{{short description|Eclectic architectural style and movement during the mid-late 19th century}} {{distinguish|Victorian Gothic}} [[File:St Pancras Railway Station 2012-06-23.jpg|right|thumb|St Pancras railway station by Sir Gilbert Scott]] '''High Victorian Gothic''' was an eclectic architectural style and movement during the mid-late 19th century.<ref>Campbell, Gordon. [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t220.e3480 "Victorian style"], ''The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts'', Oxford University Press 2006. accessed 22 June 2012 {{subscription required}}</ref> It is seen by architectural historians as either a sub-style of the broader Gothic Revival style, or a separate style in its own right.<ref>McAlester, p. 198</ref>
Promoted and derived from the works of the architect and theorist John Ruskin, though it eventually diverged, it is sometimes referred to as '''Ruskinian Gothic'''.<ref>Garrigan, Kristine Ottesen. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/989863 "'Ruskinian Gothic: The Architecture of Deane and Woodward, 1845–1861' by Eve Blau"], ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'', Vol. 42, No. 1 (March 1983), pp. 78–80 {{subscription required}}</ref> It is characterised by the use of polychrome (multi-colour) decoration, "use of varying texture" and Gothic details.<ref name=Making /> The architectural scholar James Stevens Curl describes it thus: "Style of the somewhat harsh polychrome structures of the Gothic Revival in the 1850s and 1860s when Ruskin held sway as the arbiter of taste. Like High Gothic, it is an unsatisfactory term, as it poses the question as to what is 'Low Victorian'. 'Mid-Victorian' would, perhaps, be more useful, but precise dates and description of styles would be more so."<ref>Curl, James Stevens. [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t1.e2263 "High Victorian"], ''A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture'', Oxford University Press 2006, Oxford Reference Online, accessed 22 June 2012 {{subscription required}}</ref>
Among the best-known practitioners of the style were William Butterfield,<ref>Crook, J. Mordaunt. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/565053 "'William Butterfield' by Paul Thompson"], ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 89, No. 350 (January 1974), pp. 131–133 {{subscription required}}</ref> Sir Gilbert Scott,<ref>Stamp, Gavin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568389 "Sir Gilbert Scott's 'Recollections'"], ''Architectural History'', Vol. 19, (1976), pp. 54–73 {{subscription required}}</ref> G. E. Street,<ref>Stamp, Gavin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3592477 "High Victorian Gothic and the Architecture of Normandy"], Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 62, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 194–211 {{subscription required}}</ref> and Alfred Waterhouse. Waterhouse's Victoria Building at Liverpool University, described by Sir Charles Reilly (an opponent of Victorian Gothic) as "the colour of mud and blood,"<ref>Powers, p. 1</ref> was the inspiration for the term "red brick university" (as opposed to Oxbridge and the other ancient universities).<ref>The term was coined by Edgar Allison Peers, professor of Spanish at Liverpool University, writing under the pseudonym "Bruce Truscot"; in ''Redbrick University'', 1943, he compares two fictional universities called Redbrick and Oxbridge. See: ''Oxford English Dictionary'', [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/160174 "red brick, n. and adj."], OED Online. June 2012. Oxford University Press, accessed 22 June 2012 {{subscription required}})</ref>
The style began appearing in the United States, particularly New York, in the early 1860s with the work of English-born architects Frederick Clarke Withers, Jacob Wrey Mould, and Americans Edward Tuckerman Potter and Peter Bonnett Wight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brooks|first=Michael W.|title=John Ruskin and Victorian Architecture|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=1987|location=London|pages=276–299}}</ref> By 1870, the style became popular nationwide for civic, commercial, and religious architecture, though was uncommon for residential structures.<ref>McAlester, p. 200</ref> It was frequently used for what became the "Old Main" of various schools and universities in the late 19th century United States.<ref name=Making>Browning, pp. 300–301</ref> The Stick Style is sometimes considered the wooden manifestation of the High Victorian Gothic style.<ref>McAlester, p. 256</ref>
==Examples== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header_align = center | footer_align = left | footer_background = | image2 =University of Liverpool Victoria Building 6.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = Victoria Building, Liverpool University, by Alfred Waterhouse |alt1= | image1 = St James The Less Church, Pimlico - London..jpg | width1 = 110 |alt2= | caption1 = St James the Less, Pimlico, by G. E. Street | caption_align = center }}'''Canada''' * Belleville City Hall, Belleville, Ontario, 1873 ;Lithuania *Lentvaris Manor, Lentvaris, 1869 ;United Kingdom *All Saints, Margaret Street, London. Butterfield, 1849–59 *Church of St James, Baldersby, Yorkshire. Butterfield, 1856–58 *Manchester Town Hall. Waterhouse, 1863–77 *Albert Memorial, London. Scott, 1872 *Royal Courts of Justice, London. Street, 1873–82 *The Kirna, Walkerburn, Scottish Borders, 1867<ref>{{cite web |title=THE KIRNA, B8323 |url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB8323 |website=Historic Environment Scotland |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
;United States *Hudson River State Hospital, Poughkeepsie, New York *Jefferson Market Courthouse, New York, New York *Memorial Hall (Harvard University), Cambridge, Massachusetts *New Haven City Hall and County Courthouse, New Haven, Connecticut *Converse House and Barn, Norwich, Connecticut *The Miller School of Albemarle, Albemarle County, Virginia (1878-1884) *Anderson Hall (Manhattan, Kansas), Kansas State University
== In the United States == <gallery widths="180" heights="180"> File:NottMemorialPano.jpg|Nott Memorial (1858–79), Union College, Schenectady, New York. Edward T. Potter, architect. File:18970403.NYC.Academy of Design (1865; razed).jpg|National Academy of Design (1861), New York, New York. Peter B. Wight, architect. File:GENERAL VIEW OF NORTH FRONT AND EAST SIDE - Newburgh Savings Bank, Smith and Second Streets, Newburgh, Orange County, NY HABS NY,36-NEWB,24-1.tif|Newburgh Savings Bank (1866–68), Newburgh, New York. Frederick C. Withers, architect. File:Good Shepherd Church, Hartford, Connecticut LCCN2012631282.tif|Church of the Good Shepherd (1867), Hartford, Connecticut. Edward T. Potter, architect. File:Inside the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCCN2011630494.tif|Interior, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1871–76), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Furness & Hewitt, architects. File:Memorial Hall (Harvard University) - facade view.JPG|Memorial Hall, Harvard University (1870–77), Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ware & Van Brunt, architects. File:Connecticut State Capitol, February 24, 2008.jpg|Connecticut State Capitol (1872–78), Hartford, Connecticut. Richard M. Upjohn, architect. File:Jefferson Market Courthouse.JPG|Jefferson Market Courthouse (1874–75), New York, New York. Frederick C. Withers and Calvert Vaux, architects. File:Providence Illustrated, Court House.jpg|Providence County Courthouse (1875), Providence, Rhode Island. Stone & Carpenter, architects. File:Music-Hall-detail.jpg|Detail of carving, Cincinnati Music Hall (1876–78), Cincinnati, Ohio. Samuel Hannaford & Sons, architects. </gallery>
==See also== *Victorian architecture *Venetian Gothic architecture
==Notes== {{reflist}}
==References== *{{cite book|editor-last=Brownell|editor-first=Charles |title=Making of Virginia Architecture|year=1992|location=Charlottesville |publisher=Virginia Museum of Fine Arts| isbn= 978-0917046346}} * {{cite book|last= McAlester |first= Virginia |author2=Lee McAlester |year= 1984|title= A Field Guide to American Houses|location= New York |publisher= Alfred H. Knopf |isbn= 978-0394739694 }} *{{cite book|title=Charles Reilly & the Liverpool School of Architecture 1904–1933|chapter=Liverpool and Architectural Education in the Early Twentieth Century|author=Powers, Alan|editor=Sharples, Joseph|pages=[https://archive.org/details/charlesreillyliv00live/page/1 1–23]|isbn=978-0853239017|year=1996|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesreillyliv00live/page/1}}
{{Gothic}}
* Category:American architectural styles Category:British architectural styles Category:Victorian architectural styles Category:19th-century architectural styles