{{short description|American lingerie and cosmetics retailer}} {{about|the American retailer|other uses|Victoria's Secret (disambiguation)}} {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=February 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Infobox company | name = Victoria's Secret & Co. | logo = Victoria’s Secret (logo, 2021).svg | logo_size = 200px | image = Victoria's Secret Store 9, 722 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10022, USA - Dec 2012.JPG | image_size = 200px | image_caption = Lexington Ave storefront in New York, 2012 | type = Public | traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|VSCO}}|S&P 600 component}} | industry = Apparel | founders = {{ubl|Roy Raymond|Gaye Raymond<ref name=":13" />}} | founded = {{Start date and age|1977|06|12}}{{pb}}Stanford Shopping Center, Palo Alto, California, US<ref name="Blakeslee2010" /> | hq_location_city = Reynoldsburg, Ohio | hq_location_country = US | locations = 1,420 (2025) | areas_served = Primarily United States and Canada | key_people = {{Blist | Hillary Super (CEO) | Anne Stephenson (President of Victoria's Secret) | Ali Dillion (President of PINK) | Amy Kocourek (President of Beauty) | Scott Sekella (CFO and COO)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investor Presentation Fourth Quarter, 2025 |date=March 4, 2026 |url=https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/static-files/641c16d2-87f4-4e1f-a619-5649716848b6 |access-date=April 5, 2026 |website=Victoria's Secret & Co. |format=PDF}}</ref> }} | brands = {{hlist|Victoria's Secret|PINK|Beauty}} | products = {{hlist|Lingerie|underwear|cosmetics|fragrances}} | revenue = {{decrease}} US$2.27 billion (2025)<ref name="Earnings">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2026 |title=Fourth Quarter Earnings, 2025 |url=https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/static-files/f6dfa80e-eeaa-4127-8aa9-4eb4e12adb0d |access-date=April 5, 2026 |website=Victoria's Secret & Co. |format=PDF}}</ref> | operating_income = {{increase}} US$315.8 million (2025)<ref name="Earnings" /> | net_income = {{increase}} US$241.8 million (2025)<ref name="Earnings" /> | assets = {{increase}} US$5.01 billion (2025)<ref name="Earnings" /> | equity = {{increase}} US$856 million (2025)<ref name="Earnings" /> | website = {{URL|victoriassecret.com}} }}
'''Victoria's Secret''' is an American lingerie, clothing and beauty retailer. Founded in 1977 by Stanford graduate student Roy Raymond and his wife Gaye,<ref name="NewYorkTimes1986December27BishopKatherine" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Mzezewa |first=Tariro |date=November 16, 2018 |title=Victoria's Secret? In 2018, Fewer Women Want to Hear It |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/16/style/victorias-secret-bras-decline.html |access-date=June 17, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the company's five lingerie stores were sold to Les Wexner in 1982.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02" /> Wexner rapidly expanded into American shopping malls, expanding the company into 350 stores nationally with sales of $1 billion by the early 1990s, when Victoria's Secret became the largest lingerie retailer in the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hanbury |first=Mary |date=May 21, 2020 |title=The rise and fall of Victoria's Secret, America's biggest lingerie retailer |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-rise-and-fall-history-2019-5 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>
Since 1995, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show has been a major part of the brand's image, featuring an annual runway spectacle of models promoted by the company as fantasy Angels.<ref name=":0" /> The 1990s saw the company's further expansion throughout shopping malls, along with the introduction of the 'miracle bra', the brand ''Body by Victoria'', and the development of a line of fragrances and cosmetics. In 2002, Victoria's Secret announced the launch of PINK, a brand that was aimed to teenagers and young women.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Merrick|first=Amy|date=February 29, 2008|title=Apparently, You Can Be Too Sexy|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120421181615799917|access-date=June 6, 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Stevenson|first=Seth|date=June 9, 2020|title=Victoria's Secret Has Only Itself to Blame|url=https://slate.com/business/2020/06/victoria-secret-coronavirus-jeffrey-epstein-les-wexner.html|access-date=June 16, 2020|website=Slate Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Starting in 2008, Victoria's Secret expanded internationally, with retail outlets within international airports, franchises in major cities overseas, and company-owned stores throughout Canada and the UK.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Eaton|first=Dan|date=October 17, 2012|title=Wexner wants Victoria's Secret accessory stores as 'ubiquitous as Starbucks'|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/blog/2012/10/wexner-wants-victorias-secret.html|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=Columbus Business First}}</ref>
By 2016, Victoria's Secret's market share had begun to decline, due to competition from other brands that embraced a wider range of sizes<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattarai |first=Abha |date=February 20, 2020 |title=5 factors that led to Victoria's Secret's fall |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/02/20/5-factors-that-led-victorias-secrets-fall/ |access-date= |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and a growing consumer preference for athleisure.<ref name=":2" /> In 2016, the company canceled the circulation of its catalog. The brand struggled to maintain its market position following criticism and controversy over the unsavory behavior and business practices of corporate leadership under Wexner and Ed Razek.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Carey|date=January 3, 2020|title=Victoria's Secret Models Got Thinner Over 23 Years Of Fashion Show, Study Finds|url=https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/01/03/victorias-secret-models-thinner|access-date=June 4, 2020|website=WBUR|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news| last1=Silver-Greenberg| first1=Jessica| last2=Rosman| first2=Katherine| last3=Maheshwari| first3=Sapna| last4=Stewart| first4=James B.| date=February 1, 2020| title='Angels' in Hell: The Culture of Misogyny Inside Victoria's Secret| language=en-US|work=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/business/victorias-secret-razek-harassment.html|access-date=June 9, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Koul|first=Scaachi|date=November 25, 2019|title=No One's Gonna Miss The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/scaachikoul/victorias-secret-fashion-show-rihanna-savage-fenty|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=BuzzFeed News|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|May 2020}}, with over 1,070 stores, Victoria's Secret remained the largest lingerie retailer in the United States.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andriacheng/2019/02/28/theres-no-sign-of-reprieve-for-victorias-secret-yet/#632364eb3775|last=Cheng |first=Andria |date=February 28, 2019|title=Victoria's Secret Knows It Has A Problem, But Does It Have Time To Fix It?|work=Forbes|access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Lauren|date=May 21, 2020|title=Victoria's Secret parent company L Brands set to close 250 stores, and that could just be the start|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/21/l-brands-set-to-close-250-victorias-secret-stores-with-more-to-come.html|access-date=June 4, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>
Until 2021, Victoria's Secret was part of the L Brands group. On August 3, 2021, Victoria's Secret was spun off as an independent company under the name '''Victoria's Secret & Co.''' (which trades on the NYSE under the ticker symbol VSCO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSE / VSCO – VICTORIAS SECRET AND CO |url=https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:VSCO |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=nyse.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Company FAQs |url=https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/our-company/company-faqs |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=victoriassecretandco.com |publisher=Victoria's Secret & Co.}}</ref>
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==History== ===1977–1981=== Victoria's Secret was founded by Roy Raymond, and his wife, Gaye Raymond,<ref name=":13" /><ref name="NewYorkTimes1986December27BishopKatherine">{{cite news|last1=Bishop|first1=Katherine|date=December 27, 1986|title=An Elegant Kids' Store Fails|language=en|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/27/business/an-elegant-kids-store-fails.html|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> on June 12, 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/victorias-secret/|title=Victoria's Secret|publisher=Fashion Model Directory|access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02">{{cite news|date=September 2, 1993|title=Roy Raymond, 47; Began Victoria's Secret|language=en|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/02/obituaries/roy-raymond-47-began-victoria-s-secret.html|access-date=October 14, 2012}}</ref> The first store was opened in Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02" /> Years earlier, Raymond had been embarrassed when purchasing lingerie for his wife at a department store. ''Newsweek'' reported Roy Raymond stating: "When I tried to buy lingerie for my wife, I was faced with racks of terry-cloth robes and ugly floral-print nylon nightgowns, and I always had the feeling the department store saleswomen thought I was an unwelcome intruder."<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Newhall|first1=Emily|title=A Catalog-Business Boom|magazine=Newsweek|date=November 16, 1981|language=en}}</ref> Raymond reportedly spent the next eight years studying the lingerie market.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5D9Ndk6k8JEC&pg=PA299|title=Strategic Planning: A Practical Guide|author1=Peter J. Rea|author2=Harold Kerzner|date=September 19, 1997|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-29197-8|page=299|language=en|access-date=October 14, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Moyer|first=Justin|date=December 9, 2014|title=How Victoria's Secret and its fashion show went primetime — after its founder killed himself|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/10/how-victorias-secret-went-from-clandestine-to-primetime-after-its-founder-killed-himself/|access-date=June 19, 2020|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref>
At the time when the Raymonds founded Victoria's Secret, the undergarments market in the U.S. was dominated by pragmatic items from Fruit of the Loom, Hanes, and Jockey, often sold in packs of three at department stores, while lingerie was reserved for special occasions such as one's honeymoon.<ref name="Adler2010A">{{cite magazine |last1=Adler |first1=Carlye |title=Victoria's Secret's Secret – The man behind the company that made lingerie mainstream and mall-friendly |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/06/09/victoria-s-secret-s-secret.html |access-date=October 15, 2012 |magazine=Newsweek |date=June 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913203136/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/06/09/victoria-s-secret-s-secret.html |archive-date=September 13, 2011}}</ref> Considered niche products, lingerie items (such as lacy thongs and padded push-up bras) were only found in specialty shops like Frederick's of Hollywood, located "alongside feathered boas and provocative pirate costumes".<ref name="Adler2010A" /> In 1977, Raymond borrowed $40,000 from family and $40,000 from a bank to establish Victoria's Secret: a store in which men could feel comfortable buying lingerie.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02" /><ref name="Slate2013October30BarrNaomi" /> The store was named in reference to Queen Victoria and the associated refinement of the Victorian era, while the "secret" was hidden underneath the clothes.<ref name="Slate2013October30BarrNaomi">{{cite web|last1=Barr|first1=Naomi|title=Happy Ending, Right?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/when_big_businesses_were_small/2013/10/victoria_s_secret_founding_roy_raymond_had_a_great_idea_but_les_wexner_was.html|access-date=March 8, 2016|agency=The Slate Group|magazine=Slate|date=October 30, 2013|location=United States|language=en}}</ref>
Victoria's Secret grossed $500,000 in its first year of business {{USDCY|500000|1978}},<ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02" /> enough to finance the expansion from a headquarters and warehouse to four new store locations<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tom Pendergast|author2=Sara Pendergast|title=St. James encyclopedia of popular culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=al4YAAAAIAAJ|access-date=October 25, 2012|year=2000|publisher=St. James Press|isbn=978-1-55862-403-0|pages=43–44}}</ref> and a mail-order operation.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02" /> The fourth store, added in 1982 at 395 Sutter Street in San Francisco,<ref name="Schiro1982">{{cite news|last1=Schiro|first1=Anne-Marie|title=Luxury Lingerie: A Mail-Order Success|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/15/style/luxury-lingerie-a-mail-order-success.html|access-date=December 9, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 15, 1982}}</ref> operated at that location until 1990, when it was moved to the larger Powell Street frontage of the Westin St. Francis.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Lloyd|title=Union Square Area Draws Five Big-Name Retailers|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 3, 1990}}</ref>
In April 1982, Raymond sent out his 12th catalog at a cost to customers of $3 ({{Inflation|US|3|1982|r=0|fmt=eq}}); catalog sales accounted for 55% of the company's $7 million annual sales that year.<ref name="Schiro1982" /> Victoria's Secret was a minor player in the underwear market at this time, with the business described as "more burlesque than Main Street."<ref name="Palmeri2006">{{cite news|last1=Palmeri|first1=Christopher|date=December 4, 2006|title=Victoria's Secret Is Sexy Again|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-12-04/victorias-secret-is-sexy-againbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120093219/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-12-04/victorias-secret-is-sexy-againbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 20, 2012|access-date=October 16, 2012}}</ref>
===1982–1990=== In 1982, Victoria's Secret had grown to five stores, a 40-page catalog, and was grossing $6 million annually.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02" /> Raymond sold the company to Les Wexner, creator of Limited Stores Inc of Columbus, Ohio, for $1 million.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1993September02" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Briefs|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 15, 1982}}</ref> In 1983, Wexner revamped Victoria's Secret's sales model towards a greater focus on female customers.<ref name="Tomasino2007" /> Victoria's Secret transformed into a mainstay that sold broadly accepted underwear with "new colors, patterns and styles that promised sexiness packaged in a tasteful, glamorous way and with the snob appeal of European luxury" meant to appeal to female buyers.<ref name="Tomasino2007">{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Tomasino|title=Discovering popular culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaIrAQAAIAAJ|access-date=October 10, 2012|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-321-35596-6|page=57}}</ref> To further this image, the Victoria's Secret catalog continued the practice that Raymond began:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I-qlHF3DskC|title=Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women|last1=Faludi|first1=Susan|date=August 15, 2006|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-34542-4|page=201|access-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref> listing the company's headquarters on catalogs at a fake London address, with the real headquarters in Columbus, Ohio.<ref name="Tomasino2007" /> The stores were redesigned to evoke the Victorian era.
''The New York Times'' reported in 1982 that the financial success of the Victoria's Secret catalog influenced other catalogs by presenting lingerie as "romantic and sensual but tasteful", "in which models are photographed in ladylike poses against elegant backgrounds."<ref name="Schiro1982" /> Howard Gross became president in 1985.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1985May21">{{cite news|title=Lerner Stores' New President|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/21/business/lerner-stores-new-president.html|access-date=December 9, 2012|page=D2|work=The New York Times|date=May 21, 1985|location=United States|language=en}}</ref> In October of that year, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that Victoria's Secret was stealing market share from department stores;<ref>{{cite news|last1=Groves|first1=Martha|title=Frederick's Tries to Update Its Image as Rivals Get Tougher|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-11-05-fi-4449-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=November 5, 1985|location=United States|language=en}}</ref> in 1986, Victoria's Secret was the only national chain devoted to lingerie.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/24/business/lingerie-s-great-leap-forward.html|title=Lingerie's Great Leap Forward|last1=Belkin|first1=Lisa|date=August 24, 1986|access-date=October 17, 2012|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>
''The New York Times'' reported that Victoria's Secret swiftly expanded to 100 stores by 1986.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hochswender|first1=Woody|date=June 7, 1988|title=Patterns|language=en|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/07/style/patterns-535288.html|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref> and described it in 1987 as a "highly visible leader" that used "unabashedly sexy high-fashion photography to sell middle-priced underwear."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gross|first1=Michael|date=April 26, 1987|title=Lingerie Catalogues: Changing Images|language=en|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/26/style/lingerie-catalogues-changing-images.html|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref> In 1990, analysts estimated that sales had quadrupled in four years, making it one of the fastest growing mail-order businesses.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hirsch|first1=James|date=May 29, 1990|title=Victoria's Secret? Keep Earnings Up with Garter Belts<!--|access-date=October 12, 2012-->|language=en|page=A1|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Sales and profits from the catalog continued to expand due to the addition of clothing, swimwear and shoes and wider circulation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Cynthia Fedus-Fields oversaw the company's direct business, including its catalog, from the mid-1980s until 2000.<ref name=":9" /> During her tenure, total revenues increased to nearly $1 billion.<ref name=":9" /> In 1987, Victoria's Secret was reported to be among the bestselling catalogs.<ref name="WSJ1992January23AginsTeri">{{cite news|last1=Agins|first1=Teri|date=January 23, 1992|title=Specialty Shops Chase Sweet Scent Of Success<!--|access-date=October 12, 2012-->|language=en|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Asinof|first1=Lynn|date=April 16, 1987|title=Mail-Order Catalog<!--|access-date=October 10, 2012-->|language=en|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|location=United States}}</ref>
===1991–2005=== Victoria's Secret experienced quality problems with their product in the early 1990s and was working to resolve the issues.<ref name="Businessweek1993">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1993-05-23/did-leslie-wexner-take-his-eye-off-the-ball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324012054/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1993-05-23/did-leslie-wexner-take-his-eye-off-the-ball|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2013|title=Did Leslie Wexner Take His Eye Off The Ball?|access-date=October 15, 2012|agency=Bloomberg L.P.|magazine=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=May 23, 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Storm|first1=Stephanie|title=Gap Is Reportedly Adding Women's Underwear Brand|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/07/business/company-news-gap-is-reportedly-adding-women-s-underwear-brand.html|access-date=December 9, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 7, 1992}}</ref> In 1991, Howard Gross was assigned to fix the L Brands subsidiary Limited Stores.<ref name="Strom1993" /> In 1993, ''Business Week'' reported that both divisions suffered.<ref name="Businessweek1993" /> Grace Nichols, who worked to improve the product quality, succeeded Gross.<ref name="Strom1993">{{cite news|last1=Strom|first1=Stephanie|title=Profile: Grace Nichols; When Victoria's Secret Faltered, She Was Quick to Fix It|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/21/business/profile-grace-nichols-when-victoria-s-secret-faltered-she-was-quick-to-fix-it.html|access-date=October 17, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 21, 1993}}</ref> The company's margins tightened, resulting in slower growth in profits.<ref name="Businessweek1993" />
With the introduction of their own line of fragrances in 1991 and their entry into the billion-dollar cosmetics market in 1998, Victoria's Secret expanded beyond apparel in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Robertson|first1=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymwfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=The Power of Little Ideas: A Low-Risk, High-Reward Approach to Innovation|last2=Lineback|first2=Kent|publisher=Harvard Business Press|year=2017|isbn=9781633691698}}</ref>
Victoria's Secret introduced the 'Miracle Bra' in 1993, selling two million within the first year.<ref name="Underwood1994" /> When faced with competition from Sara Lee's WonderBra a year later, in 1994, the company responded with a TV campaign.<ref name="Underwood1994">{{cite magazine|last1=Underwood|first1=Elaine|date=September 19, 1994|title=Bust-Boosting Bra Battle Begins; Victoria's Secret Launches Rare TV Campaign to Fight Wonderbra Barrage|magazine=AdWeek}}</ref> At the same time, in 1994, Wexner discussed the creation of a company fashion event with Ed Razek. The first Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, held in 1995 in New York, became a mainstay for the company's image for the next 23 years.
By 1998, Victoria's Secret's market share of the intimate apparel market was 14 percent<ref name="Goldman1999Apr">{{cite news |last1=Goldman |first1=Abigail |title=Amid Wear and Tear, Firm Seeks to Rework Image |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-10-fi-25916-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 10, 1999|location=United States|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8"/> and the company also entered the $3.5 billion cosmetic market.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ono|first1=Yumiko|date=September 14, 1998|title=Victoria's Secret to Launch Makeup With Sexy Names|language=en|page=B6|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB905733693105057000|access-date=October 12, 2012}}</ref> The following year, in 1999, the company added the ''Body by Victoria'' line.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ellison|first1=Sarah|date=May 20, 2002|title=Is Less Risque Risky For Victoria's Secret?|language=en|page=B1|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1021850336374016400|access-date=October 12, 2012}}</ref> The catalog had achieved "an almost cult-like following".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Koda|first1=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uo3w3dFnobUC&pg=PP1|title=The Model as Muse: Embodying Fashion|last2=Yohannan|first2=Kohle|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2009|isbn=9781588393135|location=New York|pages=205}}</ref> In May 2000, Cynthia Fedus-Fields stepped down as CEO after delivering record profits in 1999 and early 2000.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} Fedus-Fields later claimed that, up until the time of her departure, the company had acted in accordance with the sensibilities of what a European woman would choose to wear.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Sapna|date=September 6, 2019|title=Victoria's Secret Had Troubles, Even Before Jeffrey Epstein|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/business/l-brands-victorias-secret-les-wexner-epstein.html|access-date=June 17, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After her departure in 2000, the brand pursued an image that was "much more blatantly sexy."<ref name=":9" />
In May 2000, Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney, previously of Neiman Marcus Direct, as the new chief executive of Victoria's Secret Direct to turn around catalog sales that were lagging behind other divisions.<ref name="Wells2000Nov13" /> ''Forbes'' reported Turney stating, "We need to quit focusing on all that cleavage."<ref name="Wells2000Nov13" /> In 2000, Turney began to redefine Victoria's Secret catalog from "breasts—spilling over the tops of black, purple and reptile-print underthings" to one that would appeal to an "upscale customer who now feels more comfortable buying La Perla or Wolford lingerie.";<ref name="Wells2000Nov13" /> "dimming the hooker looks" such as "tight jeans and stilettos"; and moving from "a substitute for Playboy in some dorm rooms," to something closer to a ''Vogue'' lifestyle layout, where lingerie, sleepwear, clothes and cosmetics appear throughout the catalog.<ref name="Wells2000Nov13" /> Beginning in 2000, Grace Nichols, CEO of Victoria's Secret Direct, led a similar change at Victoria's Secret's stores—moving away from an evocation of 1800s England (or a Victorian bordello).<ref name="Wells2000Nov13" />
===2006–2020=== [[File:Victoria's Secret (cropped).jpg|thumb|Victoria's Secret storefront in Columbus, Ohio, 2012]] By 2006, Victoria's Secret's 1,000 stores across the United States accounted for one third of all purchases in the intimate apparel industry. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Barbaro|first1=Michael|title=What Women Want; Underwear That Fits So Well It Can Be Outerwear|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E4DC1F30F936A25754C0A9609C8B63|access-date=December 5, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 15, 2006|location=United States|language=en}}</ref> In May 2006, Wexner promoted Turney from the Victoria's Secret catalog and online units to lead the whole company.<ref name="Palmeri2006" /> In 2008, she acknowledged "product quality that doesn't equal the brand's hype."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Seckler|first1=Valerie|title=Advice on Staying Ahead of the Trends|url=http://www.wwd.com/media-news/publishing/advice-on-staying-ahead-of-the-trends-461058|access-date=January 19, 2013|publisher=Women's Wear Daily (WWD)|date=March 19, 2008|page=8}}</ref> In September 2006, Victoria's Secret reportedly tried to make their catalog feel more like magazines by head-hunting writers from ''Women's Wear Daily''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tang|first1=Syl|title=Catalogue shopping for the discerning crowd|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c8be6c44-3a1f-11db-90bb-0000779e2340.html|access-date=November 12, 2012|agency=Nikkei|newspaper=Financial Times|date=September 2, 2006}}</ref>
The company had about a third of the market share in its category in 2013.<ref name=":8" />
In February 2016, Turney stepped down as CEO of Victoria's Secret after being in the business for a decade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/victorias-secret-ceo-sharen-jester-turney-quits|title=Victoria's Secret CEO Quits Suddenly|work=British Vogue|access-date=June 19, 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/02/12/victorias-secret-ceo/|title=Investors Rattled After Victoria's Secret CEO Quits Suddenly|last=Wahba|first=Phil|website=Fortune|access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/sharen-jester-turneys-abrupt-departure-from-victorias-secret-2016-2/?r=US&IR=T#5YlStFEJdrcQ1Arh.97|title=The departure of Victoria's Secret's longtime CEO 'does feel very abrupt' - Business Insider|date=February 17, 2016|work=Business Insider|access-date=June 19, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Victoria's Secret was split into three divisions: Victoria's Secret Lingerie, Victoria's Secret Beauty, and Pink, each with a separate CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanbury|first=Mary|date=March 15, 2019|title=People slammed Victoria's Secret after its marketing chief made controversial comments about transgender models, but he didn't resign. This could be why, according to former executives.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-why-ed-razek-didnt-resign-execs-say-2019-3|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref> In 2016, direct sales only grew 1.6% and fell by 7.4% in the last quarter of the year, typically a high revenue period due to the holidays. The company discontinued its use of a print catalog and dropped certain categories of clothing, such as swimwear.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2017/02/23/victorias-secret-direct-sales-grow-little-2016/|title=Victorias Secret direct sales grow little in 2016|date=February 23, 2017|work=Digital Commerce 360|access-date=January 12, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Sales revenue continued to stagnate and drop in early 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2017/02/22/victorias-secret/|title=Victoria's Secret Sales Are Down 20% and L Brands' Stock Is Plummeting|work=Fortune|access-date=January 12, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
In late 2018, CEO Jan Singer resigned amid declining sales.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/victorias-secret-chief-is-out-amid-declining-sales-1542212186|title=Victoria's Secret Chief Is Out Amid Declining Sales|last=Safdar|first=Khadeeja|work=WSJ|access-date=November 15, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that only one quarter showed an increase in same-store sales between 2016 and 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/victorias-secret-ceo-steps-down|title=Will The Victoria's Secret CEO's Resignation Provoke Brand Change?|work=Vogue|date=November 15, 2018 |access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref> Singer's announcement came one week after CMO Ed Razek made a controversial comment that the company does not cast transgender or plus-size models in its annual fashion show "because the show is a fantasy."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/11/victorias-secret-ed-razek-comments|title=Victoria's Secret Apologizes After Executive's Statements About Transgender and Plus-Size Models|last=Cadenas|first=Kerensa|work=Vanities|access-date=November 15, 2018|language=en}}</ref> After a 40% stock plunge in a single year, Victoria's Secret announced the closure of 53 stores in the U.S. in 2019, as well as the relaunch of its swimwear line.<ref name="people1" /> L Brands, the parent company of Victoria's Secret, came under public pressure in 2019 from an activist shareholder of Barington Capital Group, L.P., who took issue with the performance of Razek and urged the company to update its brand image and switch up its predominantly male board of directors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanbury|first=Mary|date=March 5, 2019|title=An activist shareholder is urging Victoria's Secret parent to update 'tone-deaf' brand image to boost sales|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/shareholder-urges-victorias-secret-to-update-tone-deaf-image-2019-3|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
In August 2019, chief marketing officer Ed Razek resigned following a disastrous ''Vogue'' interview in which he made inflammatory statements about transgender models.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victorias-secret-ed-razek-monica-mitro-interview | title="We're Nobody's Third Love, We're Their First Love"—The Architects of the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Are Still Banking on Bombshells | date=November 8, 2018 }}</ref> Also in 2019, executive vice president April Holy stepped down after 16 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Valinsky|first=Jordan|date=October 10, 2019|title=Victoria's Secret head of stores is stepping down|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/10/business/victorias-secret-stores-resignation/index.html|access-date=November 3, 2019|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 22, 2019|title=Victoria's Secret cancels annual televised fashion show as viewers turn off|url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/nov/22/victorias-secret-cancels-annual-televised-fashion-show-as-viewers-turn-off|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In November 2019, Victoria's Secret announced it would no longer hold the annual fashion show featuring its angels, indicating a major change in marketing strategy.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a27441922/victorias-secret-fashion-show-tv-broadcast-canceled/|title=Victoria's Secret Officially Cancels Fashion Show|last1=Mackelden|first1=Amy|last2=Gonzales|first2=Erica|date=November 21, 2019|magazine=Harper's Bazaar|access-date=November 27, 2019}}</ref>
{{External media|title=External video|video1=[https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/02/07/victorias-secret-changed-lingerie-but-now-falls-behind.html How Victoria's Secret revolutionized lingerie — then fell behind] CNBC, 2019, 10:54}}
In January 2020, L Brands chairman and CEO Lex Wexner was in talks to step down.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/business/les-wexner-victorias-secret.html|title=Les Wexner, Victoria's Secret Owner, Is in Talks to Step Down|last1=Silver-Greenberg|first1=Jessica|date=January 29, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 4, 2020|last2=Maheshwari|first2=Sapna|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Rosman|first3=Katherine}}</ref> Reports of widespread bullying and harassment at Victoria's Secret surfaced in February 2020.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gross|first=Elana Lyn|date=February 5, 2020|title=What The Victoria's Secret Harassment Allegations Teach Us About Retaliation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elanagross/2020/02/05/what-the-victorias-secret-harassment-allegations-teach-us-about-retaliation/|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On February 1, 2020, The New York Times published an exposé on "the culture of misogyny" at Victoria's Secret, which painted a picture of long-time influential executive Ed Razek's rampant sexual misconduct.<ref name=":5" />
The company announced a sale in February 2020 to private equity firm Sycamore Partners for $525 million, with L Brands retaining a 45% minority stake.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Accardi |first1=Nicollete |title=Victoria's Secret sold for $525M; all stores to remain open for now |url=https://www.nj.com/business/2020/02/victorias-secret-sold-for-525m-all-stores-to-remain-open-for-now.html |access-date=February 22, 2020 |agency=NJ Advance Media |publisher=NJ.com |date=February 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Valinksy |first1=Jordan |title=Victoria's Secret is going private. It's only worth $1.1 billion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/20/business/victorias-secret-private/ |access-date=February 22, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> On April 22, 2020, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that Sycamore Partners wanted out of the deal, which included exceptions for a pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lombardo|first=Khadeeja Safdar and Cara|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sycamore-partners-cancels-plan-to-buy-victoria-s-secret-11587568843|title=Victoria's Secret Buyer Seeks to Cancel Takeover After Coronavirus|date=April 22, 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 22, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Victoria's Secret Contract That Anticipated a Pandemic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/29/business/victorias-secret-sycamore-coronavirus.html |last=Stewart |first=James B. |date=April 29, 2020 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> The deal ultimately fell through. Wexner stepped down but maintains a role as chairman emeritus.
In June 2020, a shareholder filed a lawsuit against the company for inaction following reports of harassment, discrimination, and retaliation at Victoria's Secret.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Repko|first=Melissa|date=June 4, 2020|title=Lawsuit filed by shareholder requests records, alleges Victoria's Secret has 'toxic culture of sexual harassment'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/04/lawsuit-alleges-victorias-secret-has-toxic-culture-of-sexual-harassment.html|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>
Shareholders of parent company L Brands filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of Delaware on January 14, 2021, stating that former chair Wexner, among others, created an "entrenched culture of misogyny, bullying and harassment" and was aware of abuses being committed by accused sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein, which breached his fiduciary duty to the company, causing devaluation of the brand. The complaint also names Wexner's wife, Abigail, current chair, Sarah E. Nash, and former marketing officer, Ed Razek, whose "widely known misconduct" was long allowed at the company.<ref>[https://wwd.com/business-news/legal/leslie-wexner-victorias-secret-complaints-1234697900/ "New Complaints About 'Culture of Misogyny' at Victoria's Secret", by Kellie Ell], ''Women's Wear Daily'', January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.</ref>
===2021–present=== thumb|right|Victoria's Secret & Co. logo after split from L Brands In 2021, after the resignation of Razek as well as the sale of the company by Wexner, Victoria's Secret's new ownership and management implemented policy changes and new partnerships with a number of new spokeswomen, including Megan Rapinoe, Priyanka Chopra Jonas, and Naomi Osaka.<ref>{{Cite news| last1=Maheshwari| first1=Sapna| last2=Friedman| first2=Vanessa| date=June 16, 2021| title=Victoria's Secret Swaps Angels for 'What Women Want.' Will They Buy It?| language=en-US| work=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/victorias-secret-collective-megan-rapinoe.html |access-date=June 18, 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/victorias-secret-collective-megan-rapinoe.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ell|first=Kellie|date=November 17, 2021|title=EXCLUSIVE: Naomi Osaka Joins VS Collective, Talks Mental Health, Fashion and Serena Williams on Victoria's Secret Podcast |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/naomi-osaka-vs-collective-victorias-secret-1234997051/ |access-date=November 29, 2021|website=WWD|language=en-US}}</ref> Wexner's parent company, L Brands spun Victoria's Secret off to become an independent business under the name '''Victoria's Secret & Co.''' (trading on the NYSE as VSCO) on August 3, 2021.<ref name="VSCO brand split">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/victorias-secret-details-comeback-plan-after-l-brands-split.html |title=Victoria's Secret details comeback plan after L Brands split, admits it lost relevance with women |last=Thomas |first=Lauren |date=July 20, 2021 |website=CNBC |publisher=NBCUniversal Television and Streaming |access-date=August 20, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820184037/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/victorias-secret-details-comeback-plan-after-l-brands-split.html |archive-date=August 20, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following this brand positioning, Victoria's Secret reported sales increases in all three completed quarters of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cornell|first=Joe|title=Newly Separated Victoria's Secret Breaks Free Of Bath & Body Works |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joecornell/2021/08/20/newly-separated-victorias-secret-breaks-free-of-bath--body-works/|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2021|title=This Week: Tyson Foods, Walmart, Victoria's Secret earnings|url=https://wtop.com/consumer-news/2021/11/this-week-tyson-foods-walmart-victorias-secret-earnings/|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=WTOP News|language=en|archive-date=November 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129231105/https://wtop.com/consumer-news/2021/11/this-week-tyson-foods-walmart-victorias-secret-earnings/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Martin Waters was named CEO in 2021, replacing Stuart Burgdorfer, who had served as interim CEO.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|date=February 4, 2021|title=L Brands Names New CEO at Victoria's Secret|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/workplace-talent/l-brands-names-new-ceo-at-victorias-secret|access-date=July 1, 2021|website=The Business of Fashion|language=en-GB|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183116/https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/workplace-talent/l-brands-names-new-ceo-at-victorias-secret|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2022, Victoria's Secret named Amy Hauk chief executive of both the Victoria's Secret and Pink brands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Secret Names Pink Brand Head as CEO |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/retail/victorias-secret-names-pink-brand-head-as-ceo/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=The Business of Fashion |date=July 12, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
In November 2022, it was announced that Victoria's Secret had acquired the New York-headquartered lingerie brand, Adore Me for US$400 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Victoria's Secret will acquire Adore Me for $400 million to fuel comeback |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/victorias-secret-will-acquire-adore-me-for-dollar400-million-to-fuel-comeback |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=Vogue Business |language=en-US}}</ref>
In May 2025, Victoria's Secret shut down its website and some store services because of a security incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria’s Secret takes down website after security incident |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/victorias-secret-takes-down-website-after-security-incident/ |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=BleepingComputer |language=en-us}}</ref>
==Products== thumbnail|Victoria's Secret lingerie, store display in Seattle in 2008|alt= In addition to the primary brand of lingerie for Victoria's Secret, the company has secondary product lines: namely, activewear known as Victoria sports, swimwear, and a beauty division with fragrances, make-up, accessories, and other bath and body products.
The swimwear, introduced in 2002,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Branch |first1=Shelly |title=A New Secret From Victoria: The Bikini Show |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 2002}}</ref> was made available until April 2016, when the company announced that the line would end and be replaced by a new line of activewear.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Lily|date=April 21, 2016|title=Victoria's Secret Won't Sell Swimsuits Anymore|language=en-US|work=E! Online|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/758928/victoria-s-secret-will-stop-selling-swimwear-in-favor-for-new-activewear-line|access-date=June 4, 2020}}</ref> The swim line was relaunched in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/victorias-secret-returning-to-swim-1202910121/ |title=Victoria's Secret Is Bringing Back Swimwear |last=Ell |first=Kellie |date=November 20, 2018 |website=WWD |access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref> In March 2019, the swim line was made available in shops.<ref name="people1">{{cite magazine|last1=Talarico|first1=Brittany|title=Victoria's Secret's Swimwear Line Is Back Just in Time for Spring Break|url=https://people.com/style/victorias-secret-is-bringing-back-swimwear-just-in-time-for-spring-break-heres-a-sneak-peek/|access-date=April 3, 2019|magazine=People|date=March 19, 2019}}</ref>
In 2010, Victoria's Secret launched the 'Incredible' bra.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Priya|title=In SoHo, 'Incredible' Launch|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704164904575421583319421848.html|access-date=October 23, 2012|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=August 11, 2010}}</ref> The company released Victoria's Secret ''Designer Collection'' in 2012, described by ''Vogue'' as the company's "first high end lingerie line."<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Alexander|first1=Ella|title=Lingerie Secret|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/01/25/victorias-secret-launches-designer-collection|access-date=December 16, 2012|agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Vogue|date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> In 2016, Victoria's Secret confirmed the elimination of swimwear, apparel, shoes, and accessories.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last=Mau|first=Dhani|date=May 19, 2016|title=Victoria's Secret Reorganizes to Focus on 'Core' Businesses|url=https://fashionista.com/2016/05/victorias-secret-eliminates-swim-apparel|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=Fashionista|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, the company began to put more emphasis on bralettes (bras without underwire, often intended to be worn visibly) and sports bras (under the Victoria Sport label) to appeal to a younger customer base.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bernard|first1=Katherine|title=From Push-Ups to Bralettes: Victoria's Secret Revamps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/fashion/victorias-secret-bras-bralettes-flagship-store.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=August 14, 2017|date=January 4, 2017}}</ref>
In 2019, Victoria's Secret relaunched its product line of eyewear and footwear, in hopes of boosting struggling sales for the brand.<ref name="people1" />
In October 2021, Pink launched a line of reusable period panties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hip2save.com/product-reviews/victorias-secret-period-panties/|title=Victoria's Secret PINK Period Panties Only $12.95 (Regularly $20)|last=Brandi|date=October 19, 2021|work=Hip2Save}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.romper.com/parenting/period-underwear-for-teens|title=These Brands Making Period Underwear For Teens Are Serious Game Changers|last=Ziegler|first=Ashley|date=November 2, 2021|work=Romper}}</ref>
In 2022, Victoria's Secret & Co. announced they would no longer use cashmere in their product lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 6, 2022 |title=Victoria's Secret bans cashmere! |url=https://apparelresources.com/business-news/sustainability/victorias-secret-bans-cashmere/ |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=Apparel Resources |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Operating divisions== thumbnail|Victoria's Secret store, New York|alt= The Victoria's Secret brand is organized into three divisions: 'Victoria's Secret Stores' (physical locations), 'Victoria's Secret Direct' (online and catalog operations), and 'Victoria's Secret Beauty' (bath and cosmetics).<ref name=":0" /> The change was made in 2016 by Wexner to "refocus on core business" and it required each division to have its own CEO.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" />
===Physical locations=== The physical store locations were an important part of establishing the brand and remained concentrated in the United States from 1977 until the early 2000s.
Victoria's Secret stores took over the lingerie market during the 1980s by using a fabricated sense of Britain, featuring this romantic styling and soft classical music.<ref name="Goldman1999Apr" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Sylvia|title=Bras — a century of suspension|url=http://www.sfgate.com/style/article/Bras-a-century-of-suspension-3237587.php|access-date=December 11, 2012|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 27, 2007|location=United States|language=en}}</ref> In the early years, Wexner himself was involved in carefully orchestrating store interior design through the use of English floral wallpaper circa 1890, gilded fixtures, classical music, soft lighting, the scent of old-fashioned sachet, and elegant perfume bottles that "look like your grandmother's crystal".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Morgan|first=James|date=September 8, 1991|title=Frisky Business|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1991/09/08/frisky-business/966d630b-4d59-4925-8ddd-ef60e41931dd/|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> 220x220px|thumbnail|August 2011 map of store locations in the United States [[File:A Victoria's Secret store in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware.jpg|thumb|upright|A Victoria's Secret store in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware]] During the 1990s, in-store sales at Victoria's Secret increased by 30% after the company tracked and applied data analysis of where specific styles, sizes, and colors were selling.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger D. Blackwell|title=From Mind to Market: Reinventing the Retail Supply Chain|url=https://archive.org/details/frommindtomarket00blac|url-access=registration|access-date=October 12, 2012|date=November 12, 1997|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-88730-833-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/frommindtomarket00blac/page/188 188]–189}}</ref> The decade also brought an expansion of store size to triple from {{convert|1,400|sqft}} to an average {{convert|4,500|sqft}}.<ref name="GrovesSep1989">{{cite news|last1=Groves|first1=Martha|title=Victoria's Secret Won't Keep Secret Anymore|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-18-fi-209-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 18, 1989}}</ref> The trend continued into 2002, when the average Victoria's Secret store was {{convert|6,000|sqft}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/14/style/foraging-where-strong-men-fear-to-tread.html|title=Where Strong Men Fear to Tread|last1=Greenberg|first1=Cara|date=February 14, 1993|access-date=December 9, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=Foraging|location=United States|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rozhon |first1=Tracie |title=A Lingerie Maker Returns To Its Racier Past |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/25/business/a-lingerie-maker-returns-to-its-racier-past.html |access-date=December 9, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 25, 2002|location=United States|language=en}}</ref>
In 2000, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that the company continued the practice of putting on "a British air—or what the Ohio-based chain thinks Americans believe is British. Boudoirish. Tony. Upscale."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wedlan|first1=Candace A.|date=August 11, 2000|title=The Pillar of Panties|language=en|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=United States|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-11-cl-2431-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref>
By 2010, there were 1,000 Victoria's Secret lingerie stores and 100 independent Victoria's Secret Beauty Stores in the United States, mostly in shopping centers, then offering bras, panties, hosiery, cosmetics, and sleepwear.<ref name="TraubMarsh2008" />
====International stores==== The international expansion of Victoria's Secret stores began in 2008.<ref name=":22"/> {{As of|2016}}, L Brands maintained control of operations at company-owned stores in Canada, the UK, and China but relied on franchises elsewhere in the world for its Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessory (VSBA) locations.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite web|last=Eaton|first=Dan|date=May 19, 2016|title=L Brands sees China as second 'home market' as it takes control of its stores|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2016/05/19/l-brands-sees-china-as-second-home-market-as-it.html|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=Columbus Business First}}</ref>
=====Canada===== The drive for growth, coupled with a maturing American retail market, led to a shift towards expansion, first into Canada.<ref name="TraubMarsh2008">{{cite book|author1=Marvin Traub|author2=Lisa Marsh|title=Marvin Traub: Like No Other Career|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d85LQAACAAJ|access-date=October 25, 2012|date=September 15, 2008|publisher=Assouline Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-2-7594-0272-4|pages=145–173}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Elizabeth|title=U.S. Apparel Retailers Map an Expansion to the North|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704059004575127531941249538.html|access-date=October 29, 2012|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=March 29, 2010}}</ref> In 2010, the first Canadian store opened in Edmonton, Alberta. In 2012, Victoria's Secret opened stores in Nova Scotia and Quebec.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kelsey|first1=Sarah|title=Victoria's Secret To Open First Quebec Store|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/03/victorias-secret-quebec_n_1473725.html|access-date=October 29, 2012|work=The Huffington Post Canada|date=May 3, 2012|location=Canada|language=en}}</ref> Several of the company's stores in Canada are considered large by retail standards and span more than {{convert|10,000|sqft}} each. {{As of|2020}}, the company's Canadian locations included cities in all ten provinces, from British Columbia all the way to the Maritimes. However, the company announced in May 2020 plans to permanently shutter 13 of its 38 Canadian stores, representing a loss of one-third of the Canadian fleet.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dunham|first=Jackie|date=May 21, 2020|title=Victoria's Secret closing 250 stores|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/article/victorias-secret-bath-body-works-closing-stores-in-canada-us-as-retailers-struggle/|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=CTV News}}</ref>
=====United Kingdom===== Victoria's Secret opened a store at the Westfield Shopping Centre, Stratford, London in July 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG9279216/Victorias-Secret-set-date-for-UK-debut.html |title=Victoria's Secret set date for UK debut |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |location=London |first1=Olivia |last1=Lidbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616095331/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG9279216/Victorias-Secret-set-date-for-UK-debut.html |archive-date=June 16, 2012}}</ref> Their flagship {{convert|40386|sqft|m2|adj=mid|-}} store on New Bond Street, London followed in August 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Karmali|first1=Sarah|title=Secret No More|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/08/28/victorias-secret-bond-street-london-flagship-store-opening-date-confirmed|date=August 28, 2012|agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Vogue UK|access-date=December 16, 2012|location=United Kingdom|language=en}}</ref> Locations in the United Kingdom include the cities of Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Bristol, Westfield London, Bluewater, Brent Cross and Glasgow.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} {{As of|June 2020}}, there were 25 stores in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 6, 2020|title=Victoria's Secret UK arm goes into administration|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/06/06/victorias-secret-uk-arm-goes-into-administration.html|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> That same month, ''Retail Dive'' reported that the brand's UK arm went into administration, as it struggled with falling sales, profits, and market share.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Howland|first=Daphne|date=June 8, 2020|title=What's Victoria's Secret's next move?|url=https://www.retaildive.com/news/whats-victorias-secrets-next-move/579382/|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=Retail Dive|language=en-US}}</ref>
=====China===== In 2016, it was reported that L Brands fully purchased 26 stores back from its franchise partners in China.<ref name=":24" /> The company announced plans to expand on the existing 26 Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessory (VSBA) stores (boutiques which sold beauty products in airports or malls), through the addition of flagship stores in Shanghai and Beijing.<ref name=":24" />
''Reuters'' reported that, {{as of|June 2020|lc=y}}, Victoria's Secret had two dozen stores in Greater China.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 26, 2020|title=Breakingviews - Corona Capital: Nike, Microsoft and retail pain|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-finance-breakingvi-idUSKBN23X2B3|access-date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> That same month, the company permanently closed its {{convert|50,000|sqft}} flagship store in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong after only two years of operation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ell|first=Kellie|date=June 25, 2020|title=Victoria's Secret Closes Hong Kong Flagship|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/victorias-secret-closes-hong-kong-store-june-1203660582/|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=WWD|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 25, 2020|title=Victoria's Secret closes its flagship store in Causeway Bay|url=https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/news/victorias-secret-closes-its-flagship-store-in-causeway-bay-062520|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=Time Out Hong Kong|language=en}}</ref>
On January 25, 2022, Victoria's Secret announced a Joint venture partnership agreement with Regina Miracle International (Holdings) Limited. Under the terms of the agreement, Victoria's Secret will own 51% of the joint venture and Regina Miracle will own 49%. CEO Martin Waters commented, "I am delighted to announce this partnership with Regina Miracle, who has been a valued merchandise supplier partner for more than twenty years. Together with Regina Miracle, we aim to grow the China business through joint investment in product development, distribution, and marketing. We expect the partnership will positively impact the speed and agility of the business to benefit consumers and provide us with a platform for a strong future in this important market."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Secret & Co. Announces Partnership With Regina Miracle International (Holdings) Limited for Existing Business in China {{!}} Victoria's Secret & Co. |url=https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/news-releases/news-release-details/victorias-secret-co-announces-partnership-regina-miracle/ |access-date=May 6, 2022 |website=www.victoriassecretandco.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Victoria's Secret Direct=== ====Catalog (1977–2016)==== Prior to the emergence of e-commerce, the company's catalogs were a key aspect of successfully marketing a product considered risqué to consumers in the privacy of their own homes. According to Joseph Sugarman, the 1979 catalog was "a lot more sensuous" and took the form of "an upmarket version of a Frederick's of Hollywood lingerie catalog."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sugarman|first=Joseph|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dzIU-ruXBsC&pg=PT7|title=The Adweek Copywriting Handbook: The Ultimate Guide to Writing Powerful Advertising and Marketing Copy|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118428795|chapter=Lingerie for Men}}</ref>
''The New York Times'' reported that the success of Victoria's Secret catalogs influenced others to present lingerie as "romantic and sensual but tasteful" with models photographed in elegant settings. The company was known for accepting phone orders at any hour, which helped it establish dominance in the lingerie market. The ''Los Angeles Times'' described the catalog in 2000 as having achieved "an almost cult-like following."{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} The company was mailing more than 400 million catalogs annually in 2010.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Marianne M. Jennings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTp0oW0b4goC&pg=PA510|title=Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment|date=December 13, 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-47054-4|pages=510–|access-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref>
In May 2016, the brand decided to discontinue the catalog, which had run at a cost of $125 million to $150 million annually, due to concern that catalogs had grown stale as a marketing device and confidence that sales would not be affected.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Monllos|first1=Kristina|title=Why Victoria's Secret Won't Be Mailing Out Any More Catalogs|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/why-victorias-secret-wont-be-mailing-out-any-more-catalogs-171661/|access-date=April 3, 2019|publisher=adwekk|date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>
====E-commerce==== Victoria's Secret spent three years building an e-commerce website that was officially launched on December 4, 1998. Following heavy promotion of the 1999 fashion show, the website experienced high traffic volumes, with visitors enduring "slowdowns and bottlenecks" while viewing the first online fashion show on February 3, 1999, the largest online streaming event to date, reaching an estimated 1.5 million viewers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Ohlson|first=Kathleen|date=February 5, 1999|title=Victoria's Secret knows ads, but not the Web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9902/05/vicweb.idg/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814185607/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9902/05/vicweb.idg/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 14, 2009|access-date=June 7, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="LargestOnlineWired1999">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/02/feb-5-1999-web-tempest-in-a-d-cup-2/|title=Web Tempest in A D-Cup|access-date=August 6, 2021|magazine=Wired}}</ref> Ad placement in the ''Wall Street Journal'' and a 30-minute TV spot during the Super Bowl contributed to drive record numbers of visitors to the website.<ref name=":4" />
===Victoria's Secret Beauty=== In 1998, Intimate Brands Inc., the parent company of Victoria's Secret, created a new entity: Intimate Beauty Corporation.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=December 8, 1998|title=Secret maneuver|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-12-08-9812090028-story.html|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> The goal for Intimate Beauty Corporation was to manage and develop the bath, fragrance and cosmetic products for Victoria's Secret.<ref name=":19" /> By 2006, the Victoria's Secret Beauty division had reported sales of nearly US$1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Born|first=Pete|date=March 31, 2006|title=Granoff Exiting Victoria's Secret Beauty|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/granoff-exiting-victoria-s-secret-beauty-540025/|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=WWD|language=en}}</ref> The company sought to expand its beauty and accessories stores at airports around the world in the early 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 9, 2012|title=Victoria's Secret snags Polo Ralph Lauren exec|url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20121009/RETAIL_APPAREL/121009886/victoria-s-secret-snags-polo-ralph-lauren-exec|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=Crain's New York Business|language=en}}</ref>
====Franchise locations worldwide (VSBA)==== Victoria's Secret Beauty opened a provisional UK boutique at Heathrow Airport in 2005 through partnership with World Duty Free.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rimmer|first=John|date=September 21, 2004|title=World Duty Free secures exclusive deal with Victoria's Secret Beauty|url=https://www.dfnionline.com/latest-news/retail/world-duty-free-secures-exclusive-deal-with-victorias-secret-beauty-21-09-2004/|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=DFNI|language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2010, Victoria's Secret expanded with Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessory (VSBA) franchises internationally. That year, M.H. Alshaya Co. opened the first Victoria's Secret store in the Marina Mall in Kuwait, selling cosmetics and accessories but not the company's lingerie line.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jannarone|first1=John|date=October 20, 2011|title=Victoria's Overseas Secret Remains Behind Closed Doors|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204485304576641430635247262.html|access-date=October 9, 2012}}</ref> Two VSBA stores were opened in the early 2010s at Schiphol International Airport, Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 14, 2011|title=Victoria's Secret Opens Its First Store In Schiphol Airport Lounge 3|publisher=Design Curial|url=http://www.designcurial.com/news/victoria-s-secret-opens-its-first-store-in-schiphol-airport-lounge-3|access-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mezzasalma|first1=Nicole|date=November 13, 2012|title=Victoria's Secret opens second Schiphol store|publisher=DFNI Online|url=http://www.dfnionline.com/article/Victorias-Secret-opens-second-Schiphol-store-1864606.html|access-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref> That same year, the first Latin American franchise store opened in Isla Margarita, Venezuela, followed by a store in Bogotá, Colombia, in July 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kraul|first1=Chris|date=August 7, 2012|title=Optimism in Colombia Textiles|publisher=Women's Wear Daily (WWD)}}</ref> An additional store opened in the Multiplaza Mall in San Salvador, El Salvador, in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Trujillo|first1=Daniel|date=May 29, 2012|title=Roble inicia cambios en Multiplaza y Metrocentro|newspaper=El Mundo|url=http://elmundo.com.sv/roble-inicia-cambios-en-multiplaza-y-metrocentro|url-status=dead|access-date=October 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028144706/http://elmundo.com.sv/roble-inicia-cambios-en-multiplaza-y-metrocentro|archive-date=October 28, 2012}}</ref>
A Caribbean location opened in November 2011 at Plaza Las Americas in San Juan, Puerto Rico<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sieczkowski|first1=Cavan|date=November 17, 2011|title=Victoria's Secret Puerto Rico Grand Opening Touched by Angels|newspaper=International Business Times|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/victorias-secret-puerto-rico-grand-opening-touched-angels-photos-709079|access-date=January 31, 2014}}</ref> followed by a store in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, at the Agora,<ref name="agora" /> and Sambil Santo Domingo<ref name="sambil" /> malls in 2012. In July 2012, the first Polish store opened at the Złote Tarasy shopping mall in Warsaw, also operated by M.H. Alshaya Co.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessories | Złote Tarasy|url=http://zlotetarasy.pl/en/Sklep/victorias-secret|access-date=October 20, 2013|publisher=Zlotetarasy.pl}}</ref>
A first Serbian store opened in January 2014 at the Nikola Tesla Airport in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Аеродром Никола Тесла|url=http://www.beg.aero/passengers/travel/shops/shops.573.html|access-date=January 16, 2014|archive-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707045509/http://www.beg.aero/passengers/travel/shops/shops.573.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another store opened in Usce Shopping Mall in Belgrade in 2025.
{{As of|2016}}, L Brands had more than 370 VSBA franchise shops worldwide, with the company's largest international market reportedly in Turkey and the Middle East.<ref name=":24" />
==Corporate affairs== ===Ownership and name=== The company's business name changed from Victoria's Secret, Inc. to Victoria's Secret Stores, Inc., after the 1982 sale to Wexner. In 2005, the name was revised to Victoria's Secret Stores, LLC.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}
Victoria's Secret was acquired by The Limited in 1982.<ref name="workman" /> Victoria's Secret's parent company was Intimate Brands,{{When|date=May 2025}} a separately traded entity with Ed Razek as president.<ref name="Palmeri2006" /><ref name="Sanders2003" /> In 2002, Intimate Brands was combined with the Limited, then renamed Limited Brands.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Howland|first1=Daphne|last2=Vembar|first2=Kaarin|date=March 10, 2020|title=Un-Limited: How Les Wexner ruled retail for 6 decades|url=https://www.retaildive.com/news/un-limited-how-les-wexner-ruled-retail-for-6-decades/573778/|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=Retail Dive|language=en-US}}</ref>
By 2006, the majority of the revenue for Limited Brands came from Victoria's Secret and Bath & Body Works.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=July 10, 2007|title='All or nothing' for Victoria's Secret brand|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/07/10/all_or_nothing_for_victorias_secret_brand.html|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=Toronto Star|language=en}}</ref>
In July 2007, Limited Brands sold a 75% interest in Limited Stores and Express to Sun Capital Partners, in order to focus on expanding their Victoria's Secret and Bath & Body Works units.<ref>{{cite news|title=Limited Sells Majority Stake in Namesake Brand|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/limited-sells-majority-stake-in-namesake-brand/|access-date=October 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 10, 2007}}</ref> The sale resulted in Limited Brands taking a $42 million after-tax loss.<ref name=":17" />
In 2013, parent company Limited Brands officially changed its name to L Brands.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 22, 2013|title=Limited Brands changes its name to L Brands|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/limitedbrands-name-idUSL1N0CEET720130322|access-date=June 20, 2020}}</ref>
Victoria's Secret recorded peak worldwide net sales in 2016 of $7.78 billion.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/255806/net-sales-of-victorias-secret-worldwide/ |title = Net sales of Victoria's Secret worldwide 2010-2017 | Statistic}}</ref> In 2019, worldwide net sales had receded to $6.81 billion.<ref name=":18" />
===Management structure=== At 'Victoria's Secret Stores', Howard Gross was promoted to president of the division in 1985.<ref name="NewYorkTimes1985May21" /> Grace Nichols succeeded Gross and led the division from 1991 through 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=People|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-09-fi-7360-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 9, 1991}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Moin|first=David|date=January 30, 2007|title=Nichols Exits as Victoria's Secret CEO|url=https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/nichols-exits-as-victoria-s-secret-ceo-509358/|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=WWD|language=en}}</ref> Victoria's Secret Stores was helmed by Lori Greely from 2007 until 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldsmith|first=Suzanne|title=Is it #TimesUp for Victoria's Secret?|url=https://www.columbusmonthly.com/lifestyle/20190429/is-it-timesup-for-victorias-secret|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Columbus Monthly|language=en}}</ref>
Cynthia Fedus-Fields served as president and CEO and oversaw the Victoria's Secret Direct business, including its catalog, from the mid-1980s until 2000.<ref name=":9" /> She was succeeded in May 2000 by Sharen Jester Turney as chief executive of the division.<ref name="Wells2000Nov13" /> Turney stepped down in 2016 and was succeeded by Jan Singer as CEO of Victoria's Secret Direct from 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parmar|first=Hema|date=November 14, 2018|title=Head of Victoria's Secret Lingerie resigns|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/business/retail/head-of-victorias-secret-lingerie-resigns-20181114.html|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Philadelphia Inquirer|language=en-US}}</ref> John Mehas was appointed CEO starting in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robert|first=Yola|title=Victoria's Secret Replaces CEO Amid The ThirdLove New York Times Ad|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yolarobert1/2018/11/26/victoriassecretreplacesceo/|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> He was replaced by Martin Waters in November 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=L Brands names a new chief to lead Victoria's Secret, as it works to revive the lingerie brand|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/25/l-brands-names-a-new-chief-to-lead-victorias-secret.html|access-date=November 30, 2020 |newspaper=CNBC |date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>
Hired by L Brands in 1998, Robin Burns was CEO of Victoria's Secret Beauty until 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 3, 2004|title=Burns Exiting Victoria's Secret, CEO Nixes Contract Extension|url=https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/burns-exiting-victoria-8217-s-secret-ceo-nixes-contract-extension-705238/|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=WWD|language=en}}</ref> Burns was succeeded in August 2004 by Jill Granoff, COO, and Sherry Baker, president.<ref name=":02" /> In May 2006, Christine Beauchamp was named president and CEO of Victoria's Secret Beauty. Shashi Batra was appointed president of the division in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naughton|first1=Julie|title=Victoria's Secret Beauty Takes Cue From 'Project'|url=http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/color-cosmetics/victorias-secret-beauty-takes-cue-from-project-runway-2090644|access-date=December 4, 2012|publisher=Women's Wear Daily (WWD)|date=April 3, 2009}}</ref> In November 2012 Susie Coulter became president of Victoria's Secret Beauty.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Silva|first1=Belisa|title=Susie Coulter to Take Helm at Victoria's Secret Beauty|url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/beauty-duty-6397774|access-date=December 16, 2012|publisher=Women's Wear Daily (WWD)|date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> Greg Unis was hired to serve as CEO of the beauty division in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2016|title=L Brands announces new hires for Victoria's Secret|url=https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/l-brands-announces-new-hires-for-victoria-s-secret,695358.html|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Fashion Network|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Manufacturing and environmental record=== In 2006, the ''Financial Times'' reported that Victoria's Secret paid factory workers $7 per day to make bras in Thailand.<ref name="Bullock2006" /> ''The Huffington Post'' stated in 2011 that working conditions in factories producing Victoria's Secret items in Jordan were comparable to slave labor as a result of the Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement, which retreated from standards established in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tasini|first1=Jonathan|title=Victoria's Secret, Slave Labor And So-Called "Free Trade"|date=May 25, 2011|quote=Workers are allowed just 3.3 minutes to sew each $14 Victoria's Secret women's bikini, for which they are paid four cents. The workers' wages amount to less than 3/10ths of one percent of the $14 retail price of the Victoria's Secret bikini |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-tasini/victorias-secret-slave-la_b_74261.html |work=Huffington Post}}</ref> In 2012, Victoria's Secret was manufacturing bras in the South Indian city of Guduvancheri.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=L |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/a-new-direction-2/|title=A new direction |date=July 4, 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhalla|first1=Nita |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-women-empowerment-idUSBRE84L0NN20120522|title=Victoria's Secret bras a boost for rural Indian women|date=May 22, 2012|work=Reuters}}</ref>
In 2021, Victoria's Secret fronted the money to more than 1,250 Thai garment workers who were owed $8.3 million when their factory, Brilliant Alliance, closed after declaring bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse in Bangkok |date=May 28, 2022 |title=Victoria's Secret pays sacked Thai workers $8.3m in 'wage theft' settlement |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/28/victorias-secret-thai-garment-workers-wage-settlement}}</ref>
After years of pressure from environmentalists, Victoria's Secret and a conservation group reached an agreement to make the catalog more environmentally friendly in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chipello|first1=Christopher J|last2=Merrick|first2=Amy|date=October 14, 2004|title=As the Catalogs Pile Up, Environmental Activists Take on Attractive Target|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109771178553844885|access-date=June 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Merrick|first=Amy|date=December 7, 2006|title=Victoria's Secret Goes Green On Paper for Catalogs|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116545222061942857|access-date=June 15, 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Catalog wood pulp was required to contain 10 percent recycled paper and avoid source forests with woodland caribou habitats in Canada, unless certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 6, 2006|title=Victoria's Secret catalogue no longer in pulp friction|work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/victoria-s-secret-catalogue-no-longer-in-pulp-friction-1.597634 |access-date=June 15, 2020}}</ref> The company bought organic and fair trade-grown cotton to make some of its panties in 2012.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DuBrin|first=Andrew J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl1sKzetU5cC&pg=PA107|title=Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2012|isbn=978-1-133-43522-8|pages=107}}</ref>
==Marketing== [[Image:Victoria's Secret store in Las Vegas.jpg|upright=1.35|thumbnail|Victoria's Secret visual merchandising with Angel wing display. Las Vegas, Nevada store, 2006]] Since the company's founding, the mail order catalog has been its main method of marketing. Early catalogs featured lingerie-clad models holding violins and glasses of sherry.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Okun|first=Alanna|date=August 31, 2012|title=The 35-Year Evolution Of Victoria's Secret |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/alannaokun/the-35-year-evolution-of-victorias-secret|access-date=June 26, 2020 |website=BuzzFeed|language=en}}</ref> Catalog marketing shifted towards female models accompanied by men for several years in the 1980s, a practice that was eventually abandoned by 1991.<ref name=":21" />
In the early 1980s, Victoria's Secret used FCB/Leber Katz Partners for the development of their brand, marketing, and advertising.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dougherty|first1=Philip H.|date=June 9, 1988 |title=Advertising; Victoria's Secret Goes To FCB/Leber Katz|newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/09/business/the-media-business-advertising-victoria-s-secret-goes-to-fcb-leber-katz.html|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref> In 1989, FCB/Leber Katz Partners and Victoria's Secret executed a national advertising campaign with a ten-page glossy insert in the November issue of ''Elle'', ''Vogue'', ''Vanity Fair'', ''Victoria'', ''House Beautiful'', ''Bon Appétit'', ''New Woman'', and ''People'' magazines.<ref name="GrovesSep1989" /> Victoria's Secret used the insert to announce their expansion into the toiletries and fragrance business.<ref name="GrovesSep1989" /> The catalog, sporadic ads in fashion magazines, and word of mouth had all contributed to the company's growth before the insert.<ref name="GrovesSep1989" />
Ed Razek joined in-house branding operations at the Limited in the 1980s and increasingly began to shape the marketing and branding at Victoria's Secret.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Acker|first=Suzanne Gravette|date=November 2004|title=From the Archives: The Man Behind the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show|url=https://www.columbusmonthly.com/news/20190513/from-archives-man-behind-victorias-secret-fashion-show|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Columbus Monthly|language=en}}</ref> However, Razek credited Wexner as the creative force behind much of the marketing.<ref name=":02" /> The company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to hire supermodels for its advertising and fashion shows.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Leonard M. Lodish|author2=Howard L. Morgan|author3=Shellye Archambeau|title=Marketing That Works: How Entrepreneurial Marketing Can Add Sustainable Value to Any Sized Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-mLdwOBFh0C&pg=PT30|access-date=October 10, 2012|date=March 21, 2007|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-13-271632-1|page=30}}</ref> Well-known models hired in the early 1990s included Stephanie Seymour, Karen Mulder, Yasmeen Ghauri, and Jill Goodacre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nymag.com/fashion/models/yghauri/yasmeenghauri/ |title=Yasmeen Ghauri |website=nymag.com |publisher=New York Media |access-date=February 21, 2016 |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122225149/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/yghauri/yasmeenghauri/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f96/victorias-secret-old-school-models-march-2006-july-2013-a-41069.html|title=Victoria's Secret "Old School" Models (March 2006 - July 2013) - the Fashion Spot|access-date=May 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206112844/http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f96/victorias-secret-old-school-models-march-2006-july-2013-a-41069.html|archive-date=December 6, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The models helped the brand gain an audience and were soon featured in televised commercials.
From 1995 to 2018, L Brands used the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show as a significant marketing tool.<ref name="Holmes2011">{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Elizabeth|title=Heard & Scene: Show Time on Victoria's Runway|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703848204575608893620518892.html|access-date=October 23, 2012|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=November 29, 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The show was a mix of "beautiful models scantily clad in lingerie" and A-list entertainers that, over time, became "less about fashion and more about show".<ref name="Holmes2011" /> The 2000 fashion show in France was produced with the help of Harvey Weinstein.<ref name=":02" />
In 1999, a 30-second Super Bowl advertisement resulted in one million visits to the company's website within an hour of airing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goldman|first1=Abigail|title=Victoria's Secret Ad a Hit for Web Site|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-03-fi-4398-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 3, 1999}}</ref>
Victoria's Secret sued a strip-mall store in Elizabethtown, Kentucky called Victor's Little Secret over the issue of trademark dilution.<ref name=":7">{{cite news|last1=Savage|first1=David|date=March 5, 2003|title=Court says Victor's Secret safe – Lingerie giant fails to sway justices|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-03-05/news/0303050263_1_trademark-dilution-act-brand-famous-mark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729114046/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-03-05/news/0303050263_1_trademark-dilution-act-brand-famous-mark|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2013|access-date=October 12, 2012}}</ref> On March 4, 2003, the US Supreme Court ruled against Victoria's Secret in ''Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.'' on the grounds that there was insufficient proof of actual harm to the trademark.<ref name=":7" />
In 2004, Victoria's Secret presented an uncharacteristic advertisement with Bob Dylan as an alternative means of promoting the brand.<ref name=":14">{{cite magazine|last1=Stevenson|first1=Seth|title=Tangled Up in Boobs – What's Bob Dylan doing in a Victoria's Secret ad?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2004/04/tangled_up_in_boobs.html|access-date=October 27, 2012|magazine=Slate|date=April 12, 2004}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Davies|first=Hugh|date=April 6, 2004|title=Hey, Mr Lingerie Man . . .|journal=Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1458742/Hey-Mr-Lingerie-Man-.-.-..html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1458742/Hey-Mr-Lingerie-Man-.-.-..html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=June 20, 2020|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Lynn|title=Lingerie is back in the drawer|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-13-et-smith13-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 13, 2004}}</ref> Razek, then chief creative officer, credited Wexner himself with the idea to cast Dylan in a commercial.<ref name=":15" /> The ad proved to be memorable, but more out of a tendency to unsettle and baffle viewers familiar with Dylan.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" />
Victoria's Secret TV commercials, directed by Michael Bay, were released in 2010 and 2012 with mixed results, regarded by critics as macho and misguided.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rivera|first=Isabell|date=March 12, 2020|title=Victoria's 'Dirty Secret'|url=http://ourweekly.com/news/2020/mar/12/victorias-dirty-secret/|access-date=June 19, 2020|website=Our Weekly Los Angeles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 16, 2012|title=Why Is Michael Bay Still Directing Victoria's Secret Commercials?|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/copyranter/why-is-michael-bay-still-directing-victoria-secret|access-date=June 19, 2020|website=BuzzFeed|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
In 2014, the company created a campaign to market its ''Body'' bra line called ''The Perfect Body'', that elicited substantial controversy for supporting only a limited and unhealthy body type.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Peterson|first1=Hayley|date=October 31, 2014|title=Victoria's Secret Sparks Outrage With 'Perfect Body' Campaign|publisher=Business Insider|agency=Business Insider Inc.|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-perfect-body-campaign-2014-10|access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref>
Victoria's Secret announced the appointment of Raul Martinez as head creative director in December 2020.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Chantal |author-link=Chantal Fernandez |date=December 3, 2020 |title=Victoria's Secret Hires Condé Nast Creative Director Raul Martinez |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/marketing-pr/victorias-secret-hires-conde-nast-creative-director-raul-martinez |access-date=January 11, 2021 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en-GB}}</ref> Martinez, formerly of Condé Nast, took on the role following the departure of chief executive John Mehas, who stepped down in November 2020.<ref name=":23" />
===Victoria's Secret Fashion Show=== {{Main|Victoria's Secret Fashion Show}}
[[File:Kelly Gale 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly Gale at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, 2014]] The first Victoria's Secret Fashion Show was held in 1995 and was broadcast on primetime American television.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Bernd Schmitt|author2=David L. Rogers|author3=Karen Vrotsos|title=There's No Business That's Not Show Business: Marketing in an Experience Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcUheqdgbcEC&pg=PT113|access-date=October 9, 2012|year=2004|publisher=FT Press|isbn=978-0-13-047119-2|page=113}}</ref> The fashion show, overseen by Ed Razek, was described by ''Newsweek'' as "a combination of self-assured strutting for women and voyeuristic pleasures for men" that made lingerie mainstream entertainment.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Givhan|first1=Robin|date=March 19, 2012|title=The Evolution Of The Bra, From Mad Men's Day To Our Own|url=https://www.newsweek.com/evolution-bra-mad-mens-day-our-own-63743|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref>
Ken Weil, vice president at Victoria's Secret, and Tim Plzak, responsible for IT at Victoria's Secret's parent company, Intimate Brands, led Victoria's Secret's first-ever online streaming of their fashion show in 1999.<ref name="Sanders2003" /> The 18-minute webcast streamed February 2, 1999, was at the time the Internet's "biggest event" since inception.<ref name="Sanders2003" /> The 1999 webcast was reported as a failure by a number of newspapers on account of some users' inability to watch the show featuring Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, and Stephanie Seymour<ref>{{cite magazine|title=It's No Secret: A Bust-See Web Site|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1999/02/14/it-s-no-secret-a-bust-see-web-site.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204033042/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1999/02/14/it-s-no-secret-a-bust-see-web-site.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013|access-date=October 19, 2012|magazine=Newsweek|date=February 15, 1999}}</ref> as a result of Victoria's Secret's technology falling short being able to meet the online user demand resulting in network congestion and users who could see the webcast receiving jerky frames.<ref name="Sanders2003" /> In all, the company's website saw over 1.5 million visits, a number significantly higher than the 250,000 and 500,000 simultaneous viewers that Broadcast.com, the website hosting the show, was able to handle.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flood of Viewers Jams Lingerie Webcast|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-05-cl-5000-story.html|access-date=December 9, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 5, 1999}}</ref> In total, 1.5 million viewers either attempted or viewed the webcast.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Quick|first1=Rebecca|title=Victoria's Secret Has Lesson for the Web: Lingerie Exerts Pull—'Cybercast' of Underwear Was Such a Smash That Many Were Left Out in Cold|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=February 5, 1999}}</ref>
The 1999 webcast served to create a database for Victoria's Secret of over 500,000 current and potential customers by requiring users to submit their contact details to view the webcast.<ref name="Sanders2003" /> The next spring, Victoria's Secret avoided technical issues by partnering with Broadcast.com, America Online, and Microsoft.<ref name="Sanders2003" />
By 2011, the budget for the fashion show was $12 million, up from the first show's budget of $120,000.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Monget|first1=Karyn|title=A Look Behind The Curtain|url=http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/intimates-activewear/a-sneak-peek-of-the-victorias-secret-show-5355803|access-date=October 19, 2012|publisher=Women's Wear Daily (WWD)|date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> In November 2019, Victoria's Secret canceled its runway show. In July 2021, the company said there are plans to relaunch the show, but without the Victoria's Secret Angels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanbury |first=Mary |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Victoria's Secret will relaunch its annual fashion show — without its Angels |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-angels-annual-fashion-show-will-run-again-2021-7 |access-date= |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
In May 2024, PageSix reported that Victoria's Secret intends to bring back the fashion show after a five year-hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contino |first=Kristin |date=May 15, 2024 |title=Victoria's Secret is bringing its controversial fashion show back to the runway |url=https://pagesix.com/2024/05/15/style/victorias-secret-is-bringing-its-controversial-fashion-show-back-to-the-runway/ |access-date= |website=PageSix |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Victoria's Secret Angels=== {{Main|List of Victoria's Secret models}}
[[File:Adriana-Lima Chgo 2010 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|275x275px|Adriana Lima, the longest-running Victoria's Secret Angel from 2000 to 2018]] The company's ''Angels'' underwear collection was marketed in 1997 by a television commercial that included supermodels Helena Christensen, Karen Mulder, Daniela Peštová, Stephanie Seymour, and Tyra Banks. In the commercial, the Angels appear in a white cloudscape in dialog with "God", played by Welsh singer Tom Jones, widely known for his fans' tradition of tossing their panties at him during shows.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Lucy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x43jHZliCN0C&pg=PP1|title=Tom Jones: Close Up|last2=Sutherland|first2=Byrony|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2009|isbn=9780857121073|location=London}}</ref> The spoof proved popular and the Angels, as characters, became a regular feature of the advertising as brand ambassadors. The term "Angel" soon became synonymous with the brand.
Official Angels have greater responsibilities than other runway models for the brand, as the Angels are obliged to appear in marketing campaigns, talk shows, major runway shows, and the annual fashion show.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last1=Opelka|first1=Brenna|last2=Boan|first2=Daniel|date=May 10, 2019|title=There's a huge difference between a Victoria's Secret model and an Angel — here's what it takes to get Angel status|url=https://www.insider.com/difference-between-victorias-secret-model-and-angel-2017-11|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=Insider}}</ref> The Angels are contracted spokesmodels for the brand, but the company is not transparent about the terms of these contracts.<ref name=":12" /> In 1998, the Angels made their runway debut at Victoria's Secret's 4th annual fashion show (Chandra North filled in for Christensen).<ref name="E!TV1998">{{citation |title=Victoria's Secret Special |publisher=E!TV |year=1998}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Boan|first=Daniel|date=November 29, 2018|title=THEN AND NOW: What 25 former Victoria's Secret Angels are doing today|url=https://www.insider.com/former-victorias-secret-angels-then-now-2018-11|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=Insider}}</ref> The brand's Fashion Show and the Angels were closely connected through 2018, the final year that event was held. Some of the early Victoria's Secret Angels included Inés Rivero and Laetitia Casta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Todd|first=Anne M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHZ6sKpr9PoC&q=victoria's%20secret%20models%20Yasmeen%20Ghauri%2C%20In%C3%A9s%20Rivero%2C%C2%A0Laetitia%20Casta.&pg=PA9|title=Tyra Banks: Model and Talk Show Host|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=9781438128306|location=New York|pages=8–9}}</ref>
In 2004, the company did not hold a fashion show due to fallout from the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy, and instead alternately marketed the brand via a tour called Angels Across America.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krause|first=Amanda|date=May 10, 2019|title=19 iconic moments from the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, which may be ending as we know it|url=https://www.insider.com/victorias-secret-fashion-show-iconic-moments-2018-11|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=Insider}}</ref> Victoria's Secret sent its five contract models (Banks, Klum, Bündchen, Lima, and Ambrosio) out for the event.
Victoria's Secret's Angels continued to be featured in popular culture and were chosen to be part of ''People'' magazine's annual "100 Most Beautiful People in the World" in 2007.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/package/video/0,,20034523_20036555_20036614,00.html |title=The Models of Victoria's Secret |magazine=People |year=1998 |access-date=May 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030141244/http://www.people.com/people/package/video/0,,20034523_20036555_20036614,00.html |archive-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> The Angels became the first trademark awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 13, 2007, with Klum, Lima, Ambrosio, Kurkova, Goulart, Ebanks, Marisa Miller, and Miranda Kerr at hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hwof.com/star/special/victoria-s-secret-angels/2447|title=Victoria's Secret Angels :: The Hollywood Walk of Fame|website=hwof.com|date=February 24, 2023 }}</ref> Alongside new Angel Doutzen Kroes, they also took part in the grand reopening of the Fontainebleau in Miami in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://staugustine.com/stories/120608/fashion_1206_008.shtml|title=Victoria's Secret models bare all - StAugustine.com|first=SAMANTHA|last=CRITCHELL|website=staugustine.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211035702/http://staugustine.com/stories/120608/fashion_1206_008.shtml|archive-date=December 11, 2014}}</ref>
In 2009, the brand held a nationwide competition for a new Runway Angel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2009|title=Victoria's Secret looking for new 'Angel'|url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/09/25/Victorias-Secret-looking-for-new-Angel/28481253894671/|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=United Press International|language=en}}</ref> Thousands of contestants applied; Kylie Bisutti prevailed as the winner but soon grew disillusioned and parted ways with the brand.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eggenberger|first=Nicole|date=May 14, 2013|title=Kylie Bisutti Responds to Victoria's Secret Slam: "Truth Is in the Book"|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kylie-bisutti-responds-to-victorias-secret-calling-her-a-liar-the-truth-is-in-the-book-2013145/|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=US Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref> Ellingson, Kroes, and Kloss departed after the 2014 fashion show.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/12/03/victorias-secret-show-london-2014-pictures-and-report|title=Victorias Secret Show London 2014 Pictures and Report (Vogue.co.uk)|agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Vogue UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/news/a26893/karlie-kloss-is-leaving-victorias-secret-to-go-to-nyu/ |publisher=elle |first1=Alyssa |last1=Bailey | title=Karlie Kloss and Doutzen Kroes Are Leaving Victoria's Secret | date=February 23, 2015 | access-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref>
Several promotional tours featuring the Angels have been organized by the brand. These included the 2010 Bombshell tour,<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 10, 2011|title=Victoria's Secret Summer Bombshell Tour|url=https://www.entertainmentaffair.com/photos/victorias-secret-summer-bombshell-tour/|access-date=June 19, 2020|website=Entertainment Affair|language=en}}</ref> the 2012 VSX tour,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peiffer|first=Kim|date=February 27, 2012|title=Victoria's Secret Model Visiting Mag Mile Store|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/victorias-secret-erin-heatherton/1950580/|access-date=June 19, 2020|website=NBC Chicago|language=en-US}}</ref> and the 2013 Swim tour.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Asinof|first1=Lynn|date=April 16, 1987|title=Mail-Order Catalog<!--|access-date=October 10, 2012-->|language=en|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McKinley|first=Hannah Weil|date=June 18, 2013|title=Angel Invasion! Find Out Where the VS Swim Tour Is Headed|url=http://www.fabsugar.com/Victoria-Secret-Swim-Tour-2013-30827601|access-date=June 19, 2020|website=POPSUGAR Fashion|language=en-US|archive-date=June 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623020522/http://www.fabsugar.com/Victoria-Secret-Swim-Tour-2013-30827601|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, Angels featured on the brand's first ''Swim Special'' were Elsa Hosk, Martha Hunt, Jac Jagaciak, Stella Maxwell, Lais Ribeiro, and Jasmine Tookes, along with model Joan Smalls.<ref name="eonline">{{cite web|url=http://fr.eonline.com/news/650862/heavenly-news-2015-victoria-s-secret-angels-announced-martha-hunt-stella-maxwell-and-more|title=Heavenly News! 2015 Victoria's Secret Angels Announced: Martha Hunt, Stella Maxwell and More!|first1=Alyssa|last1=Toomey|date=April 28, 2015|website=eonline.com|publisher=E!|access-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref><ref name="vogue uk angels">{{cite news|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2015/04/28/new-2015-victorias-secret-angels-list-confirmed|title=Victoria's Secret Announces 10 New Angels|author=Scarlett Kilcooley-O'Halloran|date=April 28, 2015|website=vogue.co.uk|agency=Condé Nast|publisher=Vogue UK|access-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref>
In 2019, new Angels Leomie Anderson, Grace Elizabeth, Alexina Graham, and Barbara Palvin, were added to the roster. Palvin made her fashion show debut with Victoria's Secret in 2012, not appearing again until 2018, while Graham (the first redheaded Angel) walked in both 2017 and 2018.<ref name="graham hire" /><ref name="Harper's Bazaar" /> Anderson began walking in 2015, while Elizabeth (a PINK spokesmodel, 2016 - 2019) walked her first Victoria's Secret show in 2016.<ref name="leomie hire" /><ref name="elizabeth hire" />
The Victoria's Secret brand has had at least 3 dozen official Angels ({{as of|2020|lc=y}})<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 22, 2016|title=The complete list of every Victoria's Secret Angel ever|url=https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/the-complete-list-of-every-victorias-secret-angel-ever/image-gallery/301694c4108320c04ba23b5171d29ab7|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=Vogue Australia|language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|There have been various instances where the fashion show credits included models who were not Angels but were prominently featured by the brand, such as Candice Swanepoel, Lindsay Ellingson, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Erin Heatherton, and Behati Prinsloo in 2009, Lais Ribeiro in 2011, PINK model Elsa Hosk in 2013 and Hosk, Ribeiro, Jasmine Tookes, Martha Hunt, and Stella Maxwell in 2014. All of them later went on to become Angels.}} Other notable spokesmodels for the brand have included Claudia Schiffer,<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1998/0824/6204058a.html |magazine=Forbes |title=Forbes Thought Of The Day | date=August 24, 1998 |first1=Christopher |last1=Palmeri}}</ref> Eva Herzigová,<ref name="E!TV1998" /> Oluchi Onweagba, Jessica Stam, Ana Beatriz Barros,<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 11, 2016|title=Victoria's Secret Angel Ana Beatriz Barros Marries In Valentino|url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/bride/the-inspiration/victorias-secret-angel-ana-beatriz-barros-marries-in-valentino|access-date=June 19, 2020|website=Harper's BAZAAR Arabia|language=en}}</ref> and Bregje Heinen,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/31/bregje-heinen-victorias-secret_n_1725011.html |work=Huffington Post | title=PHOTOS: Who Is Bregje Heinen? | date=July 31, 2012}}</ref><!--Only list models who have done multiple events/major things, not every spokesmodel--> as well as celebrities such as Taylor Momsen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/01/15/taylor-momsen-joins-victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-launch-love-rocks/|title=Taylor Momsen Joins Victoria's Secret to Launch Love Rocks|publisher=PEOPLE.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624074421/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/01/15/taylor-momsen-joins-victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-launch-love-rocks/|archive-date=June 24, 2013}}</ref>
In 2021, the Angels were discontinued in favor of a new concept known as the "VS Collective", which features a more diverse array of models and influencers as spokespeople, such as photographer Amanda de Cadenet, Adut Akech, actress and Miss World 2000 Priyanka Chopra, Paloma Elsesser, soccer player Megan Rapinoe, and Valentina Sampaio—the first openly transgender model to be featured on the ''Sports Illustrated S''wimsuit Issue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 16, 2021 |title=Victoria's Secret Swaps Angels for 'What Women Want.' Will They Buy It? |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/victorias-secret-collective-megan-rapinoe.html |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%;" |- ! Nationality ! Name ! Contract{{efn|Most Angels started working with the company years prior to signing an Angel contract. Listed above are the dates of first published or aired campaigns or, by default, first runway show or event.}} ! First hiring ! Runway shows<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/thrillist/which-countries-are-all-2_b_4966301.html |work=Huffington Post | title=Which Countries Are All 295 Victoria's Secret Models From? | date=March 14, 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flagcountry|USA}} |Stephanie Seymour |1997–2000<ref name=":20" /> |1992 |1995–2000 |- |{{flagcountry|DEN}} |Helena Christensen |1997–1998<ref name=":20" /><ref name="E!TV1998" /> |1996<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Helena Christensen's Career Highlights|url=https://nymag.com/fashion/models/hchristensen/helenachristensen/|access-date=October 17, 2012|magazine=New York|date=October 17, 2012|archive-date=October 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152649/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/hchristensen/helenachristensen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1996–1997 |- |{{flagcountry|NED}} |Karen Mulder |1996–2000<ref name=":20" /> |1992<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Karen Mulder's Career Highlights|url=https://nymag.com/fashion/models/kmulder/karenmulder/|access-date=October 17, 2012|magazine=New York|date=October 17, 2012|archive-date=November 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052843/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/kmulder/karenmulder/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1996–2000 |- |{{flagcountry|CZE}} |Daniela Peštová |1997–2003<ref name=":20" /> |1996<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Daniela Pestova's Career Highlights|url=https://nymag.com/fashion/models/dpestova/danielapestova/|access-date=October 17, 2012|magazine=New York|date=October 17, 2012|archive-date=October 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152657/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/dpestova/danielapestova/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1998–2001 |- |rowspan="2" | {{flagcountry|USA}} |Tyra Banks |1997–2005<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/specials/victorias_secret_2005 |title=CBS Specials: Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005 |publisher=CBS |access-date=November 8, 2007}}</ref> |1996 |{{ubl|1996–2003|2005 2024}} |- |Chandra North |1998<ref name=":20" />{{efn|Contracted as a replacement Angel for Helena Christensen during the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 1998 and released immediately afterwards}} |1998 |1997-1998 |- |{{flagcountry|ARG}} |Inés Rivero |1998–1999<ref name=":20" /> |1998 |1998–2001 |- |{{flagcountry|FRA}} |Laetitia Casta |1998–2000<ref name=":20" /> |1997 |1997–2000 |- |{{flagcountry|GER}} |Heidi Klum |1999–2010{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} |1997{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} |{{ubl|1997–2003|2005|2007–2009|(host only in 2006)}} |- |rowspan="3" | {{flagcountry|BRA}} |Gisele Bündchen |2000–2007<ref name=":20" /> |1999 |{{ubl|1999–2003|2005–2006}} |- |Adriana Lima |2000–2018<ref name=":20" /> |1999<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Adriana Lima's Career Highlights|url=https://nymag.com/fashion/models/alima/adrianalima/|access-date=October 17, 2012|magazine=New York|date=October 17, 2012|archive-date=October 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152649/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/alima/adrianalima/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{ubl|1999–2003|2005–2008|2010–2018| 2024}} |- |Alessandra Ambrosio |2004–2017<ref name="Moraski2012">{{Cite news|last1=Moraski|first1=Lauren|title=Rihanna, Justin Bieber to play Victoria's Secret Fashion Show |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-justin-bieber-to-play-victorias-secret-fashion-show/|access-date=October 19, 2012|publisher=CBS News |date=October 3, 2012}}</ref><!--Source ie Moraski2012 validates for the year 2012 only--><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Talarico|first1=Brittany|date=November 21, 2017|title=Alessandra Ambrosio Confirms the Rumors She's Leaving Victoria's Secret|url=http://people.com/style/alessandra-ambrosio-quits-victorias-secret-rumors/|magazine=People Magazine|access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> |2000 |{{ubl|2000–2003|2005–2017|2024}} |- |{{flagcountry|CZE}} |Karolína Kurková |2005–2008<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Streib|first1=Lauren|title=The World's Top-Earning Models|magazine=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/05/27/moss-bundchen-klum-business-media-models.html|access-date=October 18, 2012|date=May 27, 2009}}</ref><!--Source validates Karolína Kurková's contract ended 2008 --> |2000 |{{ubl|2000–2008|2010}} |- |{{flagcountry|CAY}} |Selita Ebanks |2005–2009<ref name=":20" /> |2004 |2005–2010 |- |{{flagcountry|BRA}} |Izabel Goulart |2005–2008<ref name=":20" /> |2004 |2005–2016 |- |{{flagcountry|USA}} |Marisa Miller |2007–2010<ref name=":20" /> |2002<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moss|first1=Hilary|title=Marisa Miller Splits|work=The Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/20/marisa-miller-splits-from_n_429534.html|date=November 11, 2011}}</ref> |2007–2009 |- |{{flagcountry|AUS}} ||Miranda Kerr |2007–2013<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Critchell|first1=Samantha|title=Heidi Klum wows crowd at Victoria's Secret show|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/entertainment/2010313897_apusfeafashionvictoriassecret.html|access-date=October 19, 2012|agency=Associated Press|date=November 20, 2009}}</ref> |2005 |{{ubl|2006–2009|2011–2012}} |- |{{flagcountry|NED}} |Doutzen Kroes |2008–2014<ref>{{cite magazine|title=World's Top-Earning Models|magazine=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/05/12/top-earning-models-business-entertainment-models.html|date=May 13, 2010|first1=Steven|last1=Bertoni|first2=Keren|last2=Blankfeld}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Doutzen Kroes has left Victoria's Secret|agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Vogue|url=http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/doutzen+kroes+has+left+victorias+secret,35813|access-date=February 28, 2015|archive-date=November 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110095246/http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/doutzen+kroes+has+left+victorias+secret,35813|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://instagram.com/p/zV4nZLI0qZ/|title=Instagram post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323002722/https://instagram.com/p/zV4nZLI0qZ/|archive-date=March 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref> |2004 |{{ubl|2005–2006|2008–2009|2011–2014| 2024}} |- |{{flagcountry|NAM}} |Behati Prinsloo |2009–2019<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krause|first=Lucy Yang, Amanda|title=The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show as we know it may be ending. Here's what every Angel wore in her first fashion show for the brand.|url=https://www.insider.com/angels-first-victorias-secret-fashion-show-2018-11|access-date=June 20, 2020|website=Insider}}</ref> |2007 |{{ubl|2007–2015|2018|2024}} |- |{{flagcountry|UK}} |Rosie Huntington-Whiteley |2010–2011<ref name=":20" /> |2005<ref>[https://nymag.com/fashion/models/rhuntington/rosiehuntington/ Rosie Huntington's Career Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152653/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/rhuntington/rosiehuntington/ |date=October 31, 2022 }}. ''nymag.com''. Retrieved October 4, 2013.</ref> |2006–2010 |- |{{flagcountry|RSA}} |Candice Swanepoel |2010–2018<!--NYMag links to a "New Faces" article about Candice, Emanuela, Lindsay, Rosie and Chanel, which was debunked. None of them were Angels for the press events at the 2009 show and were only added to VS All Access in February 2010 and referred to as Angels by the brand afterwards.--> |2007<!--The Vogue Russia article that claims Candice was an Angel from 2009 till 2017 is not reliable as 2009 is already incorrect and Candice was listed as an Angel in the official press release for the 2018 show.--> |{{ubl|2007–2015|2017–2018|2024}} |- |rowspan="5" | {{flagcountry|USA}} |Chanel Iman |2010–2012<ref name=":20" /> |2008<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chanel Iman's Career Highlights|url=https://nymag.com/fashion/models/ciman/chaneliman/|access-date=October 17, 2012|magazine=New York|date=October 17, 2012|archive-date=October 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152652/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/ciman/chaneliman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |2009–2011 |- |Erin Heatherton |2010–2013<ref name=":20" /> |2008 |2008–2013 |- |Lily Aldridge |2010–2018<ref>{{cite web|title=Lily Aldridge|url=http://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/a/lily-aldridge|publisher=Tatler|access-date=November 25, 2013|archive-date=August 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803211440/http://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/a/lily-aldridge|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/victorias-secret-fashion-show-three-newest-angels-stretch-their-wings-on-the-runway/ |title=Victoria's Secret Fashion Show: Three Newest "Angels" Stretch Their Wings on the Runway |publisher=CBS News|date=November 30, 2010 |access-date=November 11, 2011}}</ref> |2008 |2009–2017 |- |Lindsay Ellingson |2011–2014<ref name=":20" /> |2006 |2007–2014 |- |Karlie Kloss |2013–2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Karlie Kloss is a Victoria's Secret Angel|url=http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/karlie-kloss-is-a-victoria-s-secret-angel|publisher=ElleUK|access-date=March 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023043615/http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/karlie-kloss-is-a-victoria-s-secret-angel|archive-date=October 23, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Karlie Kloss Is Leaving Victoria's Secret! (PEOPLE Exclusive)|url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2015/02/20/karlie-kloss-leaving-victorias-secret-people-exclusive/|magazine=People|access-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228100825/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2015/02/20/karlie-kloss-leaving-victorias-secret-people-exclusive/|archive-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref> |2011 |{{ubl|2011–2014|2017}} |- |{{flagcountry|RUS}} |Kate Grigorieva |2015–2016<ref name="vogue uk angels" /><ref name="VSAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.victoriassecret.com/vsallaccess|title=VS All Access - Get the Inside Scoop - Victoria's Secret|website=Victoria's Secret|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151206063643/https://www.victoriassecret.com/vsallaccess|archive-date=December 6, 2015}}</ref> |2014 |2014–2016 |- |{{flagcountry|USA}} |Taylor Hill |2015–2021<ref name="vogue uk angels" /><ref name="eonline1">{{cite web|last=Weinberg |first=Lindsay |title=Victoria's Secret Officially Ends Its Angels Era for Brand Overhaul Led By Priyanka Chopra, Megan Rapinoe|url=https://www.eonline.com/de/news/1280748/victorias-secret-officially-ends-its-angels-era-for-brand-overhaul-led-by-priyanka-chopra-megan-rapinoe|date=June 17, 2021|accessdate=June 17, 2021}}</ref> |2014 |2014–2018 2024 |- |{{flagcountry|SWE}} |Elsa Hosk |2015–2020<ref name="eonline1" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /> |2011 |2011–2018 |- |{{flagcountry|USA}} |Martha Hunt |2015–2020<ref name="eonline" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /> |2012 |2013–2018 |- |{{flagcountry|POL}} |Jac Jagaciak |2015–2016<ref name="eonline" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /><ref name="VSAA" /> |2013 |2013–2015 |- |{{flagcountry|NZL}} |Stella Maxwell |2015–2021<ref name="eonline1" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /> |2014 |2014–2018 |- |{{flagcountry|BRA}} |Lais Ribeiro |2015–2021<ref name="eonline1" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /> |2010 |{{ubl|2010–2011|2013–2018}} |- |{{flagcountry|POR}} |Sara Sampaio |2015–2021<ref name="eonline1" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /> |2012 |2013–2018 |- |{{flagcountry|NED}} |Romee Strijd |2015–2021<ref name="eonline1" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /> |2014 |2014–2018 |- |{{flagcountry|USA}} |Jasmine Tookes |2015–2021<ref name="eonline1" /><ref name="vogue uk angels" /> |2012 |2012–2018 2024 |- |{{flagcountry|DEN}} |Josephine Skriver |2016–2021<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Steff Yotka|title=Victoria's Secret Names Josephine Skriver an Angel|url=http://www.vogue.com/13403570/josephine-skriver-named-victorias-secret-angel/|magazine=Vogue|agency=Condé Nast|access-date=February 19, 2016|archive-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203094040/http://www.vogue.com/13403570/josephine-skriver-named-victorias-secret-angel//|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="eonline1" /> |2013 |2013–2018 2024 |- |{{flagcountry|HUN}} |Barbara Palvin |2019–2021<ref name="Harper's Bazaar">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a26824746/barbara-palvin-new-victorias-secret-angel/|title=Barbara Palvin is the Newest Victoria's Secret Angel |magazine=Harper's Bazaar|date=March 14, 2019 |access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="eonline1" /> |2011 |{{ubl|2012 2018 2024 |- |rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|UK}} |Alexina Graham |2019–2021<ref name="graham hire">{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/alexina-graham-victorias-secret|title='This is for my bullies!' We exclusively meet Victoria's Secret's first red-haired angel, Alexina Graham|publisher=Glamour Magazine|date=March 21, 2019|last=Newis-Smith|first=Josh}}</ref> <ref name="eonline1" /> |2017 |2017–2018 |- |Leomie Anderson |2019–2021<ref name="leomie hire">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aol.com/article/lifestyle/2019/04/04/leomie-anderson-announced-as-newest-victorias-secret-angel/23705896/|title=Leomie Anderson announced as newest Victoria's Secret Angel|publisher=AOL|date=April 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name="eonline1" /> |2015 |2015–2018 |- |{{flagcountry|USA}} |Grace Elizabeth |2019–2021<ref name="elizabeth hire">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a27092140/grace-elizabeth-new-victorias-secret-angel/|title=Exclusive: Grace Elizabeth Is Now a Victoria's Secret Angel|last=Rutherford|first=Chrissy|date=April 10, 2019|magazine=Harper's Bazaar}}</ref><ref name="eonline1" /> |2016 |2016–2018 2024 |- |}
====Pink spokesmodels==== {{Main|Pink (Victoria's Secret)}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:60%;" |- ! Nationality ! Name ! Contract |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} Brazil |Alessandra Ambrosio |2004–2005<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5551845 |title=Victoria's Secret Targets College Women |publisher=NBC News |date=July 29, 2004 |access-date=November 11, 2011}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} Australia |Miranda Kerr |2006–2007<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New | publisher=Zimbio.com | title=Miranda Kerr Launches Victoria's Secret New Pink Bdy Organic and Natural Body Care Collection | date=March 10, 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220035/http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New | archive-date=October 6, 2012 | df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|NAM}} Namibia |Behati Prinsloo |2008–2011<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Barnett|first1=Leisa|title=Victoria's Pick |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2008/05/27/behati-prinsloo-at-victorias-secret|access-date=November 3, 2012|agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Vogue|location=UK|date=May 27, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Behati Prinsloo Opens PINK|url=http://fashionista.com/2010/03/behati-prinsloo-opens-pink/|last1=Kaunitz|first1=Kate|date=March 15, 2010|publisher=Fashionista|access-date=October 18, 2012}}</ref><!-- Source validates Behati Prinsloo as a face for Pink for the year 2010 ie need additional sources for 2008, 2009 and 2011 --> |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} Sweden |Elsa Hosk |2011–2014<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.teenvogue.com/careers/fashion-careers/2012-02/victorias-secret-pink-model-elsa-hosk |agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Teen Vogue | title=Supermodel Elsa Hosk on Her Favorite Sports, Style Essentials, and Advice For Breaking Into The Business |first1=Casey |last1=Lewis | date=November 3, 2012|location=United States|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|USA}} United States |Rachel Hilbert |2015–2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/665116/rachel-hilbert-is-the-new-face-of-victoria-s-secret-pink-see-the-pics|title=Rachel Hilbert Is the New Face of Victoria's Secret Pink—See the Pics!|date=June 10, 2015|publisher=E! Online|location=United States|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|USA}} United States |Zuri Tibby |2016–2019<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scharf|first1=Lindzi|url=https://www.yahoo.com/style/victorias-secrets-newest-model-zuri-tibby-was-discovered-at-the-mall-153958689.html|title=Victoria's Secret's Newest Model, Zuri Tibby, Was Discovered at a Mall|date=August 24, 2016|publisher=Yahoo! Style|location=United States|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|USA}} United States |Grace Elizabeth |2016–2019<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Rutherford|first=Chrissy|date=April 10, 2019|title=Exclusive: Grace Elizabeth Is Now a Victoria's Secret Angel|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a27092140/grace-elizabeth-new-victorias-secret-angel/|access-date=June 20, 2020|magazine=Harper's BAZAAR|language=en-US}}</ref> |}
==Criticisms and controversies== ===Harassment and abuse=== In 2019, nonprofit advocacy group Model Alliance and several other publications reported on initiatives underway in California, New York and the United States aiming to protect models from harassment and sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://modelalliance.org/press |date=2019 |title=2019 Model Alliance Press |work=Model Alliance |access-date=November 27, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/california-lawmakers-pass-talent-protections-act-help-models-entertainers-fight-sexual-harassment-and-eating-disorders-1202866245/ |last=Feitelberg |first=Rosemary |date=October 2, 2018 |title=California Lawmakers Pass Talent Protections Act to Help Models and Entertainers Fight Sexual Harassment and Eating Disorders |work=Women's Wear Daily |access-date=November 27, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223162032/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/california-lawmakers-pass-talent-protections-act-help-models-entertainers-fight-sexual-harassment-and-eating-disorders-1202866245/ |archive-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=James B.|date=February 3, 2020|title=A Top L Brands Executive Complained of Harassment. Then She Was Locked Out.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/business/victorias-secret-l-brands-leslie-wexner.html|access-date=June 9, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
====Silencing of harassment complaints==== After Razek left Victoria's Secret in 2019, Monica Mitro, a high-ranking executive at the company reported she had been repeatedly verbally abused by Razek during his time there. Mitro was executive vice president of public relations for the brand and was heavily involved in the production of its annual fashion show, having been one of the public faces of the brand. The day after Mitro made her allegations, she showed up to work to find she had been locked out of the building and placed on administrative leave. Though the brand claimed this decision was made prior to Mitro lodging her complaint, many believed this was a retaliatory action by the company and in late 2019 Mitro indicated she was pursuing legal action against her dismissal. It was reported in 2020 that she had settled with the brand for an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stewart|first=James B|date=February 3, 2020|title=A Top L Brands Executive Complained of Harassment. Then She Was Locked Out.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/business/victorias-secret-l-brands-leslie-wexner.html|access-date=May 13, 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
====Connections with Jeffrey Epstein==== Les Wexner, who acquired Victoria's Secret in 1982, as part of his retail empire, reportedly had direct ties with Jeffrey Epstein, an American sex offender and a pedophile, whom he met sometime around 1986.<ref>{{cite web | title = How Jeffrey Epstein Used the Billionaire Behind Victoria’s Secret for… | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/business/jeffrey-epstein-wexner-victorias-secret.html | date = October 17, 2024 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20241017005858/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/business/jeffrey-epstein-wexner-victorias-secret.html | archivedate = October 17, 2024 }}</ref> Wexner was also alleged to have given Epstein power of attorney, and that Epstein lived for a time at his "Wexner Xanadu", which is a property of Les Wexner located in Ohio. Wexner also reportedly gave Epstein money, an Upper East Side townhouse (which later sold for $51 million<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2021 |title=Jeffrey Epstein's Upper East Side Townhouse Has Sold for $51 Million |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a33417733/jeffrey-epstein-manhattan-townhouse-palm-beach-home-for-sale/ |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=Town & Country |language=en-us}}</ref>), and a Boeing 727 owned by L Brands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCreesh |first=Shawn |date=June 29, 2022 |title=How Leslie Wexner Helped Create Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/how-leslie-wexner-helped-create-jeffrey-epstein.html |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |language=en-us}}</ref> Epstein would represent himself as a recruiter for Victoria's Secret when approaching girls and young women.<ref name=":7"/> In 2006 Epstein's lawyer Alan Dershowitz used the Victoria's Secret personnel file of one of Epstein's accusers in an attempt to discredit her.<ref name= "Bloomberg Hour of Terror" >{{cite web |last1=Leopold |first1=Jason |title=Jeffrey Epstein’s Emails and His ‘Hour of Terror’ |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-09-26/jeffrey-epstein-s-emails-and-his-hour-of-terror |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=November 16, 2025}}</ref>
====Alleged links to Uyghur forced labour==== In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) included Victoria's Secret among dozens of international brands whose supply chains were linked to factories allegedly involved in state-sponsored Uyghur forced labour transfer programs in China. According to ASPI's report ''Uyghurs for Sale'', Uyghur workers were transferred from Xinjiang to factories across China under conditions that "strongly suggest forced labour".<ref>.{{cite web |last1=Xu |first1=Vicky Xiuzhong |last2=Cave |first2=Danielle |last3=Leibold |first3=James |last4=Munro |first4=Kelsey |last5=Ruser |first5=Nathan |title=Uyghurs for Sale: 'Re-education', Forced Labour and Surveillance Beyond Xinjiang |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-for-sale |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |date=March 1, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walden |first=Max |title=Apple, Nike and other major companies implicated in Muslim forced labour in China |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-02/aspi-uyghur-china-forced-labour-report/12017650 |work=ABC News |date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref>
====Racism and corporate apologies==== The company has faced a number of major complaints of racism, profiling, and discrimination<ref name=":5" /> by both managers and employees, with several recurring issues being raised by former employees, the federal government, state governments, and customers in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 14, 2002|title=EEOC Sues Retailer Victoria's Secret|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-14-fi-rup14.4-story.html|access-date=June 8, 2020|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://content.next.westlaw.com/Document/I81def9f153ed11dbbd2dfa5ce1d08a25/View/FullText.html?contextData=(sc.Default)&transitionType=Default&firstPage=true&bhcp=1|title=VICTORIA'S SECRET SUED BY EEOC FOR RACIAL, RELIGIOUS BIAS EEOC v. Victoria's Secret Stores | Secondary Sources | Westlaw|website=content.next.westlaw.com}}</ref> Each time, Victoria's Secret management or a corporate spokesperson has issued an apology and disavowed the discriminatory actions of any individual employee.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chapman|first=Bridget|date=June 7, 2018|title=Woman says she was racially profiled at Victoria's Secret in Collierville|url=https://wreg.com/news/woman-says-she-was-racially-profiled-at-victorias-secret-in-collierville/|website=WREG News Memphis|language=en-US}}</ref> Victoria's Secret has changed some employment practices, and settled some of the cases, including a $12 million settlement in California and New York reached in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bell|first=June|date=July 14, 2017|title=Victoria's Secret to Pay $12 Million to California On-Call Workers|url=https://shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/state-and-local-updates/pages/victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-pay-$12-million-to-california-on-call-workers.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2020|website=SHRM|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805020944/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/state-and-local-updates/pages/victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-pay-%2412-million-to-california-on-call-workers.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a $179,300 settlement with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dreiband|first=Eric|date=2003|title=Office of General Counsel Fiscal Year 2003 Annual Report|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/litigation/reports/03annrpt/index.html|website=EEOC.gov/|quote="In EEOC v. Victoria's Secret Stores, Inc., the EEOC alleged that defendant, subjected charging party," ". . . to a hostile working environment because of her race and religion (Baptist) and failed to accommodate her need to attend religious services." "As a result of the hostile working environment, charging party quit her job. The case was resolved through a consent decree which provides for payment of $179,300 to charging party."|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=January 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122023951/https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/litigation/reports/03annrpt/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Influence on socio-cultural body image norms=== In the 2008 academic research article "Victoria's Dirty Secret: How Sociocultural Norms Influence Adolescent Girls and Women", authors from Wilfrid Laurier University and the University of Waterloo<ref name="Strahan, E. 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Strahan |first1=E.J. |last2=Lafrance |first2=A. |last3=Wilson |first3=A.E. |last4=Ethier |first4=N. |last5=Spencer |first5=S.J. |last6=Zanna |first6=M.P. |date=2008 |title=Victoria's dirty secret: How sociocultural norms influence adolescent girls and women |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=288–301 |pmid=18212336 |doi=10.1177/0146167207310457|s2cid=1457893 }}</ref> stated: "Women's body dissatisfaction is influenced by socio-cultural norms for ideal appearance that are pervasive in society and particularly directed at women", cautioning that the marketing practices of Victoria's Secret, delivered through TV commercials, ads, and magazines send a message to girls and women that their models are a realistic standard of beauty, concluding that "Exposure to societal messages that reflect the socio-cultural norm for ideal appearance has a negative effect on women."<ref name="Strahan, E. 2008" />
===Use of cultural stereotypes=== During the 2010 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, the segment 'Wild Things' caused controversy due to the "tribal style" outfits on display. The most notable of these was worn by Afro-Brazilian model Emanuela De Paula who, alongside a group of dancers, was painted with black lines, meant to depict tribal body art. This outfit received backlash from the media, not only for appropriating African culture but for the racist connotations associated with dressing a woman of color in animal print lingerie and body art and branding her a 'Wild Thing'. No apology was released by the brand.<ref>{{cite web|last=Matera|first=Avery|date=November 7, 2018|title=5 Times Victoria's Secret Was Accused of Cultural Appropriation|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/victorias-secret-fashion-show-cultural-appropriation/amp|website=Teen Vogue}}</ref>
In 2012, the company drew criticism for a lingerie collection offer for sale on their website that was titled 'Go East', with a tagline that pledged to women the capacity to "indulge in touches of eastern delight with lingerie inspired by the exquisite beauty of secret Japanese gardens."<ref name="Alexander2012Aug" /><ref name="HuffingtonPostSep2012" /> The collection included a 'Sexy Little Geisha' outfit that was pulled by the company after critics described the items as "stereotypical images that use racist transgression to create an exotic edge."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sauers|first1=Jenna|date=September 26, 2012|title=And Here We Have a 'Sexy Little Geisha' Outfit From Victoria's Secret|publisher=Jezebel|url=http://jezebel.com/5946583/and-here-we-have-a-sexy-little-geisha-outfit-from-victorias-secret|access-date=October 29, 2012}}</ref> The ''Wall Street Journal'' confirmed that the geisha outfit was "accessorized with a miniature fan and a kimono-esque obi sash" and the Asian-themed collection "that traded in sexualized, generic pan-Asian ethnic stereotypes" was removed by the company.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yang|first1=Jeff|date=September 17, 2012|title=Why the Rise of Asia In Fashion Isn't As Beautiful As It Seems|language=en|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=SpeakEasy|location=United States|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/09/17/why-the-rise-of-asia-in-fashion-isnt-as-beautiful-as-it-seems/|access-date=October 29, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Alexander2012Sep25" />
At the 2012 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, an outfit in the 'Calendar Girls' segment caused controversy. The outfit, worn by Karlie Kloss, was meant to represent November and the American holiday of Thanksgiving, but featured a Native American headdress alongside an animal print bikini. This caused outrage among members of the Native American community, who stated that the headdress depicted had deep cultural significance and was only worn by certain notable war chiefs and warriors. After media backlash over the offensiveness of the outfit and the uncomfortable position that the brand put Kloss in, the outfit was cut from the show's final broadcast. Kloss apologized for the incident via Twitter and the brand later made a statement of apology.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hall|first=John|date=November 13, 2012|title=Victoria's Secret Apologizes for Offense Caused by Using Native American Headdress on Model Wearing High Heels and Leopard Print Underwear|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/victorias-secret-apologises-for-offence-caused-by-using-native-american-headdress-on-model-wearing-8312308.html%3famp |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/victorias-secret-apologises-for-offence-caused-by-using-native-american-headdress-on-model-wearing-8312308.html%3famp |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=June 7, 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref>
At the 2016 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, the brand was accused of cultural appropriation during the segment entitled 'The Road Ahead' which drew inspiration from both Chinese and Mexican culture. Kendall Jenner's flame tail wings, Elsa Hosk's dragon costume, and Adriana Lima's embroidered thigh-high boots caused an uproar, as some media and fans believed it was inappropriate for women of other descents to wear items important to Chinese culture. Victoria's Secret claimed it included this segment in the 2016 show because of their recent expansion into the Chinese market, and believed a segment featuring Chinese garments, as well as Liu Wen and Ming Xi, two popular Chinese models, would be a good way to appeal to their new Chinese customer base. No apology or statement was released from the brand.<ref>{{cite web|last=Matera|first=Avery|date=December 1, 2016|title=Some Chinese Viewers Are REALLY Upset About the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/victorias-secret-fashion-show-cultural-appropriation-chinese-vs-show-2016|access-date=June 7, 2020|website=Teen Vogue}}</ref>
In the 2017 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, the brand faced further controversy and allegations of cultural appropriation. The criticism was directed at fashions in the 'Nomadic Adventures' segment that appropriated Native American and Indigenous African cultures.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Heller|first=Susanna|date=November 27, 2017|title=Every time Victoria's Secret has been accused of cultural appropriation in its annual fashion show|url=https://www.insider.com/victorias-secret-fashion-show-accused-cultural-appropriation-2017-11|access-date=June 7, 2020|website=Insider}}</ref> ''Nylon'' magazine suggested that the company had learned nothing from previous, similar incidents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nazim|first=Hafeezah|title=Victoria's Secret Still Hasn't Learned That Cultural Appropriation Is Wrong|url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/victorias-secret-fashion-show-headdresses|access-date=June 8, 2020|website=Nylon|date=November 21, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
===Transgender models=== In a November 2018 interview with ''Vogue'', Victoria's Secret president Ed Razek stated (when discussing diversity in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show): "Shouldn't you have transsexuals in the show? No. No, I don't think we should. Well, why not? Because the show is a fantasy. It's a 42-minute entertainment special. That's what it is."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victorias-secret-ed-razek-monica-mitro-interview|title="We're Nobody's Third Love, We're Their First Love"—The Architects of the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Are Still Banking on Bombshells|work=Vogue|access-date=November 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref> These comments received immediate backlash from transgender model Carmen Carrera as well as Victoria Secret models Kendall Jenner, then Angel Lily Aldridge, and former Angel Karlie Kloss.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/victorias-secret-backlash-ed-razeks-comments-trans-size-models-spark-outrage-1160446|title=Victoria's Secret Faces Backlash After Exec's Comments About Trans and Plus-Size Models|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=November 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
Razek later issued an apology, stating "My remark regarding the inclusion of transgender models in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show came across as insensitive. I apologize. To be clear, we would absolutely cast a transgender model for the show."<ref name=":1" />
In August 2019, the brand cast its first openly transgender Brazilian model Valentina Sampaio, who was hired to work for PINK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thegavoice.com/news/valentina-sampaio-becomes-first-transgender-model-for-victorias-secret/|title=Valentina Sampaio Becomes First Transgender Model for Victoria's Secret|date=August 5, 2019|access-date=August 5, 2019|publisher=Georgia Voice|archive-date=August 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807090438/https://thegavoice.com/news/valentina-sampaio-becomes-first-transgender-model-for-victorias-secret/|url-status=dead}}</ref> That same month, Razek stepped down.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2019/08/victorias-secret-cmo-ed-razek-quits-days-first-trans-model-hired/|title=Victoria's Secret CMO Ed Razek quits days after first trans model is hired|date=August 7, 2019 |access-date=August 7, 2019|publisher=Retail Gazette}}</ref> In 2022, the brand hired Emira D'Spain as their first Black transgender model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nylon.com/beauty/xoxoemira-emira-dspain-victorias-secret-beauty-tips-tiktok|title=Meet Emira D'spain, The First Black Transgender Model To Work With Victoria's Secret|date=March 7, 2022|website=Nylon}}</ref> In 2023, the brand hired Alex Consani to be a part of the Victoria Secret rebrand in the 2023 fashion show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alex Consani Insider View of The Tour '23 set |date=September 6, 2023 |url=https://www.victoriassecret.com/us/vs/vsnow/world-tour/backstage-with-alex-consani}}</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|Companies|Fashion|Ohio}} * List of Victoria's Secret models * ''Victoria's Secret Swim Special''
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist|group=nb}} {{reflist|1=30em|refs= <ref name="Alexander2012Aug">{{cite magazine|last1=Alexander|first1=Ella|title=Angels Are Go|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2011/08/19/victorias-secret-uk-store---new-bond-street|date=August 2, 2012|agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Vogue|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="agora">{{cite web |url=http://elmundofemenino.wordpress.com/2012/08/09/noticias-fashion-agora-mall-abre-el-23-de-agosto-2012-lista-de-tiendas/ |title=Agora Mall abre el 23 de Agosto 2012 |publisher=ElMundoFemenino |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=August 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823232730/http://elmundofemenino.wordpress.com/2012/08/09/noticias-fashion-agora-mall-abre-el-23-de-agosto-2012-lista-de-tiendas/ |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Alexander2012Sep25">{{cite magazine|last1=Alexander|first1=Ella|title=Victoria's Secret Geisha Outfit Faces Criticism|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/09/25/victorias-secret-sexy-geisha-outfit-faces-criticism|date=September 25, 2012|agency=Condé Nast|magazine=Vogue|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Blakeslee2010">{{cite book|author=Melise R. Blakeslee|title=Internet crimes, torts and scams: investigation and remedies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bX9DAQAAIAAJ|access-date=December 15, 2012|date=January 15, 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537351-6}}</ref>
<ref name="Bullock2006">{{cite news|last1=Bullock|first1=Max|title=Fans of offshoring drift away from economic reality|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cd062556-5344-11db-99c5-0000779e2340.html|access-date=November 12, 2012|agency=Nikkei|newspaper=Financial Times|date=October 4, 2006}}</ref>
<ref name="Sanders2003">{{cite book|first1=Tim|last1=Sanders|title=Love Is the Killer App: How to Win Business and Influence Friends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0S-IPE5Ao-AC|access-date=October 16, 2012|date=July 22, 2003|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-4683-6|pages=34–37}}</ref>
<ref name="Wells2000Nov13">{{cite magazine|last1=Wells|first1=Melanie|title=Cosmetic Improvement|magazine=Forbes|date=November 13, 2000}}</ref>
<ref name="sambil">{{cite web |url=http://www.tusambil.com/Noticia/179/Inicia_comercializacion_de_Sambil_Santo_Domingo |title=Sambil | Inicia comercializacion de Sambil Santo Domingo |publisher=Tusambil.com |access-date=November 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016071536/http://tusambil.com/Noticia/179/Inicia_comercializacion_de_Sambil_Santo_Domingo |archive-date=October 16, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="workman">{{cite web|last1=Workman|first1=Nancy|title=From Victorian to Victoria's Secret: The Foundations of Modern Erotic Wear|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/3113631|publisher=Journal of Popular Culture; Fall96, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p61-73, 13p|access-date=September 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905210319/http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=5b14e223-22e1-4401-9fd4-05f1ea92cfb9@sessionmgr12&vid=5&hid=13&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#db=afh&AN=3113631|archive-date=September 5, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="HuffingtonPostSep2012">{{cite news|title=Victoria's Secret 'Sexy Little Geisha' Outfit Sparks Backlash|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/24/victorias-secret-geisha-outfit-photos_n_1909366.html|access-date=October 29, 2012|work=The Huffington Post|date=September 24, 2012}}</ref>
}}
==External links== {{Commons and category|Victoria's Secret|Victoria's Secret}} * {{Official website|https://www.victoriassecret.com}} * [https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/ Official website of Victoria's Secret & Co. Company]
{{Finance links | name = Victoria's Secret & Co. | symbol = VSCO | reuters = VSCO.N | bloomberg = VSCO:US | sec_cik = 1856437 | yahoo = VSCO | google = VSCO:NYSE }}
{{Navboxes|title=Victoria's Secret navigational boxes|list1= {{L Brands}} {{Victoria's Secret Angels}} {{cosmetics|state=collapsed}} {{hosiery}} {{lingerie}}}} {{Authority control|state=expanded}}
Category:Victoria's Secret Category:Lingerie brands Category:Companies based in the Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio Category:Clothing companies established in 1977 Category:Retail companies established in 1977 Category:Swimwear manufacturers Category:History of Santa Clara County, California Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Category:1977 establishments in California Category:1990s fashion Category:1980s fashion Category:2000s fashion Category:Corporate spin-offs Category:Les Wexner Category:Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom Category:2021 mergers and acquisitions