypercoaster]]s. Examples of these coasters are [[Nitro (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Nitro]] at [[Six Flags Great Adventure]], [[Behemoth (roller coaster)|Behemoth]] at [[Canada's Wonderland]], [[Diamondback (roller coaster)|Diamondback]] at [[Kings Island]] and [[Mako (roller coaster)|Mako]] at [[SeaWorld Orlando]].

===Horseshoe=== A '''horseshoe''' is a type of turnaround maneuver found on Maurer Rides GmbH's [[Spinning roller coaster|Spinning Coaster]] model. The horseshoe is essentially a 180-degree turnaround with high banking so that riders are tilted at a 90-degree angle or more at the top at the element. The horseshoe is named that way because the element is shaped roughly like a [[horseshoe]], with a semicircular shape at the top. It is found on coasters such as [[Dragon's Fury (roller coaster)|Dragon's Fury]] at [[Chessington World of Adventures]] and [[Laff Trakk]] at [[Hersheypark]].

===Junior Immelmann loop=== [[File:Icon's Junior Immelman.jpg|thumb|A junior Immelmann on [[Icon (roller coaster)|Icon]]]] A '''junior Immelmann loop''' is similar to a normal [[Immelmann turn|Immelmann loop]], except riders are not inverted and only roll to 90 degrees instead of 180 degrees. The element first appeared on [[Black Mamba (roller coaster)|Black Mamba]] at [[Phantasialand]].<ref>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Junior Immelmann loop|rcdb_number=8921|access-date=July 31, 2019}}</ref>

=== Non-inverting cobra roll === A '''non-inverting cobra roll''' is similar to a cobra roll, except the half-loops at the entrance and exit level out before reaching 180 degrees, and the train therefore does not invert. [[Kondaa]] at [[Walibi Belgium]] is the only ride to feature this element.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Non Inverting Cobra Roll|url=https://rcdb.com/18882.htm|access-date=2021-07-04|website=rcdb.com}}</ref>

===Non-inverting loop=== [[File:Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit 23.jpg|thumb|left|The non-inverting loop on [[Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit]]]] The non-inverting loop is a variety of loop that, when coming up, twists similar to a heartline roll, leaving riders completely right-side-up when at the top of the loop. Some roller coasters with this element include [[Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit]] at [[Universal Studios Florida]], Shock at Rainbow MagicLand, [[Superman: Ultimate Flight (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)|Superman: Ultimate Flight]] at [[Six Flags Discovery Kingdom]], Flying Aces at [[Ferrari World]], Soaring with Dragon at Hefei Wanda Theme Park, [[DC Rivals HyperCoaster|DC Rivals Hypercoaster]] at [[Warner Bros. Movie World]] and [[Tempesto]] at [[Busch Gardens Williamsburg]].

===Overbanked turn=== [[File:Iron Gwazi layout BGT (5).jpg|thumb|240x240px|An overbanked turn on [[Iron Gwazi]]]] An '''overbanked turn''' is a turn or curve in which the track tilts 90 degrees or more, often in the 100–120 degree range. The element is common on large steel roller coasters, particularly those built by [[Intamin]] and [[Rocky Mountain Construction]]. Two examples include the first turn-around on [[Superman the Ride]] at [[Six Flags New England]] and the overbanked turn that follows the barrel roll on [[Iron Gwazi]] at [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]].

===Stengel dive=== A Stengel dive combines an overbanked turn with a camelback hill. The train first goes up a regular camelback hill, then quickly tilts beyond 90 degrees at the very top. It is the only roller coaster element named after its designer, in this case [[Werner Stengel]]. Examples of roller coasters that feature this element include [[Goliath (Walibi Holland)|Goliath]] at [[Walibi Holland]] and [[Thunderbolt (2014 roller coaster)|Thunderbolt]] at [[Luna Park, Coney Island (2010)|Luna Park]].

===Speed hill=== A '''speed hill''', also known as a high-speed float,<ref name="Outlaw Run Fact Sheet" /> is an airtime element commonly found in Bolliger & Mabillard steel coasters and [[Rocky Mountain Construction]] wooden coasters. The element is a mini-version of camelback entered at a high speed, which results in significant negative [[G-force]]s that exceed a typical camelback. [[Leviathan (Canada's Wonderland)|Leviathan]] at [[Canada's Wonderland]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Kevin |title=Canada's Wonderland |url=http://www.lifeisarollercoaster.org/canadas-wonderland/ |website=Life Is A Roller Coaster |access-date=July 31, 2019 |date=July 19, 2014}}</ref> and [[Outlaw Run]] at [[Silver Dollar City]] are two roller coasters that feature this element.<ref name="Outlaw Run Fact Sheet">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet|url=http://silverdollarcity2013.com/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=Click+here+to+download+PDF|publisher=Silver Dollar City|access-date=9 August 2012|date=August 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602080720/http://silverdollarcity2013.com/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=Outlaw_Run_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref>

===Top hat=== [[File:Kingda Ka tower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The top hat element on the now-defunct [[Kingda Ka]]]] A '''top hat''', also known as top cap, is an element consisting of a 90-degree ascent up a tall hill followed by a 90-degree descent, with the train usually exiting in the opposite direction from which it entered. Top hats are commonly found on launched coasters, and in a standard configuration, the track twists so that the train does not invert during the ride. [[Top Thrill 2]] at [[Cedar Point]] {{tsp}}{{mdash}}{{tsp}}the only remaining [[Roller coaster#Strata coaster|''strata'' coaster]] in existence<ref name="strata coasters">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecoastercritic.com/2006/11/what-is-hyper-coaster.html |title=Kingda Ka vs. Top Thrill Dragster |publisher=thecoastercritic.com |date=November 16, 2006 |access-date=June 8, 2012 |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530050207/http://www.thecoastercritic.com/2006/11/what-is-hyper-coaster.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> after the closure of [[Kingda Ka]] at [[Six Flags Great Adventure]] in 2024<ref name="Closure Annoucement-NBC">{{Cite news |date=November 14, 2024 |title=Six Flags Great Adventure announces end of Kingda Ka to make way for new 'record-breaking' coaster |work=NBC New York |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/new-jersey/six-flags-great-adventure-kingda-ka-twister-green-lantern/5984538/ |access-date=November 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250302183234/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/new-jersey/six-flags-great-adventure-kingda-ka-twister-green-lantern/5984538/ |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kausch 2024"/>{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{tsp}} features a top hat element.

In a top hat inversion, also called an inside top hat or inverted top hat, the track makes a 90-degree twist as the train approaches the top. The train travels on the inside of the element, and once it reaches the apex, the train becomes inverted. [[Mr. Freeze (roller coaster)|Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast]] at [[Six Flags St. Louis]] is an example that features this variant.

===Wave turn=== A wave turn, commonly found on Rocky Mountain Construction roller coasters, is a 90-degree banked turn that incorporates a small camelback hill.<ref name="Wave Turn - ElloCoaster" /> The [[Air time (rides)|airtime]] feature separates wave turns from typical banked turns.<ref name="Wave Turn - ElloCoaster" /> When a train banks either right or left into an inclined turn, it traverses an airtime hill while banked at 90 degrees.<ref name="Wave Turn - NYT">{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Mekado |title=New Twists for Wooden Roller Coasters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/travel/new-twists-for-wooden-roller-coasters.html |access-date=August 24, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 23, 2014}}</ref> The element finishes with the train exiting in the opposite direction that it entered.<ref name="Wave Turn - ElloCoaster">{{cite web |last1=Winslett |first1=Jim |title=Lightning Rod |url=http://www.ellocoaster.com/lightning-rod |website=ElloCoaster |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> {{Clear}}

==Inverting elements== {{main|Roller coaster inversion}}

===Banana roll=== [[File:Kennywood - 48555644626.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The banana roll on [[Steel Curtain (roller coaster)|Steel Curtain]]]] A banana roll is an inversion element similar to an elongated cobra roll and is named after its shape.<ref name="BananaRoll-Gerstlauer">{{cite web |title=Euro-Fighter: Takabisha |url=https://www.gerstlauer-rides.de/references/reference-list/asia/takabisha-en-US/ |publisher=Gerstlauer Amusement Rides GmbH |access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BananaRoll-ParkWorld">{{cite web |title=Takabisha – world's steepest drop |url=https://www.parkworld-online.com/takabisha-worlds-steepest-drop/ |publisher=Park World Online |access-date=June 5, 2020 |date=October 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="BananaRoll-Coaster101">{{cite web |last1=Stilwell |first1=Andrew |title=Kennywood Unveils "The Steel Curtain" for 2019 |url=https://www.coaster101.com/2018/07/19/kennywood-unveils-steel-curtain-for-2019/ |website=Coaster101 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |date=July 19, 2018}}</ref> Unlike a cobra roll, the banana roll only inverts riders once.<ref name="BananaRoll-ParkWorld" /><ref name="BananaRollDescription-RCDB">{{cite web |last1=Marden |first1=Duane |title=Banana Roll |url=https://rcdb.com/10183.htm |publisher=RCDB |access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref> The element first appeared on [[Takabisha]] at [[Fuji-Q Highland]] in 2011, and it also appears on [[TMNT Shellraiser]] at [[Nickelodeon Universe]] and [[Steel Curtain (roller coaster)|Steel Curtain]] at [[Kennywood]].<ref name="BananaRoll-Gerstlauer" /><ref name="BananaRollList-RCDB">{{cite web |last1=Marden |first1=Duane |title=Element: Banana Roll |url=https://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&el=10183 |publisher=RCDB |access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TMNT Shellraiser RCDB">{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=TMNT Shellraiser|location=Nickelodeon Universe|rcdb_number=15594|access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref>

===Batwing=== {{Distinguish|Batwing (roller coaster)}} [[File:Goudurix papillon.jpg|left|thumb|A batwing on [[Goudurix]]]] A '''batwing''' is a heart-shaped roller coaster element that features two inversions. The train goes into a reverse sidewinder, followed by a sidewinder.<ref>{{cite web | title = Batwing | work = Glossary | publisher =Roller Coaster Database | url=http://rcdb.com/g20.htm | access-date = 2007-09-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826105630/http://www.rcdb.com/g20.htm|archive-date = 2007-08-26}}</ref> It is the inverse of a [[cobra roll]]. Like other inversions, this element has different names depending on the roller coaster's manufacturer. It is most commonly known as a batwing, which is the term used by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]] (B&M). [[Afterburn (roller coaster)|Afterburn]] at [[Carowinds]] and [[Montu (roller coaster)|Montu]] at [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]] are two examples that feature this element. It was first marketed as a Kamikaze Kurve by [[Arrow Dynamics]] during the construction of [[Orient Express (roller coaster)|Orient Express]] at [[Worlds of Fun]], which opened in 1980.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Roller Coaster at Worlds of Fun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56998760/new-roller-coaster-at-worlds-of-fun/ |access-date=October 26, 2020 |work=St. Joseph News-Press |date=November 24, 1979}}</ref> Arrow would later refer to the element as a boomerang in future projects, such as the defunct [[The Great American Scream Machine (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Great American Scream Machine]] at [[Six Flags Great Adventure]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} One variation of the batwing is known as a '''bowtie''', where the entrance and exit of the inversion are in the same direction.<ref name="Bowtie">{{cite web |title=Bowtie |url=https://rcdb.com/8871.htm |website=RCDB.com |access-date=June 6, 2022}}</ref> [[Dragon Mountain]] at [[Marineland of Canada]] is the only coaster to feature this element, according to the [[Roller Coaster DataBase]].<ref name="Bowtie" /><ref>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Dragon Mountain|location=Marineland Theme Park|rcdb_number=185|access-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref>

=== Bent Cuban eight === A bent Cuban eight is a double inversion element that features two "bent and twisted" Immelmann loops that are connected back to back.<ref>{{cite web |title=G Force |url=https://www.coaster-net.com/g-force.html |website=COASTER-net |access-date=August 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822044927/https://www.coaster-net.com/g-force.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Designed by [[Maurer AG|Maurer Rides GmbH]], the element only appears on two X-Car roller coaster models from the company, including [[G Force (roller coaster)|G Force]] that was at [[Drayton Manor Theme Park]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weisenberger |first1=Nick |title=The 50 Most Terrifying Roller Coasters Ever Built |date=September 2, 2014 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1500699963 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=G Force|location=Drayton Manor|rcdb_number=2926|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:BlueHawk SFOG 1.jpg|thumb|left|A butterfly element on [[Blue Hawk (roller coaster)|Blue Hawk]] (can be seen near the middle)]]

===Butterfly=== A '''butterfly''' is sometimes found on [[Vekoma]] roller coasters. A butterfly begins like a vertical loop, but as the track goes up, it twists 45 degrees to one side or the other, and then when it is headed down the track twists back. The maneuver is then repeated but in reverse. It is essentially the same in construction as a batwing or boomerang except for the coaster exiting the construct traveling in the same direction as it began. An example of this is found on [[Goudurix]] in [[Parc Astérix]] in [[Plailly]], [[France]], or [[Blue Hawk (roller coaster)|Blue Hawk]] at [[Six Flags Over Georgia]].

===Cobra roll=== [[File:Alpengeist (Busch Gardens Europe) 04.JPG|thumb|upright|A cobra roll on [[Alpengeist]]]] The '''cobra roll''' is a roller coaster inversion that resembles the shape of a [[cobra]] head when flaring its hood. The element consists of two half [[Loop (roller coaster)|vertical loop]]s facing the same direction joined by two half corkscrews that each twist in opposite directions. As the train completes the first half loop, it turns perpendicular into a half corkscrew, completing a first inversion. This is immediately followed by another half corkscrew that twists in the opposite direction into the other half vertical loop, completing a second inversion. The train exits the cobra roll traveling in the opposite direction from which it entered.

Vekoma's [[Boomerang (roller coaster)|Boomerang]] was the first model to incorporate a cobra roll, and the first Boomerang installation was [[Sea Serpent (roller coaster)|Sea Serpent]] at [[Morey's Piers]] in 1984.

===Corkscrew=== [[File:Corkscrew (Cedar Point) 01.jpg|thumb|left|A corkscrew on the Cedar Point [[Corkscrew (Cedar Point)|ride of the same name]]]] A '''corkscrew''' inversion resembles a helix that rotates riders 360 degrees perpendicular to the track. It was named for its resemblance of a [[Corkscrew (tool)|corkscrew tool]] used to remove bottle corks. Unlike [[vertical loop]]s, riders face forward for the duration of the inversion. The corkscrew was the first modern-day coaster inversion element. It first appeared in 1975 on [[Corkscrew (Silverwood)|a roller coaster with the same name]] at [[Knott's Berry Farm]], designed by [[Arrow Dynamics]]. The element was well-received and became a staple of many early roller coasters that inverted riders.

Corkscrews commonly exist in pairs, where the end of one leads straight into the next. Another configuration involves '''interlocking corkscrews''', where two corkscrews are intertwined, with each crossing over the other's track. Both [[Nemesis Inferno]] at Thorpe Park and [[Medusa (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Medusa]] at Six Flags Great Adventure feature interlocking corkscrews. [[Bolliger & Mabillard]] introduced a variation of the corkscrew that they call a '''flat spin,''' where riders are quickly snapped through the inversion at varying speeds, as opposed to a standard corkscrew that rotates riders at slower, constant speeds.

===Cutback=== A '''cutback''' is an inversion similar to a corkscrew, except the second half of the element is reversed. The train exits the inversion in the opposite direction from which it entered. [[Arrow Dynamics]] debuted the feature on [[Drachen Fire]] at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in 1992. It can also be found on other coasters such as [[Twisted Timbers]] at Kings Dominion, [[Steel Curtain (roller coaster)|Steel Curtain]] at Kennywood Park, and [[Wonder Woman Golden Lasso Coaster]] at Six Flags Fiesta Texas.

===Dive drop=== A '''dive drop'''<ref name="Dive Drop">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Dive Drop|rcdb_number=6756|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> (also known as a '''wing over drop'''<ref name="GateKeeper - Wing Over Drop">{{cite web|title=The Ride|url=http://www.cedarpoint.com/gatekeeper/the-ride|publisher=Cedar Point|access-date=17 August 2012|date=13 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816013851/http://www.cedarpoint.com/gatekeeper/the-ride|archive-date=16 August 2012}}</ref>) is a roller coaster inversion in which a half-inline twist is performed at the top of a lift hill, leading into the initial drop. Examples that feature this element include [[The Swarm (roller coaster)|The Swarm]] at [[Thorpe Park]], [[X-Flight (Six Flags Great America)|X-Flight]] at [[Six Flags Great America]], and [[GateKeeper (roller coaster)|GateKeeper]] at [[Cedar Point]].<ref name="GateKeeper - Wing Over Drop" /><ref name="Dive Drop installations">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Roller Coaster Search Results|location=Element = Dive Drop|access-date=10 July 2012|url=http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&el=6756}}</ref>

===Dive loop=== [[File:Dive Loop Inversion.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A dive loop on [[Dragon Khan]]]] A '''dive loop''', or diving loop, is a roller coaster inversion whose inspiration was taken from a [[Aerobatic maneuver|stunt plane maneuver]]. It is the reverse of an Immelmann loop, where the track twists upward and to the side followed by a dive toward the ground in a half-vertical loop. This element is commonly found on B&M and Gerstlauer roller coasters. Arrow and Vekoma feature a similar version of the inversion they call a reverse sidewinder, which can be found in Arrow's Cyclone at Dreamworld in Australia and Vekoma's Blue Hawk at Six Flags Over Georgia.

===Finnish loop=== A '''Finnish loop''' consists of a twisted dive followed by a vertical loop. It was first used by Gerstlauer at Power Park's Junker in 2015.

===Heartline roll=== [[File:Herzlinie.svg|thumb|left|An [[Roller coaster elements#In-line twist|inline twist]] (left) versus a heartline roll (right)]] A '''heartline roll''', also known as a '''barrel roll''', is a 360-degree roller coaster inversion that rotates at the center of the train on one axis. The focus of the element is keeping the train moving in a straight [[line (mathematics)|line]], which is accomplished by having the track change in elevation – rising and falling – throughout the inversion. From the rider's point of view, the rotation occurs near the chest, hence the name "heartline roll". [[Colossus (Thorpe Park)|Colossus]] at [[Thorpe Park]] notably features five heartline rolls. In a similar element known as an [[Roller coaster elements#In-line twist|in-line twist]], the track remains at the same elevation throughout the inversion, producing a different point of rotation that is either above or below the rider's point of view.

===Immelmann loop=== [[File:Afterburn (Carowinds) 02.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|An immelmann loop on [[Afterburn (roller coaster)|Afterburn]]]] An '''Immelmann loop''' is a popular inversion found on many B&M roller coasters. In an Immelmann loop, riders enter a half-loop followed by a half twist, and then exit the element traveling in the opposite direction making a 180-degree turn. The inversion is similar to a sidewinder which exits closer to 90°, or perpendicular to the entrance point.

An Immelmann loop becomes a dive loop if the entrance and exit points are reversed. The name "Immelmann" comes from the [[Immelmann turn]], an aircraft maneuver named after the [[World War I]] German fighter pilot [[Max Immelmann]].<ref name="Cedar Point's new GateKeeper roller coaster one wild and winged ride">{{cite news|last=Glaser|first=Susan|title=Cedar Point's new GateKeeper roller coaster one wild and winged ride|url=http://www.cleveland.com/travel/index.ssf/2013/05/cedar_pointsnew_gatekeeper_rol.html|access-date=May 11, 2013|newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]]|date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> Immelmanns are commonly found as the first element on B&M [[Dive Coaster]]s. A notable example is [[Valravn (roller coaster)|Valravn]] at [[Cedar Point]], which has an Immelmann loop immediately following the first drop.

===Inclined dive loop=== [[File:GateKeeper 006 (9550477858).jpg|thumb|left|An inclined dive loop on [[GateKeeper (roller coaster)|GateKeeper]]]] An '''inclined dive loop''' is essentially a dive loop that has been tilted. Instead of exiting vertically, an inclined dive loop exits at an angle. The only two examples are on [[Hydra the Revenge]] at [[Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom]] and [[GateKeeper (roller coaster)|GateKeeper]] at [[Cedar Point]].

===Inclined loop=== [[File:Chang (Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom) 02.jpg|thumb|upright|An inclined loop on [[Chang (roller coaster)|Chang]]]] An '''inclined loop''', also known as an oblique loop, is a 360° loop that has been tilted at an angle. It is not entered vertically, like a vertical loop, or horizontally like a helix. Instead, it is usually entered at an angle between 45° and 80°. Inclined loops can be found on B&M [[stand-up roller coaster]]s, B&M [[Wing Coaster]]s, and B&M [[Floorless Coaster]]s. Examples include: [[Rougarou (roller coaster)|Rougarou]] at [[Cedar Point]]; [[Riddler's Revenge (roller coaster)|Riddler's Revenge]] at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]]; and [[The Swarm (roller coaster)|The Swarm]] at [[Thorpe Park]].

===In-line twist=== [[File:Furius Baco Inline Twist.jpg|thumb|left|An in-line twist on [[Furius Baco]]]] An '''in-line twist''' is a roller coaster inversion in which the rider performs a 360-degree roll. The in-line twist is often found on [[flying roller coaster|flying coasters]] and [[wing coaster]]s, such as [[Galactica (roller coaster)|Galactica]] at [[Alton Towers]], [[Batwing (roller coaster)|Batwing]] at [[Six Flags America]], [[Superman: Ultimate Flight]] at [[Six Flags Over Georgia]], [[Firehawk (roller coaster)|Firehawk]] at [[Kings Island]], [[Manta (SeaWorld Orlando)|Manta]] at [[SeaWorld Orlando]], [[Raptor (Gardaland)|Raptor]] at [[Gardaland]] and [[The Swarm (roller coaster)|The Swarm]] at [[Thorpe Park]]. It can be confused with a heartline roll, also known as a barrel roll. In a heartline roll the center of the train rotates on one axis so the height of the average rider's heart never changes, whereas during an in-line twist the train rotates around the track and there is usually little to no elevation difference in the track. It can also provide hangtime.

===Norwegian loop=== [[File:Speedmonster2.jpg|thumb|A norwegian loop on [[SpeedMonster]]]] A '''Norwegian loop''' is an element made out of two elements: a dive loop, then an Immelmann; forming an inversion that looks like two side by side loops. This element is similar to the flying coasters pretzel loop, except that the train goes through a twist when entering and exiting the loop. It may also been seen as a normal loop entered from the top. It was first introduced on [[Speed Monster]] in [[TusenFryd]], [[Norway]] (hence why it is called a "Norwegian" Loop).<ref>{{cite web | title = Norwegian Loop | work = Glossary | publisher =Roller Coaster DataBase | url=http://rcdb.com/g268.htm | access-date = 2007-09-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826103702/http://www.rcdb.com/g268.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-08-26}}</ref> Other examples of a Norwegian Loop can be found on [[Hersheypark]]'s roller coaster [[Fahrenheit (roller coaster)|Fahrenheit]] and [[Helix (roller coaster)|Helix]] at [[Liseberg]].

===Pretzel knot=== [[File:Banshee 03.jpg|thumb|left|A pretzel knot on [[Banshee (roller coaster)|Banshee]]]] A '''pretzel knot''' is an element similar to the batwing, except the entrance and exit of the inversion is formed differently. In a pretzel knot, the twisted formation of the element's entrance and exit resembles a pretzel shape as opposed to a batwing's heart shape. The defunct [[Moonsault Scramble]] at [[Fuji-Q Highland]] was the first coaster to feature this element.<ref name="RCDB-Pretzel">{{cite web |title=Pretzel Knot |url=https://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&el=8897 |website=RCDB.com |access-date=June 26, 2019}}</ref> The second was [[Banshee (roller coaster)|Banshee]] at [[Kings Island]].<ref name="RCDB-Pretzel" />

===Pretzel loop=== [[File:Tatsu.jpg|thumb|A pretzel loop on [[Tatsu]]]] The '''pretzel loop''' is a large inversion found on [[Flying roller coaster|flying coasters]] from [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. The element debuted on [[Superman: Ultimate Flight]] at [[Six Flags Over Georgia]] and has been used on many other B&M flying coasters since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rcdb.com/1568.htm|title=Superman - Ultimate Flight|work=rcdb.com|access-date=August 5, 2019}}</ref> It consists of a downward half loop and upward half loop. The entrance and exit points of the loop overlap at its peak forming a shape resembling a pretzel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&el=8888|title=Pretzel Loop Element|publisher=RCDB.com|access-date=April 22, 2014}}</ref>

===Raven turn=== A '''raven turn''' is a half-inversion which looks like half a loop followed by a drop and then levels out near the same height as it began. The raven turn is only usable on either flying roller coasters or [[4th Dimension roller coaster|4D roller coasters]] at the moment and has only been used on three 4D coasters and one flying coaster.<ref>{{cite web | title = Raven Turn | work = Glossary | publisher =Roller Coaster Database | url=http://rcdb.com/g65.htm | access-date = 2007-09-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826105126/http://www.rcdb.com/g65.htm|archive-date = 2007-08-26}}</ref>

The general term raven turn refers to any inversion that follows the design described above; however, there are two types of raven turns. Assuming the train is going round the half-loop first, an inside raven turn is where the rails are below the train at the start whereas an outside raven turn is one in which the rails are above the train at the start of the element. [[X² (roller coaster)|X²]] at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]], [[Eejanaika (roller coaster)|Eejanaika]] at [[Fuji-Q Highland]], and [[Dinoconda]] at [[China Dinosaurs Park]] are examples of raven turns.<ref>{{cite web | title = COASTER-net.com v8 > Ride Gallery > X, Six Flags Magic Mountain | url=http://www.coaster-net.com/six-flags-magic-mountain.html}}</ref>

===Roll over=== [[File:Roll-over Inversion.jpg|thumb|left|A roll over on [[Infusion (roller coaster)|Infusion]]]] This element, known as a '''roll over''' on roller coasters built by Vekoma, is an inversion featuring two half loop halves, connected by two opposite-facing half inline twists. This inversion can be found on the most [[Vekoma SLC]]s.

===Sea serpent=== The '''sea serpent''' is a roller coaster element with two inversions similar to a cobra roll, but the train enters and exit in the same direction.<ref name="Inversions - CF" /> It features two vertical loop halves connected by two half corkscrews that face in opposite directions. The second half loop is on the opposite side in comparison to a cobra roll, which changes the exit's direction.<ref name="Inversions - CF">{{cite web|url=http://www.coasterforce.com/coasters/inversions|title=Inversions|publisher=CoasterForce|access-date=January 11, 2016}}</ref> Examples featuring this element include Vekoma's [[Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith]] located at [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] and [[The Smiler]] at [[Alton Towers]].<ref>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith|location=Disney's Hollywood Studios|rcdb_number=1444|access-date=August 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=The Smiler|location=Disney's Hollywood Studios|rcdb_number=11062|access-date=August 7, 2019}}</ref>

===Sidewinder=== A sidewinder is an inversion element where riders enter a half-loop followed by a half-corkscrew, and then exit the element perpendicular to the direction in which they entered. The element is commonly found on Arrow and Vekoma roller coasters. It is similar to the Immelmann loop, with the exception that riders exit in a different direction usually 90 degrees from the entrance point. When travelled in reverse it is simply a Reverse Sidewinder.

===Twisted horseshoe roll=== [[File:Twisthorseshoeroll.JPG|thumb|upright|A twisted horseshoe roll on [[Maverick (roller coaster)|Maverick]]]] A '''twisted horseshoe roll''' is an inversion element that begins with a corkscrew that leads into a 180-degree banked turn and ends with another corkscrew that rotates in the opposite direction as the first.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/4268380#slide-1|title=5 Roller Coasters Mega-Engineered to Make You Scream|last=McCarthy|first=Erin|date=October 2009|publisher=Popular Mechanics|access-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref> Two roller coasters that feature this element are [[Maverick (roller coaster)|Maverick]] at [[Cedar Point]] (United States) and [[Blue Fire]] at [[Europa-Park]] (Germany).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&el=8922|title=Element: Twisted Horseshoe Roll|publisher=RCDB.com|access-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref>

===Vertical loop=== {{Main|Vertical loop}}

[[File:SFMM- Full Throttle 4.JPG|thumb|left|The vertical loop on [[Full Throttle (roller coaster)|Full Throttle]] is one of the world's tallest and largest at {{convert|160|ft}}]] A '''vertical loop''' is one of the earliest and most common [[roller coaster inversion]]s in existence. It is a continuous, upward-sloping section of track that eventually completes a 360-degree turn, inverting riders halfway into the element. It moves them slightly left or right of the starting point. They are ellipses in the shape of an oval or teardrop. Early roller coaster designs attempted to incorporate circular vertical loops, resulting in massive [[g-force]] that had dangerous effects on riders. The modern vertical loop was first implemented on [[The New Revolution (roller coaster)|Great American Revolution]], which opened at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] in 1976.

[[File:BGE-Loch Ness Monster.jpg|thumb|upright|The interlocking loops on [[Loch Ness Monster (roller coaster)|Loch Ness Monster]]]] [[Arrow Dynamics]] designed several roller coasters with '''interlocking loops''', including [[Loch Ness Monster (roller coaster)|Loch Ness Monster]] at [[Busch Gardens Williamsburg]] (1978) and [[Orient Express (roller coaster)|Orient Express]] at [[Worlds of Fun]] (1980). This element consists of two perpendicular vertical loops that are intertwined, with one wrapping inside the other.

===Zero-g roll=== [[File:Zero-g.png|thumb|A zero-g roll on [[The Incredible Hulk (roller coaster)|The Incredible Hulk]]]] A '''zero-g roll''' or '''zero-gravity roll''' is a roller coaster inversion where the track twists 360 degrees as it rises and falls in elevation, usually at the crest of a hill. The element gets its name from the weightless effect of zero [[g-force]] that a rider experiences during the inversion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/careers/sns-coasters-talon-story.html#page=1|title=Coaster riders: Get ready to fall heels over head|last=Salterq|first=Rosa|date=May 2, 2001|work=Morning Call|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.losangelesregister.com/articles/colossus-604113-coaster-twisted.html|title=Missing Colossus? Magic Mountain's new ride has an old look, with a techno twist|last=Hernandez|first=America|date=August 28, 2014|work=Los Angeles Register|access-date=November 24, 2014|archive-date=November 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060525/http://www.losangelesregister.com/articles/colossus-604113-coaster-twisted.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coaster-net.com/le-vampire.html|title=Le Vampire|date=August 25, 2013|publisher=COASTER-net.com}}</ref>

===Zero-g stall=== A '''zero-g stall''' or '''zero-gravity stall''' is an inversion where the track twists 180 degrees during ascent, and at its crest, remains inverted for a short section of track. It then twists another 180 degrees during descent, usually in the opposite direction of the initial twist. Similar to a zero-g roll, riders experience a feeling of weightlessness during the short inverted section.

The stall element is commonly found on [[Rocky Mountain Construction]] (RMC) installations including [[Goliath (Six Flags Great America)|Goliath]] and [[Wildfire (Kolmården Wildlife Park)|Wildfire]]. [[S&S - Sansei Technologies|S&S]] has also included this element in Kennywood's [[Steel Curtain (roller coaster)|Steel Curtain]].

==Visual elements== ===Splashdown=== [[File:Griffon (Busch Gardens Europe) 02.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The splash down on [[Griffon (roller coaster)|Griffon]]]] A splashdown is a visual element in which the ride vehicle physically interacts with a body of water, forcefully spraying or jetting water on impact. Splashdowns can be used as a natural braking system, and some coasters feature pathways for non-riding visitors to view or get wet from the splashdown element. There are two types. * A natural splashdown is an element in which the track of the vehicle partially submerges underwater. It is featured on several roller coasters such as [[Matterhorn Bobsleds]] at [[Disneyland]]. * A scoop splashdown is an element in which each train is equipped with two tubes&nbsp;–&nbsp;called scoops&nbsp;–&nbsp;on the rear sides of each train. The scoops are angled upward, causing water to spray as the train passes close to a body of water. A number of [[Bolliger & Mabillard]] coasters feature the element, such as [[Griffon (roller coaster)|Griffon]] at [[Busch Gardens Williamsburg]], [[SheiKra]] at [[Busch Gardens Tampa]], and [[Diamondback (roller coaster)|Diamondback]] at [[Kings Island]]. Depending on the width of the train and the angle of the scoops, the effect can produce different results, such as two distinct streams (Griffon) or one large plume (Diamondback).

===Water spout=== A water spout is a visual element encompassing a number of different methods to simulate a roller coaster's interaction with a body of water&nbsp;–&nbsp;the ride vehicle does not make contact with the water. Water spouts are intended to be visually appealing. The following are some examples of roller coasters that utilize this effect. * Atlantis Adventure at [[Lotte World]] in South Korea features a variety of water effects including water spouts that fire in synchronized fashion in more than one area of the ride. * [[Hyperion (roller coaster)|Hyperion]] at [[Energylandia]] in Poland has a water feature immediately before the final brake run.<ref name="POV">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICQiouhaUX8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ICQiouhaUX8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Energylandia Hyperion POV 4K Mounted and Drone|year=2018|publisher=YouTube|access-date=13 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[The Incredible Hulk (roller coaster)|The Incredible Hulk]] at [[Islands of Adventure|Universal's Islands of Adventure]] has a water spout that fires immediately following its zero-G roll as the train dives toward the water below. * [[Manta (SeaWorld Orlando)|Manta]] at [[SeaWorld Orlando]] utilizes both water spouts and fountains that synchronize at the point the train dips toward the water, giving the illusion it is skimming the water's surface. * [[Maverick (roller coaster)|Maverick]] at [[Cedar Point]] features several water spouts that fire upward as the train rounds a turn.

==See also== * [[Physics of roller coasters]]

== References == {{Reflist}}

{{Roller coaster}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roller Coaster Elements}} [[Category:Roller coaster elements| ]] [[Category:Linear induction motors]] [[Category:Transport lists]]