WASP-178b

{{Short description|Exoplanet in the constellation Lupus}} {{Infobox planet | name = WASP-178b / KELT-26b  | discovery_ref = <ref name="WASP"/><ref name="KELT"/> | discoverer = Hellier ''et al.'' / Rodríguez Martínez ''et al.'' | discovered = November / December 2019 (announced) | discovery_method = [[Transit method]]  | alt_names = [[Durchmusterung#Extention|CD]]−42° 10057b, [[Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]] 134004 b, [[TESS Input Catalog|TIC]] 160708862 b, [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite#Exoplanet search programs|TOI]]-1337 b, [[Tycho-2 Catalogue|TYC]] 7829-2324-1 b, [[2MASS]] J15090488-4242178 b<ref name="SIMBAD"/>  | orbit_ref = <ref name="WASP"/> | apsis = astron | semimajor = {{val|0.0558|0.0010|ul=AU}} | eccentricity = 0 | period = {{val|3.3448285|0.0000012|ul=d}} | inclination = {{val|85.7|0.6|u=deg}} | semi-amplitude = {{val|139|9|ul=m/s}} | star = [[WASP-178]]  | physical_ref = <ref name="WASP"/> | mean_radius = {{val|1.81|0.09|ul=Jupiter radius}} | mass = {{val|1.66|0.12|ul=Jupiter mass}} | density = {{val|0.37|0.07|ul=g/cm3}} | single_temperature = {{val|2470|60|ul=K}} ({{convert|2470|K|C F|disp=out}}, [[equilibrium temperature|equilibrium]])   }}

'''WASP-178b''', also known as '''KELT-26b''' and '''HD 134004 b''', is an [[ultra-hot Jupiter]] [[exoplanet]] discovered in 2019 orbiting [[WASP-178]], a hot [[Stellar classification#Class A|A-type star]] located about {{convert|1350|ly|pc|abbr=off}} away in the [[constellation]] of [[Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]]. At over 1.8 times the radius of [[Jupiter]], it is among the [[List of largest exoplanets|largest exoplanets]]. The planet is [[Tidal locking|tidally locked]], heating up one side of the planet to such a degree that silicate rock and metal evaporate. [[Supersonic speed|Supersonic]] winds blow constantly towards the dark, cooler nighttime side, where the vaporized minerals condense and fall as rain.<ref name=NASA/>

== Discovery and nomenclature == The planet was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Coel Hellier, who published their findings in November 2019, alongside the detection of three other planets, designated [[WASP-184b]], [[WASP-185b]], and [[WASP-192b]]. The four planets were all found through [[photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] analysis of [[astronomical transit]] data collected by [[Wide Angle Search for Planets|WASP-South]], hence the "WASP-" prefix. For WASP-178b, data was gathered over the course of eight years between May 2006 and August 2014, which was combined with follow-up observations by the CORALIE [[spectrograph]] and EulerCam, which are both part of the [[Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope]].<ref name="WASP"/>

Another team, headed by Romy Rodríguez Martínez, independently announced discovering the planet in December 2019 as part of the [[Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope]] (KELT) survey, labeling it KELT-26b. The host star was photometrically observed by the [[South African Astronomical Observatory#KELT-South|KELT-South telescope]] for two years between September 2013 and September 2015, identifying the object as a planetary candidate. Further observations confirmed the exoplanet, which were made by [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite|TESS]], the Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope (PEST), and the CHIRON spectrograph on the SMARTS 1.5 m telescope, located at the [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory]] (CTIO).<ref name="KELT"/> The planet was the 26th and final planet discovered by the KELT survey before it was decommissioned in 2020.<ref name="KELT2020"/>

Earlier designations of the host star include CD−42° 10057 in the [[Durchmusterung#Extension|Cordoba Durchmusterung catalogue]] and HD 134004 in the [[Henry Draper catalogue]].<ref name="HD"/>

== Physical properties == The planet orbits its host star every 3.34 days at a distance of {{convert|0.0558|AU|km|abbr=on}}, a mere one-seventh the radius of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]'s orbit. This proximity to its host star, 20 times more luminous than the Sun, heats its atmosphere up to a white-hot [[equilibrium temperature]] of {{convert|2470|K|C F}}, comparable to the [[boiling point]] of [[silver]] (2,162 °C<ref name=RSC/>). Due to the intense irradiation, some of the highest even among the ultra-hot Jupiters,<ref name=Cont2024/> the planet's outer layers are inflated to an enormous 1.81 {{Jupiter radius}}<ref name="WASP"/> or 1.940 {{Jupiter radius}},<ref name="KELT"/> making it one of the [[List of largest exoplanets|largest planets]] discovered so far alongside other [[hot Jupiter]]s such as [[WASP-12b]] and [[Ditsö̀]]. This also means that the planet has a low density of 0.37 [[Gram per cubic centimetre|g/cm3]]<ref name=WASP/> or 0.238 g/cm3,<ref name=KELT/> or about as light as [[Cork (material)|cork]] (0.24 g/cm3<ref name=cork/>).

The planet's [[geometric albedo]] was measured to be between 0.1 and 0.35 by utilizing [[CHEOPS]] photometry<ref name="Pagano2024"/> and was then further constrained to be below 0.23,<ref name=Cont2024/> implying that it has a poorly reflective surface typical of [[gas giants]].<ref name="Pagano2024"/>

=== Atmosphere === The dayside temperature of WASP-178b is calculated at 2,250–2,750 K,<ref name="Pagano2024"/> which is sufficient to evaporate [[silicate minerals|silicate rock]],<ref name="NASA"/> and above 2,500 K, break down [[hydrogen]] [[molecule]]s into individual [[atom]]s.<ref name=Pagano2024/> The planet's [[tidal locking]] causes the heated daylight side's atmosphere to blow across to the nighttime side at speeds of {{convert|2000|mph|km/h}}.<ref name="NASA"/> On the nightside of the planet, the [[Hydrogen atom|atomic hydrogen]] recouples back into molecular H2,<ref name=Pagano2024/> and minerals that evaporated on the dayside may cool and condense into rock that pours down from clouds as rain.<ref name="NASA"/>

In 2022, the discovery of [[silicon monoxide]] was reported on WASP-178b, the first time the compound was detected in an exoplanet, and consistent with theoretical predictions of silicate minerals at high temperatures.<ref name="Lothringer2022"/> A follow-up study in 2024, however, concluded that the atmosphere is more likely dominated by [[Ionization|ionized]] [[magnesium]] and [[iron]] rather than silicon monoxide.<ref name="Damasceno2024"/>

Emission signals from the dayside of the planet as well as the result of eclipse observations strongly suggest the presence of an [[atmospheric super-rotation]] and indicate that the chemical composition of the dayside atmosphere may be uneven.<ref name=Cont2024/>

== Host star == {{Main article|WASP-178}} The host star, WASP-178, is a likely [[Am star]]<ref name="WASP"/> and possibly a [[Delta Scuti variable]],<ref name="KELT"/> with a [[Stellar classification|spectral type]] of A1IV-V meaning it is in between being a [[main sequence star]] and a [[subgiant]]. The star is comparable to [[Sirius|Sirius A]] in mass and radius, but slightly cooler, older, and less luminous. It is about twice as massive as the [[Sun]] and has a radius of 1.67<ref name="WASP"/> or 1.80<ref name="KELT"/> {{Solar radius}}, with an [[effective temperature]] of roughly 9,000 [[Kelvin (unit)|K]]. A 2019 estimate of {{val|9350|150|ul=K}} makes WASP-178 the second-hottest host to a hot Jupiter ever discovered, behind [[KELT-9]] (10,170 K) and ahead of [[MASCARA-2]] (8,980 K),<ref name="WASP"/> though a lower estimate (8,640 K) provided by another paper<ref name="KELT"/> may put it below MASCARA-2. The star is around 20 times brighter than the Sun and is {{val|430|310|250}} million years<ref name="KELT"/> old. ===Comparison with Sirius A=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;" |- !rowspan="1"| Identifier !rowspan="1"| [[Stellar classification|Stellar Class]] !rowspan="1"| Mass ({{solar mass}}) !rowspan="1"| Radius ({{solar radius}}) !rowspan="1"| Luminosity ({{solar luminosity}}) !rowspan="1"| Temperature (K) !rowspan="1"| Metallicity (dex) !rowspan="1"| Age ([[Myr]]) !rowspan="1"| Notes |- |style="text-align:left;"| [[Sirius A]] | A0mA1 Va<ref name=nstars/> | 2.063<ref name=bond/> | 1.713 | 24.7 | 9,845 | +0.50<ref name="Qiu2001"/> | 242<ref name=bond/> | <ref name=JDavis2010/> |- |style="text-align:left;"| [[WASP-178]] | A1IV-V | 2.07 | 1.67 | 21.4<ref name="Stassun2019"/> | 9,350 | +0.21 | 430<ref name="KELT"/> | <ref name="WASP"/> |- |}

== See also == * [[KELT-9b]] * [[KELT-20b]] * [[Kepler-13#Planetary system|Kepler-13Ab]] * [[MASCARA-1b]] * [[WASP-33b]] * [[WASP-189b]]

== References == <references>

<ref name="SIMBAD">{{cite simbad |title=HD 134004 |access-date=2024-08-08}}</ref>

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</references> {{Exoplanets}} {{Lupus (constellation)}} {{2019 in space}} [[Category:Lupus (constellation)]] [[Category:Transiting exoplanets]] [[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2019]] [[Category:Exoplanets discovered by KELT|KELT-26b]] [[Category:Exoplanets discovered by WASP]] [[Category:Hot Jupiters]]