Warmians (ethnic group)

{{Short description|Ethnic group from Warmia, Poland}} {{Distinguish|Warmians}} {{For|the village|Warmiak, Masovian Voivodeship}}

{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Warmians | native_name = ''Warmiacy'' (Polish) ''Ermländer'' (German) | native_name_lang = | image = Mädchen in ermländischer Tracht.jpg | image_caption = Group of women in 1920s, wearing traditional Warmian clothes | image_alt = | total = | total_year = | total_source = | total_ref = | genealogy = | regions = Poland (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship), Germany{{cn|date=August 2025}} | languages = Polish (Warmian subdialect) German (High Prussian, Low Prussian){{cn|date=August 2025}} | religions = Roman Catholicism{{cn|date=August 2025}} | related_groups = Poles | footnotes = }} '''Warmians'''{{efn|Polish: ''Warmiacy'', singular: ''Warmiak''; German: ''Ermländer''}} are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia. Most are Roman Catholic and today speak the Warmian subdialect of Polish; historically, some Warmians also spoke the High Prussian or Low Prussian dialects of German.<ref>Łukasz Ruch: ''[https://archiwum.wbp.olsztyn.pl/publikacje/variart/variart032016.pdf Moja i ich gwara]'', in: ''Variart'', March 2016, pp. 4–5.</ref> As of recent estimates, the Warmian community numbers between 4,000 and 20,000 individuals, with many residing in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, particularly in areas such as Olsztyn (formerly Allenstein).<ref>''Regional politics of memory in Poland's Warmia and Masuria'', CyberLeninka, [https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/regional-politics-of-memory-in-poland-s-warmia-and-masuria].</ref>

== History ==

Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern, Mazovia moved to former territories of Old Prussians, following conquests by the Teutonic Order, and the erection of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.<ref name=sa1>S. Achremczyk: ''Warmia'', Olsztyn 2000.</ref><ref name=sa2>S. Achremczyk: ''Historia Warmii i Mazur'', Olsztyn 1997</ref> Earlier, the southern parts of Warmia had become German-speaking, but eventually, more Polish settlers than Germans arrived to settle the land, particularly after 1410, so that the region gradually Polonized.<ref>{{cite book|language=de|contribution=Hermann Pölking|title=Ostpreußen - Biographie einer Provinz|publisher=Weltbild|pages=50}} {{cite book|title=Europa im Hoch- und Spätmittelalter|author=Udo Arnold|publisher=Klett-Cotta|year= 1987|pages=481}}</ref>

The bishopric of Warmia became in 1466 an autonomous part of Royal Prussia, and remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia (see: Partitions of Poland). While the Mazurs in the neighboring Ducal Prussia became Protestants when Duchy adopted Lutheranism in the 16th century, most Warmiaks, populating the areas around Olsztyn, remained Catholics.<ref name=sa1/><ref name=sa2/>

During World War II, the Warmiaks were persecuted by the Nazi German government, which wanted to erase all aspects of Polish culture and Polish language in Warmia.<ref name=sa1/><ref name=sa2/>

After the war, due to their Polish roots and their Catholic faith (unlike the Masurians who were predominantly Protestant, who had a friendly attitude towards the Germans), they were not victims of the large-scale expulsion of Germans. However, over the course of time, large numbers of Warmiaks decided to leave their native land and settle in more prosperous West Germany, exercising their right to German citizenship granted by the Basic Law as citizens or their descendants of inhabitants of Germany in the borders of 1937.<ref name=sa1/><ref name=sa2/>

== Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Hedwig Neuhof Ermländerinnen auf dem Kirchgang.jpg|Warmian women in church attire. Painting by Hedwig Neuhof ca. 1900 File:Ermländische Sonntagstracht.jpg|Warmian women in Sunday attire, ca. 1920 File:Kajny chalupa drewniana.JPG|Warmian wooden house and chapel in Kajny. </gallery>

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{reflist}} {{Slavic ethnic groups}} {{Ethnic groups in Poland}}

Category:Ethnic groups in Poland Category:Ethnic groups in Germany Category:History of Prussia (region) Category:Culture of Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship Category:Slavic ethnic groups Category:West Slavs