{{short description|Serbian writer and politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Vuk Drašković | native_name = {{No bold|Вук Драшковић}} | native_name_lang = sr | image = Vuk Drašković in 2010 (cropped).jpg | caption = Drašković in 2010 | office1 = Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia | term_start1 = 5 June 2006 | term_end1 = 16 May 2007 | prime_minister1 = Vojislav Koštunica | predecessor1 = Position established | successor1 = Vuk Jeremić | office2 = Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia and Montenegro | term_start2 = 3 March 2004 | term_end2 = 5 June 2006 | prime_minister2 = Svetozar Marović | predecessor2 = Goran Svilanović | successor2 = Position abolished | office3 = Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia | term_start3 = 18 January 1999 | term_end3 = 28 April 1999 | prime_minister3 = Momir Bulatović | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|11|29|df=y}} | birth_place = Međa, PR Serbia, Yugoslavia | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = {{marriage|Danica Drašković|1973}} | signature = Vuk Drašković signature.png | party = {{ubl|SKJ (until 1982)|SNO (1990)|SPO (1990–present)}} | relations = | children = | alma_mater = LLB of Univ. of Belgrade Fac. of Law | occupation = Politician | profession = Writer }} '''Vuk Drašković''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Вук Драшковић}}, {{IPA|sh|ʋûːk drâʃkoʋitɕ|pron}}; born 29 November 1946) is a Serbian writer and politician.
He graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law in 1968. From 1969 to 1980, he worked as a journalist in the Yugoslav news agency Tanjug. He was a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and worked as the chief of staff of the Yugoslav President Mika Špiljak. He is the co-founder and former leader of the Serbian Renewal Movement, serving as president from 1990 to 2024. He also served as the war-time Deputy Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1999 during the rule of Slobodan Milošević and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of both Serbia and Montenegro and Serbia from 2004 to 2007.
Drašković is also a prolific writer and has published 23 books.
==Early life and career== Drašković was born in the small village of Medja in the Banat region to a family of settlers from Herzegovina. He was three months old when his mother, Stoja Nikitović, died.<ref name="Borden">{{cite book |last1=Borden |first1=Anthony |title=Out of Time: Draskovic, Djindjic and Serbian Opposition Against Milosevic |date=2000 |publisher=Institute for War & Peace Reporting |isbn=978-1-90281-101-7 |page=14}}</ref>
His father, Vidak, remarried and had two more sons - Rodoljub and Dragan; and three daughters - Radmila, Tanja and Ljiljana with Dara Drašković, meaning that young Vuk grew up with five half-siblings.<ref name="Borden" />
Shortly after Vuk's birth, the entire family went back to Herzegovina where he finished primary school in the village of Slivlje. He graduated high school in Gacko.<ref name="Borden" />
At his father's insistence, Drašković considered studying medicine in Sarajevo; however, the city was too "uptight and cramped" for his liking, so he went to study law in Belgrade instead. [[File:Корчној и Вук.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Drašković with his wife, Danica, and Soviet-turned-Swiss chess grandmaster Viktor Korchnoi during an Orthodox Christmas eve party in January 1984 at Villa Dragoslava, a villa in the Belgrade neighbourhood of Banovo Brdo that often served as meeting point for individuals critical of SFR Yugoslavia's system of governance as well as communism and socialism in general.]]
In 1968, Drašković participated in anti-bureaucratic student revolts in Yugoslavia.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven |title=Serbs' Other Political Couple: Vuk and Danica Draskovic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/23/world/serbs-other-political-couple-vuk-and-danica-draskovic.html |work=The New York Times |date=23 August 1999}}</ref> After Josip Broz Tito promised reforms, Drašković initiated people to dance the Kozaračko kolo at the Faculty of Law.<ref name="NYTimes" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alcoy |first1=Philippe |title=Yugoslav Students in the 1968 Wave of Revolt: An Interview with Dragomir Olujić |url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3913-yugoslav-students-in-the-1968-wave-of-revolt-an-interview-with-dragomir-olujic |website=VersoBooks |date=6 July 2018}}</ref> Drašković was a member of the Communist Youth Organization and later joined the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.<ref name="Roszkowski&Kofman">{{cite book |last1=Roszkowski |first1=Wojciech |last2=Kofman |first2=Jan |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-31747-593-4 |pages=1995–1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnKlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1995}}</ref>
Between 1969–78, he was involved with journalism. He first worked for the state news agency Tanjug as its African correspondent stationed in Lusaka, Zambia. He was discharged from his post after publishing misleading information regarding the Rhodesian Bush War, creating a diplomatic incident.<ref name="Roszkowski&Kofman" />
He then took a job as press adviser to the Yugoslav Union of Trade Unions (''Savez Sindikata Jugoslavije'') and then became editor-in-chief of ''Rad'', a trade union paper.<ref name="Roszkowski&Kofman" /> During his time as press adviser, Drašković spent some time as the personal secretary to the organisation's president Mika Špiljak.
In 1981, Drašković published his first novel ''Sudije'' (Judges) which described a judge resisting political pressure.<ref name="Roszkowski&Kofman" />
In 1982, Drašković was expelled from the Communist party after he published his second novel ''Nož'' (Knife).<ref name="NYTimes" /> The novel tells the story of a man who is raised as a Bosnian Muslim who comes to believe that Serbs killed his family, only to later learn that his ethnic heritage is Serbian and that his adoptive family was guilty of murdering his birth-family. The book caused controversy as it reignited divisive ethno-nationalist issues which Tito and the Communist Party tried to suppress.<ref name="NYTimes" /> The party condemned and subsequently banned the book, which was also published in English.<ref>{{cite web |title=Knife: A Novel of Murder and Mystery, Revenge and Forgiveness by Vuk Drašković |url=http://www.serbianclassics.com/serbian-fiction/knife.html |publisher=Serbian Classics Press |access-date=2020-08-04 |archive-date=2018-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007110455/http://www.serbianclassics.com/serbian-fiction/knife.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The book was made into a movie in 1999 entitled ''The Dagger'' or ''The Knife'' in English.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hedges |first1=Chris |title=Movie Sets Serbs' Emotions on Edge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/20/world/movie-sets-serbs-emotions-on-edge.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 July 1999}}</ref>
His novels ''Molitva 1–2'' (Prayer 1–2, 1985) and ''Ruski konsul'' (Russian consul, 1988) also explored the suffering of Serbs during World War II, while ''Noć đenerala'' (The General's Nights) published in 1994 dealt with Draža Mihailović's last days.<ref name="Roszkowski&Kofman" />
==Political career== [[File:SKIDANJE TITA.jpg|thumb|Drašković with Šešelj, in 1990, removing picture of Josip Broz Tito from Belgrade Center of engineers and electricians.]]
In March 1989, Drašković along with Mirko Jović and Vojislav Šešelj founded the Sava Association. The group dedicated itself to the protection of the Serbian language and the defense of Kosovo and Metohija.<ref name="Fischer">{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Bernd Jürgen |title=Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe |date=2007 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-55753-455-2 |page=459 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA459}}</ref> In the late 1980s, Drašković was in agreement with Šešelj's sentiments about deporting Albanians from Kosovo and suggested that "a special fund" was needed "to finance the repopulation of Kosovo by Serbs".<ref name="Mulaj139">{{cite book|last=Mulaj|first=Klejda|title=Politics of ethnic cleansing: nation-state building and provision of in/security in twentieth-century Balkans|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739146675|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGQVdG63WPYC&q=Vojislav&pg=PA69|pages=139}}</ref> However, Jović, Šešelj and Drašković disagreed with each other and their party split into three. The Sava Association became the Serbian National Renewal Party under the leadership of Jović in January 1990.<ref name="Fischer" /> Drašković founded the Serbian Renewal Movement (''Srpski Pokret Obnove'', SPO, a democratic nationalist party) in March, and then in February 1991 Šešelj created his Serbian Radical Party.<ref name="Fischer" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Robert |title=The Politics of Serbia in the 1990s |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-23111-381-6 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_jRhz_y5tMC&pg=PR19}}</ref>
On 26 September 1990, Drašković declared that his armed "volunteers" would be willing to defend Krajina Serbs, and three days later in an interview with Delo, Drašković stated: "Serbia must obtain all territories in what is today Herzegovina, Bosnia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, in these parts of Croatia where the Serbs made a majority of the population until 6 April 1941, when the Ustasha genocide against them began...Wherever the Serb blood was shed by the Ustashas knives, wherever there are our graves there are our borders".<ref>Lenard J. Cohen, Jasna Dragovic-Soso; (2007) ''State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration'' p. 270; Purdue University Press, {{ISBN|1557534608}}</ref> He also claimed that most Bosnian Muslims are ''"burdened with Serbian origin"'' and that ''"they run away from themselves because they know that they are Orthodox and Serbs"''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandžović |first1=Safet |title=Nedovršena prošlost u vrtlozima balkanizacije: refleksije "istočnog pitanja" u historijskoj perspektivi |journal=Historijski Pogledi |date=2019 |issue=2 |page=50 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=812147 |publisher=Centar za istraživanje moderne i savremene historije Tuzla}}</ref> The Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO) participated in the first post-communist democratic elections, held on 9 December 1990, but finished a distant second amidst the total blackout from the pro-Milošević state media.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Carol J. |title=Profile : A Modern-Day Rasputin Leads Serbian Nationalists : Vuk Draskovic has a cult-like following. Some say he's taking Yugoslavia to civil war. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-07-wr-1632-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=7 May 1991}}</ref> Following that failure Drašković kept pressure on Serbian President Slobodan Milošević via street protests, organizing mass demonstrations in Belgrade on 9 March 1991. The police intervened, and clashed with demonstrators with some damage to public buildings resulting in the Yugoslav People's Army being brought in. Clashes between police and protesters resulted in the deaths of a student and an officer, and injuries to over 200 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=March 1991 protest anniversary |url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2007&mm=03&dd=09&nav_id=40041 |website=B92.net |publisher=B92 |date=9 March 2007}}</ref> Demonstrations ended after the government agreed to concessions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harden |first1=Blaine |title=Yugoslav Regime Bows to Protesters |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/03/13/yugoslav-regime-bows-to-protesters/fdd1ab04-2342-4502-b97a-e12a056bf894/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 March 1991}}</ref>
Drašković became a leading opponent of Milošević. His fiery and emotional speeches<ref name="Bartrop">{{cite book |last1=Bartrop |first1=Paul R. |title=Bosnian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-44083-869-9 |pages=54–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IStZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55}}</ref> earned him the moniker "Czar of the Streets".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fineman |first1=Mark |title=Opposition Leader Seeks Moderation, Not Revenge |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jul-18-mn-57165-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=18 July 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Branigin |first1=William |title=Serbian Opposition Split On Eve of Public Protest |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/08/18/serbian-opposition-split-on-eve-of-public-protest/34765f76-76f4-4585-9c61-e5ce27504746/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 August 1999}}</ref>
While Drašković was a nationalist, he also held pro-Western and anti-war views.<ref name="Bartrop" /> His plan was to rapidly transform the biggest and most populous part of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia) according to Western standards so that eventual international involvement in the Yugoslav crisis would favour Serbian interests and produce a peaceful solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biografija.org/politika/vuk-draskovic/|title= Vuk Drašković Biografija|publisher=Biografije Poznatih|author=|place=Beograd|language=sr|date=February 24, 2017|accessdate=June 25, 2023}}</ref> His ideological opponents often cite his strong nationalist feelings (including attempting rehabilitation of Serb-nationalist Chetniks) as contradictory to his insistence on peaceful solutions.<ref name="Bartrop" /> Political opponents have claimed Drašković's political engagement at this early stage of his political career was full of inconsistencies and diametrically opposing views and actions. According to Drašković, his stance as pro-Western and peaceful never wavered, from the start of the political crisis in Yugoslavia. He insisted that a Serbian government should promote radical democratic shift, and renew traditional alliances with Western nations (including entry into NATO) as a way of preserving some form of Yugoslav confederation rather than pursuing direct confrontation with the Croats.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
His party SPO organized a paramilitary unit called the Serbian Guard, led by former criminals such as Đorđe "Giška" Božović and Branislav "Beli" Matić. Božović died in Croatia in October 1991. Matić was killed by Milošević's secret police in April 1991. Although Drašković initially claimed that this militia was an incitement to Serbian authorities to form a non-ideological national armed force other than the Yugoslav People's Army, he eventually distanced himself from the paramilitary formation altogether.<ref name="Bartrop" />
According to historian Dubravka Stojanović, while Drašković's anti-war views were sincere, he also supported a nationalist program little different in its goals to those of Milošević, and he and his party were never able to reconcile these opposing currents.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stojanović|first1=Dubravka|editor1-last=Popov|editor1-first=Nebojša|title=The Road to War in Serbia|date=2000|publisher=Central European University Press|location=Budapest|isbn=963-9116-56-4|pages=473–77|chapter=The Traumatic Circle of the Serbian Opposition}}</ref>
His anti-war views came to the fore in mid to late 1991, particularly in November of that year when he wrote a passionate condemnation of the bloody siege of Vukovar in the Serbian daily ''Borba''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serbia in a Broken Mirror: See You in the Next War |url=https://www.tol.org/client/article/12614-serbia-in-a-broken-mirror-see-you-in-the-next-war.html?print |website=tol.org |publisher=Transitions |date=2 December 1991}}</ref>
In early 1992, he called on all citizens of Bosnia to reject nationalism. In 1993, he and his wife Danica Drašković were arrested, beaten and sent to a high-security prison following street riots in Belgrade.<ref name="NYTimes" /> His hunger strike, and international outrage over the situation, pressured the government to release the couple.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serb Leader Orders Release From Police Custody for Harshest Critic |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-10-mn-11821-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=10 July 1993}}</ref>
In 1996, SPO formed an opposition alliance ''Zajedno'' ("Together") with the Democratic Party of Zoran Đinđić and the Civic Alliance of Serbia under Vesna Pešić, which achieved major successes in the local elections in November of that year, but later split.<ref name="Bartrop" />
Drašković's SPO participated on its own at the September 1997 election, boycotted by his former partners despite an array of local electronic media outlets being in opposition hands.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
In January 1999, SPO, a parliamentary party, was asked to join a coalition with Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia as tension with US and NATO increased, in order to use his influence with Western politicians. In early 1999, Drašković became the deputy prime minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He did so in response to Milošević's appeal for national unity in the face of Albanian uprising in Kosovo and a looming confrontation with NATO.<ref>[http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/431/5.html Rekonstrukcija savezne vlade], vreme.com; accessed 26 May 2018.</ref> He was sacked by the Prime Minister Momir Bulatović on 28 April 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Osam godina agonije |url=http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/11/05/srpski/P00110411.shtm |website=arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs |date=4 November 2000 |access-date=19 February 2009 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727024057/http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/11/05/srpski/P00110411.shtm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Attempts of assassination === :See: Ibar Highway assassination attempt
There were two attempts to assassinate Drašković: on 3 October 1999 on the Ibar highway when four of his close associates were murdered,<ref>{{cite web |title=Yugoslavia: Opposition Leader Says He Survived Assassination Attempt |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1092308.html |publisher=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=9 October 1999}}</ref> and on 15 June 2000 in Budva.<ref>{{cite news |title='Assassination attempt' on Serb opposition leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/16/balkans |work=The Guardian |date=16 June 2000}}</ref>
In 2005, Milorad Ulemek was sentenced to 40 years in prison for the murder of Đinđić and Ivan Stambolić and for the assassination attempt on Drašković in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serb gets 40 years in ex-leader's death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/18/world/europe/serb-gets-40-years-in-exleaders-death.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 July 2005}}</ref>
===Democratic changes=== [[File:Briefing 29 May 2000.jpg|thumb|200px|right|{{center|The bearers of democratic changes in the year 2000.<br><small>from left to right: Zoran Đinđić, Vojislav Koštunica, Drašković, Grigory Yavlinsky.</small>}}]]
In what he himself later termed "a bad political move", Drašković kept his SPO out of the wide anti-Milošević Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition that formed in 2000; his candidate in the 24 September 2000 federal presidential elections, Vojislav Mihailović, achieved little success, and the SPO was unsuccessful in the subsequent parliamentary election which the DOS won overwhelmingly. Because of this, Drašković and his party were marginalized over the next three years.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
In the fall of 2002, he attempted a comeback as one of eleven candidates in a Serbian presidential election; this election was later declared invalid due to low voter turnout. Despite a polished marketing campaign that saw Drašković change his personal appearance and tone down his fiery rhetoric, he ended up with only 4.5% of the total vote, well behind Vojislav Koštunica (31.2%) and Miroljub Labus (27.7%), both of whom moved on to the second-round runoff.
His next chance for political redemption came in late 2003. Fully aware of SPO's weak political standing (as well as his own) after more than 3 years in political oblivion, Drašković entered his party into a pre-election coalition with New Serbia (NS), thus reuniting with old party colleague Velimir Ilić. Joining forces for the 2003 parliamentary election, they achieved limited success, but did manage to get into the coalition that formed the minority government (along with DSS, G17 Plus), providing it with critical parliamentary seats to keep the far-right radicals (SRS) at bay.
In the subsequent division of power, Drašković became foreign minister, a position he held until May 2007.<ref name="Bartrop" /> In response to Montenegro's vote for independence, Drašković called for a restoration of Serbia's monarchy: "This is an historic moment for Serbia itself, a beginning which would be based on the historically-proven and victorious pillars of the Serbian state and I am talking about the pillars of a kingdom."<ref>{{cite news |title=Separation focuses Serbian minds |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5012986.stm |work=BBC News |date=24 May 2006}}</ref>
In August 2010, Drašković argued in favour of changing the Serbian Constitution of 2006 to remove references to Kosovo as a part of Serbia because according to him "Serbia has no national sovereignty over Kosovo whatsoever. All of Serbia knows that Kosovo is not really a province within Serbia, that it is completely beyond the control of the government and the state of Serbia".<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/Serbian_Politician_Calls_For_Constitution_Without_Kosovo/2121325.html Serbian Ex-Foreign Minister Calls For Expunging Kosovo From Constitution], ''Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty'', 7 August 2010.</ref>
==Personal life== Drašković is married to Danica (née Bošković). The two met in 1968 during student protests.<ref name="NYTimes" />
==Literary works== {{colbegin}} * ''Me, a philistine'' (1981) * ''Judge'' (1981) * ''Knife'' (1982) * ''Prayer'' (1985) * ''Prayer 2'' (1986) * ''Answers'' (1986) * ''Russian Consul'' (1988) * ''Everywhere Serbia'' (1989) * ''Night of general'' (1994) * ''Reminders'' (2001) * ''Target'' (2007) * ''Dr Aron'' (2009) * ''Via Romana'' (2012) * ''Far away'' (2013) * ''The memoirs of Jesus'' (2015) * ''Stories about Kosovo'' (2016) * ''Slice of time'' (2016) * ''Who killed Katarina?'' (2017) * ''Aleksandar of Yugoslavia'' (2018) * ''I grob i rob'' (2020) * ''Ožiljci života'' (2022) * ''Monah Hokaj'' (2023) * ''Suđenje'' (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suđenje - Vuk Drašković {{!}} Laguna |url=http://laguna.rs/n6833_knjiga_sudjenje_laguna.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=laguna.rs |language=sr}}</ref> {{colend}}
==See also==
*March 9th Protest *Ibar Highway assassination attempt
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Vuk Drašković}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080624052823/http://www.spo.org.yu/action.php?objekat=Ljudi&akcija=Procitaj&id=1 Party biography] {{in lang|sr}} * [https://archive.today/20120804223424/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Officials/draskovic_e.html Official biography as Minister of Foreign Affairs]
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{{Serbian literature}} {{YU-FA-ministers}} {{Foreign Ministers of Serbia}} {{Cabinet of Vojislav Koštunica I}} {{Yugoslav wars}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Draskovic, Vuk}} Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:People from Žitište Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia Category:Candidates for President of Serbia Category:Serbian democracy activists Category:Serbian National Renewal politicians Category:Serbian Renewal Movement politicians Category:Serbian monarchists Category:Serbian novelists Category:University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni Category:Foreign ministers of Serbia Category:Government ministers of Serbia Category:Serbian nationalists Category:Serbian anti-communists Category:Serbian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent