Viranşehir

{{Infobox Turkey place | type = metro district | name = Viranşehir | image_skyline = Mardin yolu - Viranşehir, Şanlıurfa.jpg | image_caption = [[Mardin]]-Viranşehir road | image_logo = Viranşehir Belediyesi logo.png | image_map = Şanlıurfa location Viranşehir.PNG | map_caption = Map showing Viranşehir District in Şanlıurfa Province | coordinates = {{coord|37|13|50|N|39|45|55|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | province = Şanlıurfa | leader_party = DEM | leader_name = Serhat Dicle Inan | leader_name1 = | area_total_km2 = 2297 | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/> | population_total = 207315 | population_as_of = 2022 | postal_code = 63700 | area_code = 0414 | website = {{url|http://www.viransehir.bel.tr/}} }} '''Viranşehir''' ({{langx|ku-Latn|Wêranşar}})<ref>{{cite book |author1=Adem Avcıkıran |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=57 |url=http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmanc%C3%AE.pdf |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=tr, ku |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127110405/http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmanc%C3%AE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Şanlıurfa Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2015-07-06 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref> Its area is 2,297 km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> and its population is 207,315 (2022).<ref name=tuik/> It is a market town serving a cotton-growing area, 93 km east of the city [[Urfa|Şanlıurfa]] and 53 km north-west of [[Ceylanpınar]] at the [[Syria–Turkey border|Syrian border]]. In [[Late Antiquity]], it was known as '''Constantina''' or '''Constantia''' ({{langx|el|Κωνσταντίνη}}) by the Romans and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], and '''Tella''' by the local [[Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people|Assyrian/Syriac]] population.<ref name="ODB">{{citation | editor-first = Alexander | editor-last = Kazhdan |editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 | page=497}}</ref>

== History == {{main|Constantia (Osrhoene)}}

According to the [[Byzantine]] historian [[John Malalas]], the city was built by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I]] on the site of former Maximianopolis, which had been destroyed by a [[Sasanian Empire|Persian]] attack and an earthquake. During the next two centuries, it was an important location in the Roman/Byzantine Near East, playing a crucial role in the [[Roman–Persian Wars]] of the 6th century as the seat of the ''[[dux Mesopotamiae]]'' (363–540).<ref name="ODB"/> It was also a [[Diocese|bishopric]], suffragan of [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]]. [[Jacob Baradaeus]] was born near the city and was a monk in a nearby monastery.<ref name="ODB"/> The city was [[Early Muslim conquests|captured]] by the [[Arabs]] in 637.<ref name="ODB"/>

The city became the base for the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] statesman of [[Kurds|Kurdish]] origin [[Ibrahim Pasha Milli|Ibrahim Pasha]], leader of the Kurdish [[Milan tribe]], in the late nineteenth century. Beginning in 1891, Ibrahim Pasha led several regiments of the state-sponsored tribal light cavalries known as the [[Hamidiye (cavalry)|Hamidiye Brigades]]. He enjoyed the favor of [[Abdul Hamid II|Sultan Abdul Hamid II]], and also extended protection to local Christian populations, with some 600 families taking up residence in the district by the early 1900s.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915|last = Jongerden|first = Joost|publisher = Brill|year = 2012|location = Leiden|pages = 62–65}}</ref> The British spy and diplomat [[Mark Sykes]] claimed that Ibrahim Pasha had also saved some 10,000 Christians in the midst of the [[Hamidian massacres|massacres]] of the 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950|last = Üngör|first = Uğur Ümit|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2011|location = New York|pages = 18}}</ref> The historian Janet Klein writes that "on the eve of the [[Young Turk Revolution]], Ibrahim Pasha was one of the most powerful figures in all of [[Kurdistan]]."<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone|last = Klein|first = Janet|publisher = Stanford University Press|year = 2011|location = Stanford, Calif.|pages = 102}}</ref> Yet after the revolution, Ibrahim Pasha could no longer count on the support of the palace. He died on 27 September 1908 of dysentery, hotly pursued by Ottoman troops near [[Nusaybin]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone|last = Klein|first = Janet|publisher = Stanford University Press|year = 2011|location = Stanford, Calif.|pages = 103–104}}</ref>

On the eve of World War I, Viranşehir's Armenian population of numbered 1,339. The city's [[Kaymakam|kaimakam]] apparently objected to May 1915 orders of raids on the population, but higher-ups eventually prevailed, and the entire population was massacred or sent to [[Ras al-Ayn Camps|Ras al-'Ayn]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Armenian Genocide: a Complete History|last = Kevorkian|first = Raymond|publisher = Tauris|year = 2011|location = New York|pages = 366}}</ref>

== Modern city == {{Historical populations |align = left |percentages = pagr |source = 1990 census,<ref name="TÜİK1990">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0013349.pdf | title = 1990 General Census | date = 1991 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210831205734/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0013349.pdf | archive-date = 31 August 2021 | url-status = live }}</ref> 1997 census<ref name="TÜİK1997">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0014235.pdf | title = 1997 Population Count | date = 1999 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221030113057/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0014235.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2022 | url-status = live }}</ref> and TÜIK (2007-2022)<ref name=tuik>{{cite web|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |title=Population Of SRE-1, SRE-2, Provinces and Districts|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute|TÜIK]] |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> |1990|100361 |1997|163975 |2007|152469 |2012|172422 |2017|192966 |2022|207315 }} Thanks to the income from cotton, Viranşehir is a fast-growing town.

The Mayor of Viransehir, [[Leyla Güven]], was detained in December 2009 under Turkey's anti-terror legislation. Her trial began on 18 October 2010. She was released in July 2014 with 30 other local elected representatives, after four years of detention.<ref>"Congress pleased by a release of Leyla Güven and the other elected representatives detained in Turkey"; http://www.coe.int/t/congress/files/topics/leyla-guven/default_en.asp</ref> Serhat Dicle Inan from the [[Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party]] (DEM) was elected Mayor of Viranşehir in the 31 March [[2024 Turkish local elections|2024 Local Election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yenisafak.com/yerel-secim-2019/sanliurfa-viransehir-ilcesi-secim-sonuclari|title=Şanlıurfa Viranşehir Seçim Sonuçları – Viranşehir Yerel Seçim Sonuçları|last=Şafak|first=Yeni|date=2019-09-12|website=Yeni Şafak|language=tr-TR|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> The current [[Kaymakam]] is Önder Koç.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viransehir.gov.tr/kaymakam-onder-koc|title=Kaymakam Önder Koç|website=www.viransehir.gov.tr|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> {{clear left}}

==Composition== There are 148 [[mahalle|neighbourhoods]] in Viranşehir District:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2015-07-06 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=12em}} * Abalar * Adaköy * Akçataş * Akkese * Alakonak * Altınbaşak * Anıt * Arısu * Arıtır * Aşağıtınaz * Aslanbaba * Atatürk * Atıcılar * Ayaklı * Ayrıdüşen * Azadi(Evrenpaşa) * Bahçelievler * Bakımlı * Ballıca * Başaran * Başköy * Beğrük * Binekli * [[Bozca, Viranşehir|Bozca]] * [[Burç]] * Büyükbardakçı * Büyükçavuş * Büyükgörümlü * Büyükmutlu * Çalıcık * Çamurlu * Ceylan * Çiftçiler * Çiftekuyu * Çokran * Cumhuriyet * Dedeköy * Defterdar * Değim * Demirci * Dikili * Dinçer * [[Dinçkök]] * Ekinciler * Ekindöver * Elbeğendi * Elgün * Emiroğlu * Engelli * Eser * Eskikale * Eşkin * Esvetoğlu * Evcimen * Eyyüpnebi * Germen * Göğerli * Göktepe * Gölbaşı * Gölcük * Gömülü * Gönüllü * Gözeli * Gözler * Güleryüz * Gürpınar * Güzlek * Hürriyet * İncirli * İsa Harabesi * Işıldar * Kadıköy * Kale * Karakuzu * Karataş * Karatepe * Kargalı * Karınca * Kavurga * Keçeli * Kemerli * Kervansarayı * Kınalıtepe * Kırbalı * Kırkgöz * Kışla * Kızlarsarayı * Kolağası * Konakyeri * Koşulu * Kucak * Küçükmutlu * Küçüktopça * Kumçeşme * Kurtulmuş * Kururoğlu * Malta * Mehmetçik * Nergizli * [[Oğlakçı]] * Övüncük * Özal * Pınarlar * Reyhanlı * Sağırtaş * Şahinli * Sakalar * Samanlı * Sarıbal * Şarkpınar * Satıcık * Sayoba * Şehit * Selahattinieyyubi * Sepetli * Sergen * Sevgili * Şırnak * Sözeri * Süleymaniye * Tanyeli * Taşönü * Taşyaka * Tekke * Tekneli * Tepedüzü * Toklu * Tunçbilek * Türkeli * [[Üçgül]] * Uğurlu * Ulaklı * Yaban * Yağızlar * Yarpuz * Yayık * Yazgüneşi * Yeni * Yenişehir * Yeşilalıç * Yeşildurak * Yıldız * Yolbilen * Yollarbaşı * Yüceler * Yukarıbağ * Yukarıdilimli * Yukarışölenli {{div col end}}

== Notable people == *[[Jacob Baradaeus]] (c. 500–578), Bishop of [[Edessa]] *[[Ibrahim Pasha Milli]] (1843-1908), Kurdish chief *[[Bilge Özgen]] (1935*), musical Artist *[[Şivan Perwer]] (1955*), musical Artist *[[Nureddin Nebati]] (1964*), politician *[[Ayşe Sürücü]] (1983*), politician *[[Semra Güzel]] (1984*), medical doctor and a politician *[[Deniz Kadah]] (1986*), footballer *[[Dilan Kunt Ayan]] (1989*), politician *[[Deniz Undav]] (1996*), footballer

== References == {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viransehir}} [[Category:Viranşehir| ]] [[Category:Cities in Turkey]] [[Category:Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province]] [[Category:Districts of Şanlıurfa Province]] [[Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey]] [[Category:Kurdish settlements in Turkey]]