{{Short description|Spring in Kansas, U.S.}} {{Use American English|date=July 2025}} [[File:Waconda Spring - an authentic account of the discoveries, adventures, and mishaps of a scientific and sporting party in the wild West (14597645679).jpg|thumb|Drawing of Waconda Spring, 1873]] [[File:Waconda spring.png|thumb|Aerial photo of Waconda spring, 1952.]] {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} '''Waconda Spring''', or '''Great Spirit Spring''',<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o8X5krq3fP8C | title=Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc. | publisher=Standard Publishing Company | author=Blackmar, Frank Wilson | year=1912 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o8X5krq3fP8C/page/n782 786]}}</ref> was a natural [[artesian aquifer|artesian]] spring located in [[Mitchell County, Kansas|Mitchell County]], near the communities of [[Glen Elder, Kansas|Glen Elder]] and [[Cawker City, Kansas|Cawker City]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Kansas]]. The sacred site for [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes of the [[Great Plains]] was, for a time, the site of a health spa for American settlers. With the completion of the Glen Elder Dam in 1968, the mineral spring disappeared beneath the waters of [[Waconda Reservoir]].
==Description== Waconda Spring was situated on the bank of the [[Solomon River]], below the North and South Forks of the river.<ref name=ksrelig /> The water flowing from the spring had deposited a large cone of [[travertine]] around it.<ref name=kssprings>Buchanan, Rex, Robert Sawin, and Wayne Lebsack (2000). [http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2000autumn_buchanan.pdf "Water of the Most Excellent Kind: Historic Springs in Kansas".] ''Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains''. pp. 128-41. Retrieved 2010-09-18.</ref> In 1866, surveyor David E. Ballard described it:
<blockquote>The Spring itself is a natural {{sic|curiousity}}, it being located on the summit of a cone shaped limestone rock. The rock is circular, about 200 feet in diameter at the base and about 30 feet high, upon the summit of this, rests the spring, the basin being circular and about 30 feet in diameter, its outlet is a trough apparently formed by the action of the water upon the rock. The water in the spring is about 20 feet deep and exceedingly strong with salt ...<ref name=twocultures>[http://www.kshs.org/places/kawmission/printtwocultureskansa.htm "Two Cultures: The Kaws".] [http://www.kshs.org/places/kawmission/mainmenu.htm Kaw Mission State Historic Site.] Retrieved 2010-09-18.</ref></blockquote>
==Native American beliefs== {{main|Pawnee mythology}} The name "Waconda" is from the [[Kaw (tribe)|Kanza]] language, and translates as "spirit water" or "Great Spirit Spring". It is located in territory controlled by the Pawnee,<ref name=ksrelig>Entz, Gary R. (2005). [http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2005summer_entz.pdf "Religion in Kansas".] ''Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains''. pp. 140-145. Retrieved 2010-09-18.</ref> who knew it by the names "Pahowa" and "Kitzawitzuk", the latter translated as "water on a bank".<ref name=grinnell>Grinnell, George Bird (1893). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hbx1AAAAMAAJ&q=george+bird+grinnell ''Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales''.] New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 2010-09-16.</ref> {{rp|358}}
In the Pawnee traditional religion, the supreme being Tirawa allots supernatural powers to certain animals. These animals, the ''nahurac'', act as Tirawa's servants and messengers, and intercede for the Pawnee with Tirawa.<ref name=grinnell />{{rp|xvii}}
The ''nahurac'' had five lodges, of which Waconda Spring was one. The foremost among them was [[Pahuk]], usually translated "hill island", a bluff on the south side of the [[Platte River]], near the town of [[Cedar Bluffs, Nebraska|Cedar Bluffs]] in present-day [[Saunders County, Nebraska]].<ref name=pahuknom>Jensen, Richard E. (1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Pahuk".</ref> Lalawakohtito, or "dark island", was an island in the Platte near [[Central City, Nebraska]]; Ahkawitakol, or "white bank", was on the [[Loup River]] opposite the mouth of the [[Cedar River (Nebraska)|Cedar River]] in what is now [[Nance County, Nebraska]]; and [[Guide Rock (hill)|Pahur]], or "hill that points the way", was a bluff south of the [[Republican River]], near [[Guide Rock, Nebraska]].<ref name=grinnell />{{rp|359}}
Beside the Pawnee, many other Native American tribes venerated Waconda Spring, often casting articles of value into it as offerings.<ref name=ksrelig /> [[George Bird Grinnell]] describes the offerings of the Pawnee as including blankets and robes, blue beads, eagle feathers, and moccasins.<ref name=grinnell />{{rp|359}}
A [[geoglyph]], produced by the intaglio technique of removing the surface sod to form a figure, is located on a hillside about two miles southwest of Waconda Spring. The figure represents an unidentified animal, possibly a beaver. It is thought to be several hundred years old; soil analysis indicates that it was renewed at least once after its initial excavation, suggesting that it was in use over an extended period of time.<ref name=holyground>Blakeslee, Donald J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5PHJt-1TKHgC&dq=waconda+intaglio+kansas+mitchell+county&pg=PA105 ''Holy Ground, Healing Water: Cultural Landscapes at Waconda Lake, Kansas''.] pp. 105-112. Retrieved 2010-09-18.</ref>
==History== It is said that the first European explorer to visit Waconda Spring was [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|Sir William Johnson]] in 1767; however, this is unlikely. The first recorded visit to the site was by General [[Zebulon Pike]] in 1806. Pike visited the spring during his exploration of the Great Plains after he had concluded a treaty with the Pawnee.
Settlement in the area did not take place until after Kansas became a state in 1861. The first settler in the region was in 1870 by a man named Pfeiffer, who took out the first claim on the property. Kansas Senator [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]] toured the region in 1870 and marveled at what he saw. Said Pomeroy, "At first I declared it the Crater of an Ancient Volcano. The Water occupying its hollow center is fathomless, and about 200 feet in diameter in a perfect circle! It is always brimming full and running over on all sides ... The hills about it were as sacred to the Indians as those about Jerusalem." Pomeroy recognized the site's commercial potential and went on to predict that a health resort would soon be built in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Healing Waters: the Legend of Waconda Springs - Beloit, Kansas |url=https://www.lasr.net/travel/city.php?Healing+Waters:+the+Legend+of+Waconda+Springs&TravelTo=KS0806003&VA=Y&Attraction_ID=KS0806003a011 |access-date=2010-09-18 |website=Leisure and Sports Review}}</ref>
Within a few years, a man named Burnham constructed a bottling works on the site and began selling the mineral water as a health tonic. He called it ''Waconda Flier''. The sales of ''Waconda Flier'' piqued the interest of an eastern investor named McWilliams, who in 1884 invested in the site and began the construction of a stone sanitarium. The spring was fenced off and completely privatized. The building was completed ten years later, and under the management of G. W. Cooper, Waconda Spring became a hotel and health spa. Sales of ''Waconda Flier'' continued, and by the 1890s it was being sold in all parts of the country. In 1904, ''Waconda Flier'' won a medal for its superior medicinal qualities at the [[St. Louis World's Fair]].
In 1906, G. P. Abrahams purchased the property from McWilliams and continued operating the health spa and bottling plant until his 1924 death. In 1924, the property passed to Carl Bingesser, who had married Abrahams' daughter Anna in 1907. Under both Abrahams and Bingesser, the hotel resort was improved upon and maintained a solid reputation as health spa and place of healing. It continued to do so even as the spa passed on to Carlos Bingesser, the third generation of the Abrahams-Bingesser family to own and operate the spa. The facilities were fully modernized and offered physical therapy, hydro-therapy, electro-therapy, and dietary regimens. Water from Waconda Spring was used for internal and external cleansing of the body. It was piped into every bathtub in the sanitarium, was served with meals, and used for enemas. A popular slogan used to lure tourists to the resort was, "It will clean works until your works work." Waconda Spring was a popular, profitable enterprise for the Bingesser family.<ref>[http://www.glenelder.com/waconda_springs.htm "The History of Waconda".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825003215/http://www.glenelder.com/waconda_springs.htm |date=2010-08-25 }} [http://www.glenelder.com/index.htm Glen Elder, Kansas.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129001100/http://glenelder.com/Index.htm |date=2011-01-29 }} Retrieved 2010-09-18.</ref> Descendants operated the spa until 1964.
==Glen Elder Dam== In 1944 the [[Bureau of Reclamation]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] announced plans for a large earthen dam on the Solomon River near the town of Glen Elder. The plan called for the inundation of Waconda Spring. The Bingesser family fought to stop the plan, but in 1951 significant rainfall in Kansas led to massive flooding in Topeka and other Kansas towns. This led to renewed calls for dams and other flood control projects, including renewed calls for the Glen Elder Dam. A hydrologist was brought in to inspect Waconda Spring. The hydrologist concluded that Waconda Spring was unique and possibly the only spring like it in the world. Commercial advocates in favor of the dam dismissed the hydrologist and claimed that Waconda Spring was nothing more than a "mud hole."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waconda Springs Legend, Great Spirit Springs |url=https://www.waconda.com/waconda-springs.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Waconda Cultural Association |language=en}}</ref>
Construction on Glen Elder Dam began in 1964 and was completed by the end of 1968. Engineers bulldozed the hotel and health spa then dumped the debris into the pool of Waconda Spring. Water from the Solomon River began filling up the valley, and by 1970 it was full.{{cn|date=March 2025}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Douglas R. Parks and Waldo R. Wedel, "Pawnee Geography: Historical and Sacred," ''Great Plains Quarterly'' vol. 5, no. 3 (Summer 1985): 143–176.
==External links== * [https://www.kshs.org/resource/markers/images/small/kshm036_mc_waconda_springs.JPG Waconda Springs Kansas Historical Marker] - located about 2 miles east of Cawker City along US-24 highway * [https://www.kansashistory.gov/kansapedia/waconda-springs-drawing/10269 Waconda Springs Drawing] at the [http://www.kshs.org Kansas State Historical Society]
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[[Category:Former rivers]] [[Category:Landmarks in Kansas]] [[Category:Recreational areas in Kansas]] [[Category:Native American history of Kansas]] [[Category:Sacred places of the Pawnee]] [[Category:Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America]] [[Category:Bodies of water of Mitchell County, Kansas]] [[Category:Sacred springs]] [[Category:Springs of Kansas]] [[Category:1968 disestablishments in Kansas]]