{{Short description|Metadata for access to part of a video}} {{Infobox technology standard | title = Video Chapter | long_name = Web Player Video Chapter | image = Video-chapters-mockup.png | image_size = | alt = Example of a web player with video chapters | caption = | abbreviation = | base_standards = | related_standards = | domain = web technology, accessibility }}
'''Video chapters''' on online video platforms divide the videos into sections, with each section having a specific "chapter title", most notably YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2020-05-28 |title=YouTube introduces Video Chapters to make it easier to navigate longer videos |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/28/youtube-introduces-video-chapters-to-make-it-easier-to-navigate-through-longer-videos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220193529/https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/28/youtube-introduces-video-chapters-to-make-it-easier-to-navigate-through-longer-videos/amp/ | archive-date=2023-02-20 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=William Antonelli|date=May 31, 2022 |title=How to add chapters to your YouTube videos |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-add-chapters-to-youtube-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803185722/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-add-chapters-to-youtube-video?amp | archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Barry |date=2022-05-16 |title=Vimeo adds structured data to all public videos to improve Google Search visibility |url=https://searchengineland.com/vimeo-adds-structured-data-to-all-public-videos-to-improve-google-search-visibility-385198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803184253/https://searchengineland.com/vimeo-adds-structured-data-to-all-public-videos-to-improve-google-search-visibility-385198 |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Search Engine Land |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyden |first=Carolyn |date=2021-08-18 |title=YouTube adds video chapter previews, auto-translates captions in new search functions |url=https://searchengineland.com/youtube-adds-video-chapter-previews-auto-translates-captions-in-new-search-functions-351311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803185345/https://searchengineland.com/youtube-adds-video-chapter-previews-auto-translates-captions-in-new-search-functions-351311 |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Search Engine Land |language=en}}</ref> Most services offer a manual way to add chapter sections and title them, several platforms also offer automatic tools for this.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video Chapters - YouTube Help |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9884579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803143643/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9884579 |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=support.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimeo Video Chapters |url=https://vimeo.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360039248371-Chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803144101/https://vimeo.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360039248371-Chapters |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Help Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Using manual chapters with videos on Stream (on SharePoint) |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/using-manual-chapters-with-videos-on-stream-on-sharepoint-8bbf61eb-c00b-42b5-a514-cce2e45eb6ea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803144222/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/using-manual-chapters-with-videos-on-stream-on-sharepoint-8bbf61eb-c00b-42b5-a514-cce2e45eb6ea |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=support.microsoft.com}}</ref> The purpose is to aid the navigation of the video as well as to encourage video creators to structure the videos coherently. Both of these goals aid users in general, and in particular can be beneficial to persons with disabilities.
Online learning platforms - such as Coursera - were some of the early adopters of chapters marks in the videos that form part of their curricula as a way to aid navigation, and convey the structure of the lectures and their subject matter.
==Accessibility== As with many other forms of structured (meta) data, video chapters can improve web accessibility. In particular, it can help persons with disabilities such as visual and hearing impairments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Compass |first=Blue |title=YouTube Video Chapters: How to Add Timestamps to YouTube Videos |url=https://www.bluecompass.com/blog/youtube-video-chapters-how-to-add-timestamps-to-youtube-videos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804065055/https://www.bluecompass.com/blog/youtube-video-chapters-how-to-add-timestamps-to-youtube-videos |archive-date=2022-08-04 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.bluecompass.com}}</ref> Also as with many other forms of structured (meta) data, the advantages to persons with disabilities are a function of the quality of the metadata (poor quality can instead be detrimental).
==Automatic generation== Several online platforms offer automatic generation of chapters, including the detection of the segments, and the labeling of the segments with chapter titles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Chapters {{!}} The Ultimate Guide How to Use YouTube Chapters |url=https://www.tubics.com/blog/youtube-chapters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803190735/https://www.tubics.com/blog/youtube-chapters/ |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=www.tubics.com |language=en}}</ref> Video chapter generation as a machine learning problem statement is also conducted academically.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yamauchi |first1=M. |last2=Kimura |first2=M. |last3=Ohmiya |first3=J. |last4=Nishikawa |first4=J. |last5=Okabayashi |first5=I. |date=2006-05-01 |title=Chapter generation for digital video recorder based on perceptual clustering |journal=IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=460–466 |doi=10.1109/TCE.2006.1649665 |bibcode=2006ITCE...52..460Y |s2cid=6130939 |issn=1558-4127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le |first1=Canyu |last2=Tang |first2=Zhiyuan |last3=Li |first3=Ke |last4=Yang |first4=Jiandong |date=2021-10-05 |title=A Two-Stage Framework to Generate Video Chapter |url=https://openreview.net/forum?id=OjFh4rBdrAP |language=en}}</ref>
===Open-source models=== Several open-source models for automatic segmentation have been described.<ref>{{Citation |last=asindel |title=SliTraNet |date=2023-02-11 |url=https://github.com/asindel/SliTraNet |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Automate Video Chaptering with LLMs and TF-IDF |url=https://medium.com/p/f6569fd4d32b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922081522/https://towardsdatascience.com/automate-video-chaptering-with-llms-and-tf-idf-f6569fd4d32b?gi=36e2e2be6774|archive-date=2024-09-22 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Medium |date=11 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Video segmentation information is typically processed by means of large language models, or combined with video Optical character recognition information, detecting the largest text in a slide (typically the title), to be used as the chapter title.
==Video editor support== Several (offline) video editors such as Final Cut Pro,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Add chapter markers in Final Cut Pro |url=https://support.apple.com/guide/final-cut-pro/add-chapter-markers-verc9cacc031/mac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803190449/https://support.apple.com/guide/final-cut-pro/add-chapter-markers-verc9cacc031/mac |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Apple Support |language=en}}</ref> Adobe Premiere Pro,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Using markers in the Premiere Pro Timeline |url=https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/using/markers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194050/https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/using/markers.html |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Adobe Support |language=en}}</ref> Shotcut,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shotcut - New Version 21.10.31: Markers |url=https://shotcut.org/blog/new-release-211031/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803193357/https://shotcut.org/blog/new-release-211031/ |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=shotcut.org}}</ref> and OpenShot have support for chapter marks, that can directly be directly uploaded to online video platforms.
==See also== * Vimeo * Microsoft Stream
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Web accessibility}} {{Disability navbox}}
Category:Web accessibility Category:Video hosting Category:Components of intellectual works Category:Accessible information Category:Web design Category:Usability
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