Dakhla, Western Sahara

{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}} {{Use British English|date=January 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Dakhla | native_name = {{lang|ar|الداخلة}} | other_name = Villa Cisneros | image_seal = | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Dakhla, Western Sahara (11).jpg | image_map = | pushpin_map = Western Sahara#Africa | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Western Sahara | subdivision_type = Non-self-governing territory | subdivision_name = Western Sahara | subdivision_type2 = Claimed by | subdivision_name2 = {{flag|Morocco}}<br />{{flag|Sahrawi Republic}} | subdivision_type3 = Controlled by | subdivision_name3 = {{flag|Morocco}} | subdivision_type4 = Region | subdivision_name4 = Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab | subdivision_type5 = Province | subdivision_name5 = Oued Ed-Dahab | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = 116.39 | area_total_km2 = 301.45 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2024 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2024"/> | population_total = 161723 | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_sq_mi = auto | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = UTC+1 | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{Coord|23|43|N|15|57|W|region:EH|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 73000 | area_code = | footnotes = }}

'''Dakhla''' ({{Langx|ar|الداخلة|lit=The Peninsula}}, {{IPA|mey|ˌəd.daːχlə|lang|LL-Q56231 (mey)-Tidjani Saleh-الداخلة.wav}}; founded as '''Villa Cisneros''') is a city in the disputed territory of Western Sahara,<ref name="un.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/western-sahara-peaceful-solution%E2%80%99-conflict-possible-says-un-envoy|title=Western Sahara: a 'peaceful solution' to conflict is possible, says UN envoy|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> and has been occupied by Morocco since 1976.<ref name="United Nations Documents">{{cite web | title=A/RES/35/19 - E - A/RES/35/19 | website=Question of Western Sahara | url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/35/19 | page=214 | access-date=8 Apr 2021}}</ref><ref name="WalterUngern-Sternberg2014">{{cite book|author1=Christian Walter|author2=Antje von Ungern-Sternberg|author3=Kavus Abushov|title=Self-Determination and Secession in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGQJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT264|date=5 June 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-100692-0|page=264}}</ref> It is the capital of the claimed Moroccan administrative region Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab. It has a population of 161,723<ref name=census2024>{{cite web |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html | title=Population légale du Royaume du Maroc répartie par régions, provinces et préfectures et communes selon les résultats du Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat 2024 |language=ar, fr |publisher=High Commission for Planning, Morocco |date=7 November 2024}}</ref> and is on a narrow peninsula of the Atlantic Coast, the Río de Oro Peninsula, about {{cvt|550|km}} south of Laayoune.

== History == 160px|right|thumb|Mosque in Dakhla

=== Early history === Rio de Oro was settled in the twelfth century by the Oulad Delim, an Arab Bedouin tribe of South Arabian descent that emigrated from Yemen. Dakhla was expanded by Spanish settlers during the expansion of their empire. The Spanish interest in the desert coast of Western Africa's Sahara arose as the result of fishing carried out from the nearby Canary Islands by Spanish fishers and as a result of the Barbary pirates menace.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

Spanish fishers were seal fur hunters, traders, and whalers along the Saharan coast from Dakhla to Cabo Blanco from 1500 to the present, engaging in whaling for Humpback whales and their calves, mostly around Cape Verde, and the Gulf of Guinea in Annobón, São Tomé and Príncipe islands through 1940. These fishing activities had a negative impact on wildlife, causing the disappearance or endangering of many species, particularly marine mammals and birds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/search_brief.asp?l=s&id=47446&ndb=1&monthyear=&day=&country=194&df=1 |title=FIS - Noticias en Breve - EN BREVE - la flota de arrastre del Golfo de Cádiz vuelve este martes a faenar tras 45 días de parada biológica |access-date=24 March 2012 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528204750/https://fis.com/fis/worldnews/search_brief.asp?l=s&id=47446&ndb=1&monthyear=&day=&country=194&df=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=González de la Fe |first1=Pedro |title=Evolución de la actividad de la flota pesquera con base en Canarias en el banco sahariano desde los acuerdos tripartitos de 1975 hasta la actualidad |url=http://sahara-news.webcindario.com/actividad_flota_pesquerasahara.pdf |website=sahara-news.webcindario.com |access-date=11 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213002722/http://sahara-news.webcindario.com/actividad_flota_pesquerasahara.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2005 |language=es |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Spanish colonization === The Spaniards established whaling stations with some cod fishing and trading. In 1881, a dock was anchored off the coast of the Río de Oro Peninsula to support the work of the Canarian fishing fleet.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} However, it was not until 1884 that Spain formally founded the watering place as Villa Cisneros, in the settlement dated in 1502 by Papal bull. It was included in the enclaves conceded to the Spanish to the east of the Azores islands. Upon arriving in Rio de Oro in 1884 to establish their first coastal factories, the Spanish were forced to deal with the Oulad Delim, a Sahrawi Arab tribe that controlled the entirety of Rio de Oro and a strip of land in Mauritania extending from Nouadhibou to Idjlil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaudio |first=Attilio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX5sG6T6QP4C&pg=PA282 |title=Le Dossier de la Mauritanie |date=1978 |publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines |isbn=978-2-7233-0035-3 |pages=282 |language=fr}}</ref> In 1884, the settlement of Villa Cisneros was promoted by the Spanish Society of Africanists and funded by the government of Canovas del Castillo.<ref>{{citation |author=McKenna A. |title=The History of Northern Africa |pages=167 |year=2011 |editor=McKenna A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xH1EVEEtXvUC&q=Spanish+Society+of+Africanists&pg=PA167 |access-date=2014-12-19 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |format=book |isbn=9781615303182}}</ref> In the same year, the Oulad Delim attacked the trading post and looted its stores before the Spanish issued a royal decree that placed the coast from Cape Bojador to Cape Blanc under Spanish colonization. By 1886, Spanish colonial authority was extended 150 miles inland. The Spanish reached an agreement with a sheikh of the local Oulad Delim two years later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jensen |first=Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYLuOGyDBjsC&pg=PA24 |title=Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate |date=2005 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-58826-305-6 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Trabajos de la Sociedad Española de Africanistas. Establecimiento provisional en la Península de Río de Oro. de fotografía remitida por el señor Bonelli.jpg|thumb|Early Spanish provisional settlement in the Río de Oro Peninsula during the exploratory works led by Emilio Bonelli (published in January 1885 in ''La Ilustración Española y Americana'').]] The Spanish military, along with the Spanish Africanist Emilio Bonelli, claimed the coast between Cape Bojador and Cabo Blanco for Spain, founding three settlements on the Saharan coast: one in Villa Cisneros, named in honour of Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros (1436–1517), the Spanish Humanist, Prime Minister, Regent and prelate who was the Grand Inquisitor during the Spanish Inquisition; and another in Cabo Blanco for seal hunting, which was given the name of Medina Gatell; and another in Angra de Cintra with the name of Puerto Badia, in honour of the Arabist and adventurer Domingo Badia. Bonelli got the native inhabitants of the peninsula de Río de Oro to sign an agreement that placed them under the "protection" of the Kingdom of Spain. Due to the presence of the three new settlements, in December 1884 the Spanish Government officially informed the main colonial powers assembled at the Berlin Conference that the Spanish Crown was in possession of the territory lying between Cape Bojador and Cape Blanco.

During the colonial period, Spanish authorities made Dakhla, then known as Villa Cisneros, the capital of the province of Río de Oro, one of the two regions of what was known as Spanish Sahara. The authorities built a military fortress and it became an important way-station for the Toulouse-Dakar mail-plane during the 1920s. The Cisneros way-station features in Antoine de Saint-Exupery’s novel Courier Sud. The Spanish also built a modern Catholic church there. A prison camp existed at the fort during the Spanish Civil War at which writers such as Pedro García Cabrera were imprisoned. thumb|The fort at Villa Cisneros in 1930 During the 1960s, the Francoist State also built Dakhla Airport, one of the three paved airports in Western Sahara.

It was from Dakhla that on 12 January 1976, General Gomez de Salazar became the last Spanish soldier to depart what until that moment had been the colony of the Spanish Sahara; faced with Moroccan and Mauritanian pressure, Spanish authorities decided to give up the territory peacefully, instead of undertaking a fight that they believed they could win but would have cost many lives on all sides. Between 1975 and 1979, Dakhla was the provincial capital of the Mauritanian province of Tiris al-Gharbiyya, as Mauritania annexed the southern portion of Western Sahara. Dakhla Airport is used as a civilian airport and by Royal Air Maroc. The 3000 m runway can accommodate a Boeing 737 or smaller aircraft.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} The passenger terminal covers 670 m<sup>2</sup> and is capable of handling up to 55,000 passengers per year.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

=== Moroccan occupation === Dakhla was occupied by Spain from the late 19th century to 1975, when power was then relinquished to a joint administration between Morocco and Mauritania.<ref name="Vice.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/oysters-are-served-with-politics-in-the-disputed-western-sahara/|title=Oysters Are Served with Politics in the Disputed Western Sahara|date=2015-04-13}}</ref> There was a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire in 1991, but as recently as 2006, most UN member states have refused to recognise Moroccan sovereignty in the area.<ref name="Vice.com"/>

In 2020, The Gambia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahara-news.org/2259-sahara-gambia-opens-consulate-in-dakhla-dealing-another-hard-blow-to-polisario.html|title=Sahara: Gambia Opens Consulate in Dakhla, Dealing another Hard Blow to Polisario|publisher=Sahara News|date=7 January 2020}}</ref> Guinea,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahara-news.org/2270-sahara-guinea-opens-consulate-in-dakhla-another-diplomatic-setback-for-polisario.html|title=Sahara: Guinea Opens Consulate in Dakhla, Another Diplomatic Setback for Polisario|publisher=Sahara News|date=17 January 2020}}</ref> Djibouti,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.diplomatie.ma/en/republic-djibouti-opens-consulate-general-dakhla|title=The Republic of Djibouti Opens Consulate General in Dakhla|website=diplomatie.ma|date=28 February 2020}}</ref> Liberia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/295969/liberia-officially-opens-consulate-in-moroccos-dakhla/|title=Liberia Officially Opens Consulate in Morocco's Dakhla |website=Morocco World News|date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Burkina Faso,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/10/323452/burkina-faso-opens-consulate-general-in-moroccos-dakhla/|title=Burkina Faso Opens Consulate General in Morocco's Dakhla|website=Morocco World News|date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Equatorial Guinea,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/10/323464/equatorial-guinea-inaugurates-consulate-general-in-moroccos-dakhla/|title=Equatorial Guinea Inaugurates Consulate General in Morocco's Dakhla|website=Morocco World News|date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Guinea-Bissau,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/10/323457/guinea-bissau-opens-consulate-general-in-moroccos-dakhla/|title=Guinea-Bissau Opens Consulate General in Morocco's Dakhla|website=Morocco World News|date=23 October 2020}}</ref> and the Democratic Republic of the Congo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/12/329335/western-sahara-dr-congo-opens-consulate-general-in-dakhla/ |title=Western Sahara: DR Congo Opens Consulate General In Dakhla|website=Morocco World News|date=19 December 2020}}</ref> opened consulates in Dakhla.

As of 2024, the government of Morocco was in the process of building a $1.2-billion port in Dakhla as part of its "national port strategy". Construction was expected to be completed in 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/africa/new-atlantic-port-of-dakhla-africa-trade-spc-intl/index.html|work=CNN|title='We're constructing an ecosystem': How a small, windy city could become a gateway for trade|last1=Lewis|first1=Nell|last2=Prager|first2=Jackie|date=2024-05-28}}</ref>

== Economy == === Tourism and sport === 160px|left|thumb|Windsurfer and the Dragon Island in the background

Dakhla's main economic activity is fishing and tourism. In recent years the town has become a centre for aquatic sports, such as kitesurfing, windsurfing and surf casting,<ref name="Vice.com"/><ref name=":0">Graham. 2014. [http://mowgli-adventures.com/surf-dakhla/ Surf Dakhla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927165149/http://mowgli-adventures.com/surf-dakhla/ |date=27 September 2018 }} Mowgli Adventures Retrieved on 20 December 2014</ref> and is known as a centre for water sports.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/sep/04/middle-east-new-trips|title=Hot spots: What's new in the Middle East|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2010-09-03|last1=Teller|first1=Matthew}}</ref> The natural hot spring of Asmaa, located 36 km from the city of Dakhla, is also a very popular spot for tourists who come for its 38 °C thermal waters, sourced from a well about 700 meters deep.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Travel Guides Genius |date=2024-03-04 |title=The 17 Best Things To Do In Dakhla, Morocco - Travel Guide |url=https://www.travelguidesgenius.com/travel-guides/the-best-things-to-do-in-dakhla-morocco-travel-guide/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Travel Guides Genius |language=en-US}}</ref>

Golfo de Cintra and the Mauritanian Banc d'Arguin National Park are located in the south.

=== Oil === A United States firm Kosmos Energy and its United Kingdom counterpart Cairn Energy began searching for oil in Western Sahara in early 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosmosenergy.com/pdfs/PositionStatement-WesternSahara-English.pdf |title=Kosmos Energy: On Hydrocarbon Exploration Offshore Western Sahara |date=February 2014 |publisher=Kosmos Energy}}</ref><ref name="Vice.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kosmosenergy.com/operations-western-sahara.php|title=Operations Western Sahara|access-date=2015-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409101629/http://www.kosmosenergy.com/operations-western-sahara.php|archive-date=2015-04-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Oyster industry === Oyster farming by hand is a traditional practice in Dakhla.<ref name="Vice.com"/> Oysters are first sold to people and businesses in Dakhla, then to restaurants in cities like Marrakesh or Casablanca, and then any left are sold to Europe.<ref name="Vice.com"/> In April 2015, Vice Media reported that oysters had recently begun to be exported to high-end European restaurants.<ref name="Vice.com"/>

== Climate == Dakhla has a mild desert climate (''BWh'') according to the Köppen climate classification. Dakhla receives an average {{cvt|30.8|mm}} of precipitation per year. The temperature averages around {{cvt|18.4|C}} during January, Dakhla's coldest month and around {{cvt|23.2|C}} during September, its warmest month. The temperature seems to be moderated by the Canary Current.

{{Weather box|width=auto |location = Dakhla (1991-2020, extremes 1991-present) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 33.3 |Feb record high C = 34.6 |Mar record high C = 38.5 |Apr record high C = 37.1 |May record high C = 41.0 |Jun record high C = 35.6 |Jul record high C = 35.2 |Aug record high C = 39.1 |Sep record high C = 39.5 |Oct record high C = 40.8 |Nov record high C = 36.8 |Dec record high C = 33.3 |year record high C =

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231005212325/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/DAKHLA_60096.csv | archive-date = October 5, 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/DAKHLA_60096.csv | title = Dakhla Climate Normals 1991–2020 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = October 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=global-summary-of-the-day&stations=60220099999&startDate=1700-01-01&endDate=2023-12-31&dataTypes=MAX,MIN,PRCP | title = Global Surface Summary of the Day - GSOD | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = January 26, 2023 }}</ref> |source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1973-1993, sun 1944-1970)<ref name=DWD>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_600960_kt.pdf|title=Klimatafel von Dakhla (Villa Cisneros) / Westsahara (Dem. Arab. Rep. Sahara) |work=Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world|publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst|language=de|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> }}

== Nature and ecology == {{See also|Cintra Bay|Banc d'Arguin National Park|Atlantic coastal desert}} 180px|left|thumb|Rocky and sandy shores of Dakhla

Like most areas in Western Sahara, Dakhla and vicinity areas are very poor in vegetation and are mostly covered by the Sahara Desert. Unlike on land however, sea waters are or had been very rich in sea life due to the highly productive Current System of Canary flowing offshore and the renown Nouadhibou upwelling which is located nearby as well. These environmental factors provide excellent conditions for local fisheries, and result in strong local biodiversity for birds in particular. For these reasons, there has been a UNESCO proposal to create the "Dakhla National Park".<ref>HELIOPHORA {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141220123346/http://heliophora.com/en/discover/wildlife WILDLIFE]}} Retrieved on 20 December 2014</ref>

=== Birds === Dakhla Peninsula and Cintra Bay are some of the most important wintering grounds for birds especially for waders.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rufino R.|author2= Neves R.|author3=Pina J.P.|year=1998 |title=Wintering waders in Dakhla Bay, Western Sahara|journal=Wader Study Group Bulletin|volume=87|pages=26–29|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/iwsgb/v087/p00026-p00029.pdf|access-date=2014-12-26}}</ref> The greater flamingo is one of the most iconic birds in the region and there are numerous others known to migrate or inhabit. Some of these are; pelican, great cormorant, gulls (slender-billed, Audouin's, black-backed), larks (sparrow, bar-tailed), terns (little, Caspian, royal, Sandwich), black wheatear, western reef heron, marsh harrier, sparrowhawk, lesser kestrel, laughing dove, great spotted cuckoo, little swift, hoopoe, rock martin, cricket longtail, oystercatcher, bar-tailed godwit, pharaoh eagle owl, and red-knobbed coot.<ref>Punkbirder (Team Desert Storm) 2010 [http://punkbirder.webs.com/sahara2010.htm Western Sahara January 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927091302/http://punkbirder.webs.com/sahara2010.htm |date=27 September 2018 }} Retrieved on 20 December 2014</ref><ref>Smith S. 2014 [http://birdingpooleharbourandbeyond.blogspot.jp/2014/04/11-feb-14-some-colour-ringed-audouins.html 11 February 2014 – Some Colour Ringed Audouin's Gulls] Retrieved on 20 December 2014</ref><ref>Smith S. 2014 [http://birdingpooleharbourandbeyond.blogspot.jp/2014/04/10-feb-14-back-on-road-to-nowhere.html 10 February 14 – Back On The Road To Nowhere] Retrieved on 20 December 2014</ref>

Northern bald ibis and common buttonquail are also rare on today's Western Sahara.

Several species such as golden nightjar, Sudan golden sparrow, hooded vulture, dark chanting goshawk, speckled pigeon, African mourning dove, blue-naped mousebird, Kordofan lark, red-chested swallow, chestnut-bellied starling, African swallow-tailed kite, tawny eagle, slender-billed curlew, demoiselle crane, Arabian bustard, ostrich, lappet-faced vulture, helmeted guineafowl are seemingly locally rare or extinct, or rather visitors or vagrants.

=== Mammals === Terrestrial animals are less diverse than birds, including Ruppell's fox, fennec fox, caracal, hyena, camel, gazelles, addaxes, hares, hedgehog variants, fat sand rat, lesser Egyptian jerboa, bats, and others. Barbary lion and hartebeest became extinct, and possibly local cheetah and North African elephant as well.

The calm, sheltered water of the Dakhla Bay was once an ideal habitat for various forms of marine life, including marine mammals. Most of the local animals such as Mediterranean monk seals and whales (mostly North Atlantic right whales) have disappeared due to histories of slaughter and exploitation like in Cintra Bay. Atlantic gray whales were likely to be seen along the coast before extinction.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273330281 |doi=10.1186/s13104-020-05372-z|title=Toward the identification of a phytocannabinoid-like compound in the flowers of a South African medicinal plant (Leonotis leonurus) |year=2020 |last1=Hunter |first1=E. |last2=Stander |first2=M. |last3=Kossmann |first3=J. |last4=Chakraborty |first4=S. |last5=Prince |first5=S. |last6=Peters |first6=S. |last7=Loedolff |first7=Bianke |journal=BMC Research Notes |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=522 |pmid=33172494 |pmc=7653773 |s2cid=226292238 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

On the other hand, monk seals are showing slow but certain recoveries and Ras Nouadhibou holds the world's most notable colony for this species.<ref>{{cite web|author=Johnson M.W.|author2=Karamanlidis A.A. |author3=Dendrinos P.|author4=Larrinoa D.F.P.|author5=Gazo M.|author6=González M.L.|author7=Güçlüsoy H.|author8= Pires R.|author9=Schnellmann M.|title=Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Sheet|url=http://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm|publisher=The Monachus Guardian|access-date=2014-12-19}}</ref> Nowadays, very small, remnant groups of bottlenose dolphins and Atlantic humpback dolphins are the only marine mammals still seen regularly in Dakhla Bay while there are occasional visits by some other species including orcas<ref>{{cite journal|author=Notarbartolo di Sciara G.|author2=Politi E.|author3=Bayed A.|author4=Beaubrun P.C.|author5=Knowlton A.|name-list-style=amp|year=1998|title=A Winter Cetacean Survey off Southern Morocco, With a Special Emphasis on Right Whales|journal=The Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission - 48|pages=547–551|editor=Donovan P.G.|url=http://www.disciara.net/documents/NotarbartolodiSciara_etal_1998.pdf|access-date=2014-12-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002141149/http://www.disciara.net/documents/NotarbartolodiSciara_etal_1998.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> while cetaceans like minke,<ref>{{cite journal|author=WAEREBEEK V.K.|author2=ANDRE M.|author3=SEQUEIRA M.|author4=MARTIN V.|author5=ROBINEAU D.|author6=COLLET A.|author7=NDIAYE E.P.V.|title=Spatial and temporal distribution of the minke Whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépede, 1804), in the southernnortheast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, With reference to stock identity|journal=J. Cetacean Res. Manage. L(3)|pages=223–237 |url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/243243.pdf|access-date=2014-12-21}}</ref> or sei, pilot whales, beaked whales, and dolphins are more common in offshore waters in today's Western Sahara.<ref>{{cite web|author=Walsh D.|year=2006|title=Sei Whale|url=http://blather.net/abroad/archives/2006/04/sei_whale.html|page=the DaveWalshPhoto.com|publisher=Greenpeace|access-date=2014-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208212030/http://www.blather.net/abroad/archives/2006/04/sei_whale.html|archive-date=2012-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=White R.|year=2013 |title=At Sea, from Senegal to Western Sahara – 17 April 2013 – National Geographic Explorer|url=http://www.expeditions.com/daily-expedition-reports/155707/west-africa/|publisher=Lindblad Expeditions – National Geographic|access-date=2014-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=EXPÓSITO G. C.|author2=QNINBA A.|title=Observations de Tortues, d'Oiseaux et de Mammifères marins au large des côtes atlantiques marocaines durant l'automne 2010|url=http://www.israbat.ac.ma/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/18-%20Gutierrez%20et%20al.%20(2)%20(129-132).pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227091150/http://www.israbat.ac.ma/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/18-%20Gutierrez%20et%20al.%20(2)%20(129-132).pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=2015-02-27|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de la Vie |year=2010 |volume=32|issue=2|pages=129–132|access-date=2015-02-27}}</ref>

=== Reptiles and others === Other than mammals, limited varieties of terrestrial reptiles, amphibians, arthropods are present here including lizards, smooth snake, Brongersma's toad, and yellow-tailed scorpion. Sea turtles are also present in the Dakhla region.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tiwari M.|author2=Aksissou M.|author3=Semmoumy S.|author4=Ouakka K.|year=2006|title=Sea Turtle Surveys in Southern Morocco (Plage Blanche – Porto Rico) in July 2006|journal=A Report to the Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, Kingdom of Morocco|url=http://www.rufford.org/files/131.01.04%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf|access-date=2014-12-19|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219120446/http://www.rufford.org/files/131.01.04%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Larger fish like groupers, seabasses or croakers inhabit along the coasts. Dakhla and Cintra Bay areas are considered to be spawning grounds for local sardines.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Associazione Friend of the Sea|title=Fishery Audit Report Checklist |url=http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf|access-date=10 April 2026 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720221203/http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>

== Twin towns – sister cities == {{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Western Sahara|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Western Sahara}} Dakhla is twinned with: *{{flagicon|ITA}} Crotone, Italy<ref name=MAPtwins1 /> *{{flagicon|ITA}} Vibo Valentia, Italy<ref name=MAPtwins1>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Twinning Agreement between Dakhla, Italian City of Vibo Valentia |url=http://mapnews.ma/en/actualites/regional/twinning-agreement-between-dakhla-italian-city-vibo-valentia |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} Great Neck, New York, United States<ref name=MAPtwins2>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 | title=Dakhla, Great Neck sign Twinning Agreement |url=https://www.assahifa.com/english/morocco/dakhla-great-neck-sign-twinning-agreement/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Assahifa}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Wikivoyage|Ad Dakhla}} {{Commons category|Dakhla}}

{{Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab}} {{Oued Ed-Dahab Province}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|23|42|29|N|15|56|44|W|region:EH_type:city(67468)|display=title}}

Category:1502 establishments in Africa Category:Populated places established in 1502 Category:Populated places in Oued Ed-Dahab Province Category:Populated places in Western Sahara Category:Port cities and towns in Western Sahara Category:Regional capitals in Morocco Category:Provincial capitals in Morocco