Volhynia

{{Short description|Historical region in Central and Eastern Europe}} {{Redirect2|Wołyń|Volinia|the Polish village|Wołyń, Łódź Voivodeship|the township of Cass County in the U.S. state of Michigan|Volinia Township, Michigan}} {{redirect|Volyn|the subdivision in Ukraine|Volyn Oblast}} {{Other}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Volhynia | native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|uk|Волинь}}|{{lang|pl|Wołyń}}}} | other_name = Volynia | settlement_type = Historical region | image_skyline = {{Photomontage |color = #ffffff |photo1a = В'їзна (Надбрамна) башта замку Луцьк.jpg{{!}}Lubart's Castle in Lutsk |photo1b = 2017 - Кременець - Єзуїтський колегіум.jpg{{!}}Kremenets |photo2a = Vyshnivets Palace P1620009.jpg{{!}}Wiśniowiecki Palace in Vyshnivets |photo2b = 1. Замок Острозьких.jpg{{!}}Ostrogski Castle in Starokostiantyniv |photo3a = Панорама собору в літній день.jpg{{!}}Dormition Cathedral in Volodymyr |photo3b = Світязь - найглибше озеро України (58 м).jpg{{!}}Lake Svitiaz |spacing = 2 |border = 0 |size = 260 }} | image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: Lubart's Castle in Lutsk|Kremenets|Vyshnivets Palace|Starokostiantyniv Castle|Dormition Cathedral in Volodymyr|Lake Svitiaz}} | image_flag = | image_shield = Volhynia principality COA.png | etymology = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{POL}}<br/>{{BLR}}<br/>{{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = Southeastern Poland, Southwestern Belarus, Western Ukraine | parts_type = Parts | parts_style = para | p1 = Volyn Oblast | p2 = Rivne Oblast | p3 = Zhytomyr Oblast | p4 = Ternopil Oblast | p5 = Khmelnytskyi Oblast | p6 = Lublin Voivodeship | p7 = Brest Region | image_map = Ukraine-Volhyn-en.png | map_caption = Location of Volhynia (yellow) in Ukraine | coordinates = {{Coord|50|44|20|N|25|19|24|E|display=it}} | coordinates_footnotes = | established_title = | established_date = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_demonym = Volhynian | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | website = }}

'''Volhynia''' or '''Volynia''' ({{IPAc-en|v|oʊ|ˈ|l|ɪ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|voh|LIN|ee|ə}}; see {{Small|#Names and etymology}}) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between southeastern Poland, southwestern Belarus, and northwestern Ukraine. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but in Ukraine it is roughly equivalent to Volyn Oblast, Rivne Oblast, and the northern part of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Ternopil Oblast. The territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast. Volhynia has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. For centuries it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the Russian annexation during the Partitions of Poland, all of Volhynia was made part of the Pale of Settlement on the southwestern border of the Russian Empire. Important cities include Rivne, Lutsk, Zviahel, and Volodymyr.

== Names and etymology == *{{langx|uk|Волинь|Volynʹ}}, {{IPA|uk|woˈlɪnʲ|pron|LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Po ukraińsku (Andriana)-Волинь.wav}}; *{{langx|pl|Wołyń}} {{IPA|pl|ˈvɔwɨɲ||LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Wołyń.wav}}; *{{langx|ru|Волынь|Volynʹ}}, {{IPA|ru|vɐˈlɨnʲ|pron}}; *{{langx|lt|Voluinė}} or {{lang|lt|Volynė}}; *{{langx|sk|Volyňa}}; *{{langx|cs|Volyň}} {{IPA|cs|ˈvolɪɲ|}}; *{{langx|ro|Volînia}} or {{lang|ro|Volânia}}; *{{langx|hu|Volhínia}}; *{{langx|de|Wolhynien}} or {{lang|de|Wolynien}} (both {{IPA|de|voˈlyːni̯ən||De-Wolynien.ogg}}); Volhynian German: {{lang|de|Wolhynien}}, {{lang|de|Wolhinien}}, {{lang|de|Wolynien}} or {{lang|de|Wolinien}} (all {{IPA|de|voˈliːni̯ən||generic=yes}}); *{{langx|yi|װאָהלין|translit=Vohlin}}, or {{langx|yi|װאָלין|translit=Volin|label=none}}.

The alternative name for the region is Lodomeria ({{langx|uk|Володимирія}}), after the city of Volodymyr, which was once a political capital of the medieval Volhynian Principality.

According to some historians, the region is named after a semi-legendary city of ''Volin'' or ''Velin'', said to have been located on the Southern Bug River,<ref>{{cite book |last=Pospelov |first=E. M. |author-link=:ru:Поспелов, Евгений Михайлович |editor-last=Ageeva |editor-first=R. A. |editor-link=:ru:Агеева, Руфь Александровна |year=1998 |script-title=ru:Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь |trans-title=Geographic Names of the World: Toponymic Dictionary |title-link=:ru:Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=Russkiye slovari |page=104 |isbn=9785892160292}}</ref> whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root {{lang|sla-x-proto|*vol/vel-}} 'wet'. In other versions, the city was located over {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the west of Volodymyr near the mouth of the {{ill|Huczwa|pl}} River, a tributary of the Western Bug.

== Geography == {{see also|Red Ruthenia|Polesia}} [[Image:56-242-0070_Mezhyrich_Monastery_RB_24.jpg|thumb|right|Mezhyrich Abbey in Ostroh was endowed by the Ostrogski princes in the 15th century.]]

Geographically it occupies northern areas of the Volhynian-Podolian Upland and western areas of Polesian Lowland along the Pripyat valley as part of the vast East European Plain, between the Western Bug in the west and upper streams of Uzh and Teteriv rivers.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Portnov |first=A. V. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine |script-title=uk:Волинь |trans-title=Volhynia |url=https://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=27614 |access-date=2021-09-28 |language=uk |edition=Online |year=2006 |publisher=NASU Institute of Encyclopaedic Research |location=Kyiv |isbn=9789660220744 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630141323/https://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=27614 |archive-date=2021-06-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> Before the partitions of Poland, the eastern edge stretched a little west along the right-banks of the Sluch River or just east of it. Within the territory of Volhynia is located Little Polisie, a lowland that actually divides the Volhynian-Podolian Upland into separate Volhynian Upland and northern outskirts of Podolian Upland, the so-called Kremenets Hills. Volhynia is located in the basins of the Western Bug and Pripyat, therefore most of its rivers flow either in a northern or a western direction.

[[File:Олика1.jpg|thumb|right|Olyka Castle]]

Relative to other historical regions, it is northeast of Galicia, east of Lesser Poland and northwest of Podolia. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, and it is often considered to overlap a number of other regions, among which are Polesia and Podlasie.

The territories of historical Volhynia are now part of the Volyn, Rivne and parts of the Zhytomyr, Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi oblasts of Ukraine, as well as parts of Poland (see Chełm). Major cities include Lutsk, Rivne, Kovel, Volodymyr, Kremenets (Ternopil Oblast) and Starokostiantyniv (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Before World War II, many Jewish ''shtetls'' (small towns), such as Trochenbrod and Lozisht, were an integral part of the region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kollmann |first=Nancy Shields |authorlink=Nancy Shields Kollmann |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Jones (historian) |year=2000 |chapter=The Principalities of Rus' in the Fourteenth Century |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&pg=PA764 |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |title-link=The New Cambridge Medieval History |volume=VI |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=764–794 |isbn=9780521362900 |via=Google Books |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2021-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003192505/https://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&pg=PA764 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|770}} At one time all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its southwesternmost border.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Slutsky |first=Yehuda |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |title=Pale of Settlement |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pale-settlement |access-date=2021-09-28 |edition=2nd |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=9780028660974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811164319/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pale-settlement |archive-date=2021-08-11 |url-status=live |via=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

== History == The first records can be traced to the Old East Slavic chronicles, such as the ''Primary Chronicle,'' which mentions tribes of the Dulebes, Buzhans and Volhynians. The land was mentioned in the works of Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times the ''Walitābā'' and king ''Mājik'', which some read as ''Walīnānā'' and identified with the Volhynians, were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", implying existence of a Slavic federation which perished after the attack of the Pannonian Avars.<ref name="Fadlan2012">{{cite book |title=Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North |url=https://archive.org/details/IbnFadlanAndTheLandOfDarknessArabTravellersInTheFarNorthPenguinClassicsCopie/page/n195/mode/2up?q=sarbin |year=2012 |publisher=Penguin |translator-last1=Lunde |translator-first1=Paul |translator-last2=Stone |translator-first2=Caroline |isbn=9780140455076 |pages=128, 146, 200 |via=the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="CrossNestor">{{Cite book |url=https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |url-status=live |contribution=Introduction |title=The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text |author1-last=Cross |author1-first=Samuel Hazzard |author2-last=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |author2-first=Olgerd P. |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Mediaeval Academy of America |year=1953 |pages=3–50 |oclc=268919 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827201438/https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-27 |via=MGH-Bibliothek}}</ref>{{rp|37}}

Volhynia may have been included in (or was in the sphere of influence of) the Kievan Rus' as early as the tenth century. At that time Princess Olga sent a punitive raid against the Drevlians to avenge the death of her husband Grand Prince Igor (Ingvar Röreksson); she later established pogosts along the Luha River. In the opinion of the Ukrainian historian Yuriy Dyba, the chronicle phrase «{{Lang|orv|и оустави по мьстѣ. погосты и дань. и по лузѣ погосты и дань и ѡброкы}}» (and established in place pogosts and tribute along Luha), the path of pogosts and tribute reflects the actual route of Olga's raid against the Drevlians further to the west, up to the Western Bug's right tributary Luha River.

[[File:Principality Volhynia map.PNG|thumb|right|Principality of Volhynia in the 12th century]]

As early as 983, Vladimir the Great appointed his son Vsevolod as the ruler of the Volhynian principality. In 988, he established the city of Volodymer ({{Lang|orv|Володимѣръ|italic=yes}}). Since the late 12th century, history of the Volhynia is closely connected with that of the neighboring Principality of Galicia. These two successor states of the Kievan Rus' formed the united Galicia–Volhynia polity, on several occasions between the late 12th and the 14th centuries. They were united firstly under prince Roman the Great (1199-1205), but desintegrated already during the War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245). Upon interfering in Galician-Volhynian affairs, Hungarian king Andrew II (1205-1235) took the title ''King of Galicia and Lodomeria'', thus expressing his pretensions on the supreme rule over both Galicia and Lodomeria (Volhynia). Once included among the lands of the Hungarian Crown, those titles were used by Hungarian kings up to 1918.{{sfn|Font|2012|p=228-235}}{{sfn|Font|2023|p=107-118}}

[[File:RON województwo wołyńskie map.svg|thumb|Volhynian Voivodeship within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]

After the disintegration of the Galicia–Volhynia circa 1340, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided the region, Poland taking western Volhynia and Lithuania taking eastern Volhynia (1352–1366). During this period many Poles and Jews settled in the area. The Roman and Greek Catholic churches became established in the province. In 1375, a Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodomeria was established, but it was suppressed in 1425. Many Orthodox churches joined the latter organization in order to benefit from a more attractive legal status. Records of the first agricultural colonies of Mennonites, religious refugees of Dutch, Frisian and German background, date from 1783. After 1569, Volhynia was organized as a voivodeship within the larger Lesser Poland Province of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Future Polish King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki spent a part of childhood in Volhynia.

===Late modern period=== [[File:Volhynia Governorate - Pâdyšev, Vasilij Pietrovič (1829).jpg|thumb|Volhynia Governorate - Pâdyšev, Vasilij Pietrovič (1829) with the capital Zhytomir and including district cities Kovel, Lutsk, Kremenets, Dubno, Volodymyr, Zaslav, Rivne, Starokostiantyniv, Ostroh and Ovruch.]]

A small south-western part of the historical Volhynia (with the city of Belz) was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland in 1772, and included into the newly created Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (with Lodomera representing Volhynia), while the rest of Volhynia reamined within the Polish kingdom. In 1783, a porcelain factory was founded in Korzec by Józef Klemens Czartoryski.

After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, eastern and central parts Volhynia were annexed as the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire, while the most western parts of the historical Volhynia were incorporated into the newly formed Habsburg province of West Galicia.

Russan Volhynian Governorate covered an area of 71,852.7 square kilometres. Following this annexation, the Russian government greatly changed the religious make-up of the area: it forcibly liquidated the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, transferring all of its buildings to the ownership and control of the Russian Orthodox Church. Many Roman Catholic church buildings were also given to the Russian Church. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk was suppressed by order of Empress Catherine II.

Several battles of the Polish 1863 January Uprising against Russia were fought in the region, including the Battle of Salicha.

In 1897, the population amounted to 2,989,482 people (41.7 per square kilometre). It consisted of 73.7 percent East Slavs (predominantly Ukrainians), 13.2 percent—400,000 Jews, 6.2 percent Poles, and 5.7 percent Germans.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author= |encyclopedia=Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon |title=Wolynien |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_txMjAQAAIAAJ/page/n947/mode/2up |language=de |edition=6th |year=1908 |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut |volume=20 |location=Leipzig & Vienna |ol=7001513M |pages=744–745 |via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> Most of the German settlers had immigrated from Congress Poland. A small number of Czech settlers also had migrated here. Their main regional center was Kwasiłów. Although economically the area was developing rather quickly, upon the eve of the First World War it was still the most rural province in Western Russian Empire.

===World War I=== During World War I, Volhynia was the place of several battles, fought by the Austrians, Germans and the Polish Legions against Russia, eg. the Battle of Kostiuchnówka. (The village of Kostiuchnówka is known for the Battle of Kostiuchnówka, in which the Poles defeated the Russians, (and as the place of establishment of the accomplished Legia Warsaw football club, relocated to Warsaw only in 1920.))

After the 1917 February Revolution and the formation of the Russian Provisional Government, Ukrainian nationalists declared the autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic. The territory of Volhynia was split in half by a frontline just west of the city of Lutsk. Due to an invasion of the Bolsheviks, the government of Ukraine was forced to retreat to Volhynia after the sack of Kyiv. Military aid from the Central Powers as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk brought peace in the region and some degree of stability. Until the end of the war, the area saw a revival of Ukrainian culture after years of Russian oppression and the denial of Ukrainian traditions. After German troops were withdrawn, the whole region was engulfed by a new wave of military actions by Poles and Russians competing for control of the territory. The Ukrainian People's Army was forced to fight on three fronts: Bolsheviks, Poles and a Volunteer Army of Imperial Russia.

===Interwar period=== thumb|Map of divided Volhynia (blue) between Ukrainian and Polish (Wołyń) part, and Eastern Galicia (orange) in 1939 In 1919, Volhynia became part of the Polish-controlled Volhynian District. In 1921, after the end of the Polish–Soviet War, the treaty known as the Peace of Riga divided Volhynia between Poland and the Soviet Union, with Poland retaining the larger part, in which the Volhynian Voivodeship was established with the capital in Łuck, and the largest city being Równe.

Most of eastern Volhynian Governorate became part of the Ukrainian SSR, eventually being split into smaller districts. During that period, a number of the Marchlewszczyzna Polish national districts was formed in the Soviet-controlled part of Volhynia. In 1931, the Vatican of the Roman Catholic Church established a Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia, where the congregation practiced the Byzantine Rite in Ukrainian language.

From 1935 to 1938, the government of the Soviet Union deported numerous nationals from Volhynia in a population transfer to Siberia and Central Asia, as part of the dekulakization, an effort to suppress peasant farmers in the region. These people included Poles of Eastern Volhynia (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union).

===World War II=== thumb|Polish self-defense centres in pre-war Polish Volhynia during German occupation in 1943 Following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, and the subsequent invasion and division of Polish territories between the Reich and the USSR, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied the Polish part of Volhynia. In the course of the Nazi–Soviet population transfers which followed this (temporary) German-Soviet alliance, most of the ethnic German-minority population of Volhynia were transferred to those Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany. Following the mass deportations and arrests carried out by the NKVD, and repressive actions against Poles taken by Germany, including deportation to the Reich to forced labour camps, arrests, detention in camps and mass executions, by 1943 ethnic Poles constituted only 10–12% of the entire population of Volhynia.

During the German invasion, the Jewish population in Volhynia was approximately 460,000. About 400,000–450,000 Jews{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} and 100,000 Poles (men, women and children) in Volhynia were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and Ukraine collaborators. The Jews were shot and thousands buried in large pits. The main massacre took place between August and October 1942. It is estimated that about 1.5% survived the Holocaust. The number of Ukrainian victims of Polish retaliatory attacks until the spring of 1945 is estimated at approx. 2,000−3,000 in Volhynia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://volhyniamassacre.eu/zw2/history/179,The-Effects-of-the-Volhynian-Massacres.html |title=The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres |author= |date= |website=Volhynia Massacre |publisher=Institute of National Remembrance |access-date=2021-09-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034931/https://volhyniamassacre.eu/zw2/history/179,The-Effects-of-the-Volhynian-Massacres.html |archive-date=2021-05-01}}</ref>

The Germans operated the Stalag 346, Stalag 357 and Stalag 360 prisoner-of-war camps in Volhynia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=346, 359, 363|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref>

In 1945, Soviet Ukraine expelled ethnic Germans from Volhynia following the end of the war, claiming that Nazi Germany had used ethnic Germans in eastern Europe as part of its Generalplan Ost. The expulsion of Germans from eastern Europe was part of broader mass population transfers after the war.

The Soviet Union annexed Volhynia to Ukraine after the end of World War II. In 1944, the communists in Volhynia suppressed the Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate. Most of the remaining ethnic Polish population were expelled to Poland in 1945. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, Volhynia has been an integral part of Ukraine.

== Important relics == *Peresopnytsia Gospel

==Gallery== <gallery> Lutsk Volynska-Saint-Peter-and-Paul church-general view.jpg|Saint Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lutsk 61-224-9002 Vyshnivets Palace RB.jpg|Vyshnivets Palace ПІДДУБЦІ (5).jpg|Church of the Intercession in Piddubtsi Photo Ostroh Castle 02.jpg|Ostroh Castle Korets castle.jpg|Korets Castle ruins </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==Sources== {{Refbegin|2}} *Andriyashev, Alexander (1887). [http://new.runivers.ru/lib/book4304/43447/ {{lang|ru|Очерк истории Волынской земли|italic=yes}} ''[Essay on the History of Volyn land]''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809102155/https://new.runivers.ru/lib/book4304/43447/ |date=2022-08-09 }} {{In lang|ru}} at Runivers.ru in Djvu and PDF formats. Kyiv: Imperial University of Saint Vladimir. *{{cite journal |last=Ciancia |first=Kathryn |date=September 2017 |title=Borderland Modernity: Poles, Jews, and Urban Spaces in Interwar Eastern Poland |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=531–561 |doi=10.1086/692992 |s2cid=149342133}} * {{Cite book|last=Font|first=Márta|chapter=Principles and Methods in the Policy of the Hungarian King, Andreas II concerning the Galician-Volhynian Principality|title=Principalities in lands of Galicia and Volhynia in international relations in the 11th-14th centuries|series=Colloquia Russica, I/2|year=2012|location=Krakow|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński|pages=228-235|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/49014407}} * {{Cite book|last=Font|first=Márta|title=The Kings of the House of Árpád and the Rurikid Princes: Cooperation and conflict in medieval Hungary and Kievan Rus'|year=2021|location=Budapest|publisher=Research Centre for the Humanities|url=https://media.ekonyv.hu/shared/product/52/627c042f-be12-4f77-a4bb-d634cb428336.pdf|archive-date=2025-12-25|access-date=2025-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225083832/https://media.ekonyv.hu/shared/product/52/627c042f-be12-4f77-a4bb-d634cb428336.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}} * {{Cite book|last=Font|first=Márta|chapter=The Title rex Galiciae between Ambitions and Reality (c. 1100-r. 1400)|title=Unions and Divisions: New Forms of Rule in Medieval and Renaissance Europe|year=2023|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|pages=107-118|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyCcEAAAQBAJ}} *{{cite magazine |last=Litwin |first=Henryk |date=October 2016 |title=Central European Superpower |url=http://bunews.com.ua/society/item/central-european-superpower |url-status=live |magazine=Business Ukraine |pages=26–29 |issn= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809143608/http://bunews.com.ua/society/item/central-european-superpower |archive-date=2020-08-09 }}{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212830/https://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/49da65c5-9917-40de-b542-5c89751cacf6:JCR |date=2016-11-12 |title=PDF version}}. *Merten, Ulrich (2015). ''Voices from the Gulag: Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union''. Lincoln, NE: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia. {{ISBN|9780692603376}} *Potocki, Jan (1805). [https://polona.pl/item/histoire-ancienne-du-gouvernement-de-volhynie-pour-servir-de-suite-a-l-histoire,NjYzODk2/2/#info:metadata {{lang|fr|Histoire anciènne du gouvernement de Volhynie: pour servir de suite à l'histoire primitive des peuples de la Russie}}] {{In lang|fr}} at Polona. Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. {{refend}}

== External links == {{Wiktionary|Volyn}} {{commons category|Volhynia}} *[https://www.ahsgr.org/ American Historical Society of Germans from Russia] in Lincoln, Nebraska *[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/lodo0.htm GCatholic - Diocese of Lodomeria, Ukraine] *[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/wolh0.htm GCatholic - Ukrainian Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia] *{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011731/http://www.rollintl.com/roll/volhynia.htm |date=2014-03-28 |title=Imperial Russian Volhynia Governorate Map}}, from the Roll "Fame" Family Genealogy website *[http://www.tal.yesh.net The Journey to Trochenbrod and Lozisht Aug 2006] *[http://www.sggee.org The Society for German Genealogy in Eastern Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120025004/https://sggee.org/ |date=2019-01-20 }} *[https://swissmennonite.org/ The Swiss Mennonite Cultural & Historical Association] *[http://www.volhynia.com Volhynia.com] *[http://www.wolhynien.de wolhynien.de] {{in lang|de}}

Category:Volhynia Category:Historical regions in Poland Category:Historical regions in Ukraine Category:Historical regions in Lithuania