Barczewo

{{Infobox settlement | name = Barczewo | other_name = | image_flag = | image_shield = POL Barczewo COA.svg | image_skyline = Barczewo, Poland - panoramio.jpg | image_caption = Old Town and St. Anne's Church | pushpin_map = Poland | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|name=Warmian-Masurian}} | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = Olsztyn | subdivision_type3 = Gmina | subdivision_name3 = Barczewo | established_title = Town rights | established_date = 1364 | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Andrzej Maciejewski | government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Burmistrz|url=https://barczewo.bip.net.pl/?c=85|website=barczewo.bip.net.pl|publisher=Bulletin of Public Information|language=pl|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 4.58 | area_footnotes = <ref name="area">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-08-30|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Category K1, group G441, subgroup P1410. Data for territorial unit 2814014.</ref> | elevation_m = 146 | population_as_of = 31 December 2021 | population_total = 7483 | population_density_km2 = 1634 | population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-08-30|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Category K3, group G7, subgroup P1336. Data for territorial unit 2814014.</ref><ref name="population_density">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-08-30|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Category K3, group G7, subgroup P2425. Data for territorial unit 2814014.</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|53|50|N|20|41|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}} | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 11-010 | area_code = +48 89 | blank_name = Car plates | blank_info = NOL | blank_name_sec2 = National roads | blank_info_sec2 = 32px | blank1_name_sec2 = Voivodeship roads | blank1_info_sec2 = 32px|link=Voivodeship road 595 | blank2_name_sec2 = Primary airport | blank2_info_sec2 = Olsztyn-Mazury Airport | website = http://www.barczewo.pl }} '''Barczewo''' {{IPAc-pl|b|a|r|'|cz|e|w|o}} (until 1946 ''Wartembork''; {{langx|de|Wartenburg in Ostpreußen}}) is a town in Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.{{TERYT}} As of December 2021, the town has a population of 7,483.<ref name=population/>

==Name== The German name of the town ("Wartenburg") has its origins from the town of Wartenburg (Elbe).<ref name=Burgen/> In Polish the town was known historically mostly as Wartembork, but also as Wartenberg, Wartenbergk, Wathberg, Bartenburg, Warperc, Wasperc, Wartbór or Wartbórz.

In the aftermath of World War II, the town was transferred from Germany once again to Poland. The Commission for the Determination of Place Names decided to change the town's name. It was briefly named ''Nowowiejsk'', after local composer Feliks Nowowiejski, in September 1946. In December that year the Commission settled on another name, ''Barczewo'', honouring Polish national activist who fought against Prussian oppression of Poles in Warmia, Walenty Barczewski (1865–1928).<ref name=Bar/>

==History== [[File:Barczewo - kościół św. Anny i św. Szczepana - ZJ001.jpg|thumb|left|Brick Gothic St. Anne church in the Old Town]] thumb|left|Church of St. Anna (Inner view) The settlement was first located in 1325 but was soon after destroyed by Lithuanians. The rebuild settlement was granted town rights in 1364. It was known at the time as ''Wartberg''.<ref name=Bar>[http://ramsko.webd.pl/umb2011/index.php/historia/3-historia Barczewo.pl] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426085516/http://ramsko.webd.pl/umb2011/index.php/historia/3-historia |date=April 26, 2012 }} {{in lang|pl}}</ref>

In 1440 the town joined the Prussian Confederation, at the request of which Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of incorporation of the region to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|pages=XXXVII, 54}}</ref> In 1466, after the Second Peace of Toruń, the town was confirmed as part of Kingdom of Poland.<ref>Górski, p. 99</ref> It was the place of fights of the Polish–Teutonic War of 1519–1521. In April 1520 a battle was fought in the vicinity, in November 1520 the town was successfully defended by the Poles, and in January 1521 the Teutonic Knights came back and launched artillery fire on the town, but eventually withdrew.<ref name=Bar/> During the Deluge, Brandenburg forced occupied the town in 1656.<ref name=Bar/> During the Great Northern War, Polish and Swedish troops marched through the town.<ref name=Bar/> In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1807, the town was occupied by France.<ref name=Bar/>

According to German statistics Poles constituted 72% of population in 1825<ref name=":0"/> and 62% in 1861;<ref>Zabytkowe ośrodki miejskie Warmii i MazurLucjan Czubiel, Tadeusz Domagała, page 81, 1969</ref> Gerard Labuda and August von Haxthausen give the number of 1500 Poles and 590 Germans living in the town in 1825.<ref>Historia Pomorza: (1815-1850)gospodarka, społeczeństwo, ustrójGerard Labuda Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, page 163, 1993</ref><ref name=":0"/> The local monastery was secularised in 1810, in 1819/1820 Prussian authorities decided to close down the monastery that has been described as "the stronghold of Polishness." After the death of Father Tyburcjusz Bojarzynowski, last leader of the monastery, in 1834 it has been converted into a state prison.<ref name=Burgen>{{cite book|title=Burgen im Deutschordensstaat Preussen|first1=Malgorzata|last1=Jackiewicz-Garniec|first2=Miroslaw|last2=Garniec|year=2009|page=76|language=de}}</ref><ref>[http://ramsko.webd.pl/umb2011/index.php/historia/3-historia Na przełomie lat 1819-1920 postanowiono rozwiązać klasztor, który był twierdzą polskości. W 1821 r., dokonano sekularyzacji, zmuszając zakonników do opuszczenia klasztoru. Wraz ze śmiercią ostatniego gwardiana, o. Tyburcjusza Bojarzynowskiego (1830), ostatni zakonnicy opuścili klasztor, który tego samego roku całkowicie opustoszał] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426085516/http://ramsko.webd.pl/umb2011/index.php/historia/3-historia |date=April 26, 2012 }}</ref> According to {{ill|Wojciech Zenderowski|pl}} this was part of Prussian repressions against Poles as the monastery was seen as particularly problematic by Prussian authorities for being a center of Polish resistance.<ref>Wojciech Zenderowski, „Wiadomości Barczewskie”, 1999, 86, s. 11</ref>

A Jewish Synagogue was built in 1847, and a Jewish cemetery from the 19th century exists as well.<ref name=sztetl/> During the January Uprising in 1860s in the Russian Partition of Poland, the town was the local centre of supplying medicine, food and even firearms to Polish rebels, with the Polish society in the town becoming active in war effort and led by {{ill|August Sokołowski|pl|August Sokołowski (powstaniec)}}.<ref>Dzieje Warmii i Mazur w zarysie, Tomy 1-2, Jerzy Sikorski, Stanisław Szostakowski, Ośrodek Badań Naukowych im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, page 300, 1981.</ref> In 1885 a mass rally was organised by Poles, demanding among others that Polish children should be allowed to use their language in education<ref>Przebudzenie narodowe Warmii, 1886-1893 Andrzej Wakar, Wydawnictwo Pojezierze, page 23, 19821</ref> In 1886 a bookstore with Polish books and publications was opened in the town and came into conflict with German authorities who wanted it to remove Polish language signs.<ref>Słownik pracowników książki polskiej, Tom 1, Irena Treichel Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, page 97, 1972</ref> thumb|Town center in the 1930s In the plebiscite of 1920 3,020 inhabitants voted to remain in Weimar German East Prussia, 140 votes supported reborn Poland.<ref name=Bar/><ref>{{cite book|title= Charakterystyka zasobów i analiza stanu dziedzictwa kulturowego i krajobrazu kulturowego Gminy Barczewo |publisher= Dziennik Urzedowy Województwa Warminsko-Mazurskiego |page=31| language=pl}}</ref> In the interwar era the town was the residence of the fictional Kuba spod Wartemborka, a pseudonym of a figure in Polish press in Warmia created by {{ill|Seweryn Pieniężny (1890-1940)|pl|Seweryn Pieniężny (syn)}} which ridiculed Germanisation efforts against Poles in the region.<ref>Słownik biograficzny katolicyzmu społecznego w Polsce: Tom 2 Ryszard Bender, Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Studiów Społecznych, page 187 1994</ref><ref>Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii Sławomir Gala, Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, page 332 - 1998</ref> Polish organisations continued to thrive in the town, up until Second World War; as Nazi Party was elected to power in Germany, repressions intensified, eventually many Polish activists were either imprisoned or, like Pieniężny, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and prisons.<ref name=Bar/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/seweryn-pieniezny-junior|title=Seweryn Pieniężny|website=www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl|language=pl|access-date=2019-03-01|archive-date=2019-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302031507/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/seweryn-pieniezny-junior|url-status=dead}}</ref> During that war, the remaining Jewish community was murdered in the Holocaust.<ref name="sztetl">{{cite web|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/barczewo/ |title=sztetl.org |publisher=sztetl.org |access-date=2013-10-10}}</ref> During the war, the German administration operated a Nazi prison in the town, with several forced labour subcamps in the region,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000988|title=Zuchthaus Wartenburg|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2021|language=de}}</ref> including one in the town itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000255|title=Außenkommando "Ostwallbau" des Zuchthauses Wartenburg (Ostpr.)|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2021|language=de}}</ref> Many inhabitants fled the town since 21 January 1945, and the last German units withdrew during the night of 30–31 January.<ref name=Bar/> The town was occupied by Soviet troops without a fight on 31 January 1945. The Russians then plundered the town and carried out mass deportations of remaining people into the USSR, especially to Siberia.<ref name=Bar/> On 22 May 1945 the town, now destroyed at 60%, was handed over to Polish officials.

As part of territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union, Polish rule was accepted at the Potsdam Conference, however, on preliminary terms. After 173 years, the town was reintegrated with Poland.<ref name=Bar/> On 9 March 1946 the prison in Barczewo has also been transferred to Polish authorities. Between 1965 and his death in 1986 it held the former Gauleiter and President of East Prussia Erich Koch. After introduction on Martial law in Poland Barczewo prison also seen opposition activists detained including Władysław Frasyniuk, Adam Michnik, Stefan Niesiołowski, Leszek Moczulski, Romuald Szeremietiew and Józef Szaniawski.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://barczewo.pl/dla-turystow/zabytki-barczewa/zaklad-karny-penitentiary-justizvollzugsanstalt/ | title=Zakład Karny }}</ref>

==Historical population== * 1825: 2,090 including by mother tongue 1,500 Poles (72%) and 590 Germans (28%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gsj1FBg0gvUC&pg=RA1-PA78|title=Die ländliche verfassung in den einzelnen provinzen der Preussischen Monarchie|last=von Haxthausen|first=August|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung|year=1839|location=Königsberg|pages=78|language=de}}</ref> * 1837: 2,550 including by mother tongue 1,794 Poles (70%) and 756 Germans (30%).<ref name=":0" /> * 1861: 3,272 (77 Jews) * 1880: 4,499 (111 Jews) * 1933: 4,818 (40 Jews) * 1939: 5,841 (23 Jews)<ref name=sztetl/><ref>[http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/allenstein.html verwaltungsgeschichte] {{in lang|de}}</ref>

==Sites of interest== {{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=300 |image1 = Barczewo muzeum Feliksa Nowowiejskiego.jpg |image2 = Barczewo tablica domu Feliksa Nowowiejskiego.jpg |footer = Birthplace of Polish composer Feliks Nowowiejski, now the Feliks Nowowiejski Museum}} There is a preserved historic Old Town in Barczewo, with several distinctive monuments, including the Brick Gothic St. Anne church, and the Gothic-Renaissance-Baroque Saint Andrew church, which contains a Mannerist cenotaph of Andrew Báthory and Balthasar Báthory, cousins of Polish King Stephen Báthory. The Feliks Nowowiejski Museum,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/the-feliks-nowowiejski-museum|title=THE FELIKS NOWOWIEJSKI MUSEUM|website=Culture.pl|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> dedicated to Polish composer and organist Feliks Nowowiejski is located at his birthplace and family home in the Old Town. There are also remains of the old Barczewo Castle.

==Transport== The Polish National road 16 and Voivodeship road 595 pass through the town. There is also a train station.

==Sports== The local football club is Pisa Barczewo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pisa-barczewo.futbolowo.pl|title=Pisa Barczewo - strona klubu|access-date=24 October 2021|language=pl}}</ref> It competes in the lower leagues.

thumb|Barczewo Town Hall ==Twin towns and sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}} Barczewo is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Hagen - miasto partnerskie|url=https://barczewo.pl/o-gminie/hagen-miasto-partnerskie/|website=barczewo.pl|publisher=Miasto Barczewo|language=pl|access-date=2022-08-30|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026233518/https://barczewo.pl/o-gminie/hagen-miasto-partnerskie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|GER}} Hagen am Teutoburger Wald, Germany

==Notable people== * Feliks Nowowiejski (1877–1946), Polish composer * Robert Pruszkowski (1907–1983), German Roman Catholic priest * Tomasz Zahorski (born 1984), Polish footballer

==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Barczewo}} * [http://www.barczewo.pl Official site] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.barczewo.bil-wm.pl Local information] * [http://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/b/458-barczewo Jewish community of Barczewo] on Virtual Shtetl

{{Gmina Barczewo}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities and towns in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship Category:Olsztyn County Category:Warmia Category:Holocaust locations in Poland Category:Cittaslow