Washington Robey

{{short description|American slave trader (~1799–1841)}} {{use mdy dates|date=May 2024|cs1-dates=ly}}{{use American English|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Washington Robey | image = Washington Robey's tavern and slave jail, used by Joseph Neal and others pictured circa 1836.jpg | alt =  | caption = Washington Robey's tavern and slave jail {{circa|1836}} | birth_name =  | birth_date = {{circa|1799}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date|1841|01|01}} | death_place = District of Columbia | nationality =  | other_names = | occupation = Tavern keeper, livery stable operator, slave trader, slave jail proprietor | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }}

'''Washington Robey''' ({{circa|1799}}{{snd}}January 1, 1841), sometimes '''Washington Robie''', was an American tavern keeper, livery stable operator, slave trader, and slave jail proprietor in early 19th-century Washington City, District of Columbia.

== Life and work == thumb|The federal district in 1835, before Alexandria was retroceded to Virginia, showing Alexandria County and Washington County, and Washington City and Georgetown within Washington County thumb|"CASH! CASH! CASH!" ''Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express'', December 16, 1829 thumb|Robey's 7th and 9th Street taverns and slave jails were pictured on this 1836 map produced by the American Anti-Slavery Society; the 7th Street property is listed as Neal's Jail thumb|View of Washington in 1852, showing Maryland Avenue between the U.S. Capitol and the Potomac River thumb|Centre Market, also known as the Seventh Street Market, photographed during the American Civil War Robey was deemed a "resident of this city" by the ''Washington Gazette'' at the time of his wedding to Miss Sarah Talbot in 1823.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1823-08-16 |title=Married |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/washington-gazette-married/147021851/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=Washington Gazette |pages=3}}</ref> He was in the slave trade by 1825, as in fall of that year he advertised in the ''Washington Intelligencer'' that he sought "to purchase from fifteen to twenty likely young NEGROES of both sexes from fifteen to twenty-five years of age for which the highest price will be given in cash."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1825-10-18 |title=CASH! CASH! AFLOAT. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-national-intelligencer-and-washing/147022119/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express |pages=3}}</ref> In 1829 he was located on 9th Street and again offering "CASH! CASH! CASH" for "Negroes of both sexes, between twelve and twenty-five."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1829-12-16 |title=CASH! CASH! CASH! |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-national-intelligencer-and-washing/147023309/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express |pages=1}}</ref> Robey's ads were known to catch the attention of overseas visitors to the capital. For example, a Bristol, England newspaper reported in October 1830, "Liberty! — The ''John Bull'' of Sunday says — 'Who would not be a republican ?— who that could be free would have a King ? — Read the following specimen of liberty in that glorious republic America : one Mr Washington Robey advertises in the ''Washington Daily National Intelligencer'' thus — 'Cash ! Cash ! Cash ! The advertiser will give the highest prices for likely young negroes of both sexes from twelve to twenty-five rears of age' In the same Paper there are two other advertisements offering 'Cash for likely young negroes!"<ref>{{Cite news |date=1830-10-02 |title=LIBERTY! |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bristol-mirror-liberty/147023991/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Bristol Mirror |pages=4}}</ref> Similarly, in 1832 a Welsh newspaper reprinted several slave-trade ads from the ''Washington Intelligencer'', including one by Jilson Dove and one of Robey's, and commented that they would be read with "astonishment and disgust."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1832-04-14 |title=American Papers |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/caernarfon-and-denbigh-herald-american-p/147025817/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=Caernarfon and Denbigh Herald |pages=3}}</ref>

Together with Williams brothers' Yellow House, and the slave jail of Franklin & Armfield in Alexandria, District of Columbia, the national capital of the United States was one of the busiest and most prominent slave-trading hubs in the country by the 1830s.{{sfnp|Forret|2020|page=54}} These two, along with "McCandless's tavern in Georgetown," were considered "notorious."{{sfnp|Miller|1974|page=294}} Robey's jail was in use in December 1830 when the ''Genius of Universal Emancipation'' described a procession of "colored human beings handcuffed in pairs, and driven along by what had the appearance of a man on a horse! A similar scene was repeated on Saturday last; a drove consisting of males and females chained in couples, starting from Robey's tavern on foot, for Alexandria, where, with others, they are to embark on board a slave-ship in waiting to convey them to the South."<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_genius-of-universal-emancipation_1830-12_1_9 |title=Genius of Universal Emancipation 1830-12: Vol 1 Iss 9 |date=December 1830 |publisher=Open Court Publishing Co |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref> Robey's pen was located at one time on the east side of 7th Street near the intersection with Maryland Avenue. This tavern offered jail facilities to enslavers and other traders, including Joseph W. Neal.{{sfnp|Forret|2020|page=48}}{{sfnp|Bancroft|2023|page=54}} This location was apparently conveniently sited between the market house and the steamboat wharf.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1832-10-10 |title=Cash in Market |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/united-states-telegraph-cash-in-market/147026140/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=United States' Telegraph |pages=3}}</ref> thumb|Trader Robert W. Fenwick was working out of Robey's first tavern at the beginning of the 1830s ("Look Here!" ''Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express'', November 7, 1831) Robey's jail was visited in 1833 or 1834 by a British traveler named E. S. Abdy, who later described it in his book about the United States:{{sfnp|Abdy|1835|pages=96–97}}

{{blockquote|text=One day I went to see the 'slaves' pen'— a wretched hovel, right against the Capitol, from which it is distant about half a mile, with no house intervening. The outside alone is accessible to the eye of a visitor; what passes within being reserved for the exclusive observation of its owner, (a man of the name of Robey,) and his unfortunate victims. It is surrounded by a wooden paling fourteen or fifteen feet in height, with the posts outside to prevent escape, and separated from the building by a space too narrow to admit of a free circulation of air. At a small window above, which was unglazed and exposed alike to the heat of summer and the cool of winter...two or three sable faces appeared, looking out wistfully, to while away the time and catch a refreshing breeze; the weather being extremely hot.{{sfnp|Abdy|1835|pages=96–97}} }}

Robey's tavern is listed in the 1834 Washington City directory. According to Frederic Bancroft in ''Slave-Trading in the Old South'', "The Washington Directory of 1834 indicates the ownership and location of the tavern as follows: 'Robey [,] Washington, Tavern, e side 7 w, btw B and Cb' [southwest]. As Md. ave. cuts off part of the block north of C st., the Directory to that extent is inexplicit."{{sfnp|Bancroft|2023|page=54|loc=n. 21}}

In September 1833, a man named Robert Thomas petitioned the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia for a writ of habeas corpus as he claimed he was legally free and "entitled to his freedom & is unlawfully held in confinement" in the jail of Washington Robey.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Records of the United States District Court, Segregated Habeas Corpus Papers |title=Petition #20483304. Washington County, District of Columbia (1833) |url=https://dlas.uncg.edu/petitions/petition/4293/|access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery (dlas.uncg.edu) |publisher=University of North Carolina, Greensboro}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by2|url=http://dlas.uncg.edu/petitions/petition/20785110/}}</ref> Similarly, in February 1834, Rebecca Hobbs, petitioning the same court, "represents that she is illegally detained in confinement by a certain Thomas Magruder a negro trader and a certain Washington Robey, and that the said Thomas Magruder claims her as his slave for life and intends to carry her beyond the Jurisdiction of your Honors Court and that she is entitled to her freedom and is being oppressively and illegally claimed as a slave by the said Thomas Magruder."<ref>{{Cite web |title=O Say Can You See: Early Washington, D.C., Law & Family |url=http://earlywashingtondc.org/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=earlywashingtondc.org}}</ref> Also, in March 1834, "The evidence in this case was considered by the court on the 21st March 1834 & thereupon it was ordered that the girl Evelina therein mentioned be discharged" from Robey's slave jail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Habeas Corpus for Cease alias Teresa Russel |url=https://ccharity.com/contents/petitions-writs-habeas-corpus-persons-alleged-be-fugitive-slaves/habeas-corpus-for-cease-alias-teresa-russel/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Christine's African American Genealogy Website |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 1834 "P. H." wrote a letter to ''The Liberator'' abolitionist newspaper criticizing a New York lawyer named Fontaine H. Pettis, stating "I hope you will do all in your power to give Mr. Pettis the notoriety which he seeks, and to send his name to posterity with those of Woolfolk, Washington Robie, and Franklin & Armfield."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1834-12-13 |title=Fontaine H. Pettis |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-liberator-fontaine-h-pettis/143980045/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Liberator |pages=3}}</ref> In 1836 Robey was living on 8th Street and advertised his interest in acquiring "seventy or eighty likely young negroes."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1836-08-15 |title=Money in Market |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-national-intelligencer-and-washing/147026768/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express |pages=2}}</ref> The same year, the American Anti-Slavery Society produced a broadside called "The Slave Market of America" about slavery and the slave trade in Washington, D.C. Robey's 7th Street tavern was pictured and mapped as Neal's Slave Jail and described in the caption:{{sfnp|American Anti-Slavery Society|1836}}

{{blockquote|text=This establishment was owned by W. Robey, who is also engaged in the trade. In May 1834, a gentleman visited it and fell into conversation with the overseer of the pen. He heard the clanking of chains within the pen. "O," said the Overseer{{Mdash}}himself a Slave, "I have seen fifty or seventy Slaves taken out of the pen, and the males chained together in pairs, and drove off to the South{{Mdash}}and how they would cry, and groan, and take on, and wring their hands but the driver would put on the whip and tell them to shut up so they would go off and bear it as well as they could.'

The standing advertisement of this house is as follows:

"CASH FOR 200 NEGROES."

"We will give cash for two hundred likely young negroes, of both sexes, families included. Persons wishing to dispose of their slaves, will do well to give us a call, as we will give higher prices in cash than any other purchasers who are now, or may hereafter come into this market. All communications will meet attention. We can at all times be found at our residence on 7th street, immediately South of the Centre Market House, Washington, D. C."

"JOSEPH W. NEAL & CO."{{sfnp|American Anti-Slavery Society|1836}} }}

Robey died of a lingering illness on New Year's Day 1841 at the age of 41.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1841-01-07 |title=Died |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/alexandria-gazette-died/147020883/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=Alexandria Gazette |pages=3}}</ref> At the time of his death he ran a tavern on 8th Street between D and E streets; the fixtures and furniture were sold at auction in February 1841.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1841-02-05 |title=Sale This Day |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-national-intelligencer-and-washing/147021255/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express |pages=3}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist}}

=== Sources === {{refbegin|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |first=E. S. |last=Abdy |author-link=Edward Strutt Abdy |title=Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America, from April, 1833, to October, 1834 |series=CIHM/ICMH Microfiche (no. 28463) |volume=II |year=1835 |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |isbn=978-0-665-28463-2 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100263210}} * {{cite web |last=American Anti-Slavery Society |year=1836 |title=Slave Market of America |location=New-York |publisher=Printed by William S. Dorr |url=http://www.loc.gov/item/2008661294/ |lccn=2008661294 }} * {{cite book |last=Bancroft |first=Frederic |title=Slave Trading in the Old South |year=2023 |author-link=Frederic Bancroft |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |edition=Reprint |series=Southern Classics Series |location=Columbia, S.C. |language=en-us |type=Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore |orig-date=1931, 1996 |isbn=978-1-64336-427-8 |oclc=1153619151 |lccn=95020493 |others=Introduction by Michael Tadman }} * {{Cite book |last=Forret |first=Jeff |title=Williams' Gang: A Notorious Slave Trader and his Cargo of Black Convicts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108651912 |year=2020 |isbn=9781108651912 |s2cid=240924397}} * {{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=M. Sammy |date=1974 |title=Slavery in an Urban Area{{mdash}}District of Columbia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44176239 |journal=Negro History Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=293–295 |jstor=44176239 |issn=0028-2529 |id={{ProQuest|1816372}}}} {{refend}}

Category:1790s births Category:1841 deaths Category:Tavernkeepers Category:Livery stable operators Category:19th-century American slave traders Category:Slave owners from the District of Columbia Category:19th-century people from Washington, D.C. Category:Year of birth uncertain