2011 Norway attacks

{{Short description|Domestic terrorist attacks}} {{Redirect|Oslo bombing|the attack in 1982|Oslo Central Station bombing}}{{Expand Norwegian Bokmål|date=November 2023|topic=hist}} {{pp-move}}

{{EngvarB|date=February 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox civilian attack | title = 2011 Norway attacks | image = Oslo view of city after July 2011 bombing.jpg | caption = 33 minutes after the explosion in Oslo | location = Oslo and Utøya, Norway | target = Labour Party members<ref name="cell-claims-bbc">{{cite news |title=Norway: Anders Behring Breivik claims 'two more cells' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14280210 |agency=BBC News |date=25 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="first-remand-hearing">{{cite news |title=Arbeiderpartiet har sveket landet, og prisen fikk de betale fredag |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725980 |agency=NRK |language=no |trans-title=The Labour Party has betrayed the country, and the price they paid on Friday |date=25 July 2011}}</ref> | map = {{Image label begin | image=Oslo and Utøya v2.jpg | width=250| float=center | title=Oslo and Utøya}} {{Image label marker |x=919 |y=835 |text=Government quarter (Oslo) |font-size=10px |text-width=75px |style=line-height:1; |y-textadjust=-2 |marker-size=9 |text-color=yellow |x-orig=1355 |width=250}} {{Image label marker |x=136 |y=493 |text=Utøya island |font-size=10px |text-width=99px |style=line-height:1; |y-textadjust=0 |marker-size=9 |text-color=yellow |x-orig=1355 |width=250 }} {{Image label end}} | map_caption = Locations of the attacks in the Oslo and Buskerud counties of Norway | date = {{start date and age|22 July 2011}} | coordinates = {{coord|59.915184|10.746015|type:landmark_region:NO|display=inline}} (Regjeringkvartalet) {{coord|60.023288|10.247704|type:landmark_region:NO|display=inline}} (Utøya island) | time = {{plainlist|style=margin-top:0.5em| * '''Oslo bombing:''' 15:25<ref name="NORSAR_seismic_data" /> CEST * '''Utøya island shooting:''' 17:22–18:34 CEST<ref name="NotatNBPD">{{cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/pages/35819707/NBPD_02.pdf |title=Notat – Redgjørelse Stortinget |publisher=Politiet |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215095819/http://www.regjeringen.no/pages/35819707/NBPD_02.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead|language=no}}</ref><ref name="BreiviksBevegelser">{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/22juli/Slik-var-Behring-Breiviks-bevegelser-pa-Utoya-6806375.html|title=Slik var Behring Breiviks bevegelser på Utøya|newspaper=Aftenposten|date=16 April 2012|access-date=16 April 2012|language=no}}</ref>}} | timezone = UTC+02:00 | type = Car bombing, mass shooting, mass murder, right-wing terrorism | weapons = '''Oslo:''' ANFO car bomb '''Utøya:''' * .223 Remington Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle * 9mm Glock 34 semi-automatic pistol<ref name="weapons1">{{cite news|title=Skutt på kloss hold |url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/samfunn/skutt-pa-kloss-hold/ |newspaper=Dagsavisen |language=no |trans-title=Shot at close range |date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517201704/http://www.dagsavisen.no/samfunn/skutt-pa-kloss-hold/ |archive-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> * 12-gauge Benelli Nova pump-action shotgun (sawed-off; unused)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pidd |first1=Helen |last2=Oslo |first2=Helen Pidd |date=2012-04-19 |title=NOU 2012: 14 |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2012-14/id697260/?ch=7 |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=Government.no |language=no |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * Bayonet (unused)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pidd |first1=Helen |last2=Oslo |first2=Helen Pidd |date=2012-04-19 |title=Anders Behring Breivik planned to film beheading of former prime minister |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/19/breivik-targeted-former-pm-brundtland |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=AFP |first=Heiko |last=Junge |date=2012-05-03 |title=Anders Breivik trial: Witnesses detail island shooting rampage that killed 69 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/anders-breivik-trial-witnesses-detail-island-shooting-rampage-that-killed-69/article_88ddb210-ddd0-5bfb-bb67-4c48fff50fde.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref> * Knife (unused)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Breivik says he is nice person |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/4/20/norway-mass-killer-says-he-was-a-nice-person |access-date=2025-09-01 |agency=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> | fatalities = 77 (8 by bombing, 67 by gunfire, 2 indirectly)<ref name="dtoll-names" /><ref name="dtoll-all-names-published" /> | injuries = 323+ (210+ by bombing, 33 by gunfire, 80+ indirectly)<ref name="formell-tiltale" /><ref name="ems-response" /><ref name="helsedir-rapport" />{{Infobox event | title = | child = yes | trial = Trial of Anders Behring Breivik}} | perp = Anders Behring Breivik | susperps = | numparts = | motive = *Far-right extremism *White supremacy *Islamophobia *Anti-immigration *Belief in white genocide conspiracy theory *Retaliation for NATO bombing of Yugoslavia<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.npr.org/2011/07/24/138652836/lawyer-norway-suspect-wanted-a-revolution|title= Lawyer: Norway Suspect Wanted A Revolution|date=24 July 2011}}</ref> | verdict = Legally sane and guilty on both counts | convictions = '''Count I''' (Oslo bombing): *Aggravated premeditated murder (8 counts) *Attempted murder (9 counts) *Terrorism *Causing a dangerous explosion '''Count II''' (Utøya island shooting): *Aggravated premeditated murder (69 counts) *Attempted murder (33 counts) *Terrorism | module = {{Infobox event | child = yes | sentence = 21 years preventive detention with the possibility of indefinite extension }} }}

On 22 July 2011, 32-year-old Norwegian far-right terrorist Anders Behring Breivik committed two domestic terrorist attacks in Norway against the government, the civilian population, and a Workers' Youth League (AUF) summer camp, in which a total of 77 people were killed.

The first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway, at 15:25:22 (CEST).<ref name="NORSAR_seismic_data">{{cite web|title=Eksplosjonen i Oslo sentrum 22. juli 2011 |url=https://jordskjelv.no/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?type=siste&id=1311425084 |language=no |trans-title=The explosion in Oslo 22 July 2011 |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.jordskjelv.no/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?type=siste&id=1311425084 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The bomb was placed inside a van<ref name="car-remains">{{cite news |title=Her er restene av bombebilen |url=http://nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7851932 |agency=NRK |language=no |trans-title=Here is the remains of the car |date=29 October 2011}}</ref> next to the tower block housing the office of the then prime minister Jens Stoltenberg.<ref name="ccvt-photos">{{cite news|title=Ble sett av ti kameraer |url=http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110916/ble-sett-av-10-kameraer |newspaper=ABC Nyheter |language=no |trans-title=Was seen by ten surveillance cameras |date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211102519/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110916/ble-sett-av-10-kameraer |archive-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> The explosion killed 8 people and injured at least 210 people, 12 severely.<ref name="formell-tiltale">{{cite news |title=Dette er Breivik tiltalt for |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8024605 |publisher=NRK |language=no |trans-title=Breivik's indictment |date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="ems-response">{{cite news |title=Oslo government district bombing and Utøya island shooting July 22, 2011: The immediate prehospital emergency medical service response |url=http://www.sjtrem.com/content/20/1/3 |publisher=Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine |date=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="helsedir-rapport">{{cite web |title=Læring for bedre beredskap; Helseinnsatsen etter terrorhendelsene 22. juli 2011 |url=http://helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/lering-for-bedre-beredskap-/Sider/default.aspx |language=no |date=9 March 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029075640/http://helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/lering-for-bedre-beredskap-/Sider/default.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. The camp was organised by the AUF, the youth wing of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (Ap). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification, arrived at the island claiming to be performing a routine check following the bombing. His presence raised the suspicions of the camp's organizer and subsequently a security guard, prompting Breivik to kill them both.<ref name="fake-uniform1">{{cite news |title=Slik skaffet han politiuniformen |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725557 |agency=NRK |language=no |trans-title=How he obtained the uniform |date=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="fake-uniform2">{{cite news |title=Slik var Behring Breivik kledd for å drepe |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/11/20/nyheter/innenriks/terror/terrorangrepet/anders_behring_breivik/19084856/ |newspaper=Dagbladet |language=no |trans-title=How Behring Breivik was dressed to kill |date=20 November 2011}}</ref> He then opened fire at the participants, killing 69<ref name="dtoll-names">{{cite web|title=Terrorofrene på Utøya og i Oslo |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/ofre/ |work=Verdens Gang |publisher=Schibsted ASA |language=no |access-date=29 July 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909043438/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/ofre/ |archive-date=9 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="dtoll-all-names-published">{{cite web|title=Navn på alle terrorofre offentliggjort |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080895 |work=Verdens Gang |publisher=Schibsted ASA |date=29 July 2011 |language=no |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123175220/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080895 |archive-date=23 November 2011 }}</ref><ref name="died-from-wounds">{{cite news|url=http://www.ostlendingen.no/nyheter/en-av-de-sarede-dode-pa-sykehuset-1.6381849|title=En av de sårede døde på sykehuset|date=24 July 2011|newspaper=Østlendingen|access-date=25 July 2011|language=no|trans-title=One of the wounded died in hospital}}</ref> and injuring 33.<ref name="ems-response" /><ref name="helsedir-rapport" /> Among the dead were friends of Stoltenberg, and the stepbrother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit.<ref name="trond-berntsen">{{cite news |title=Norway killings: Princess's brother Trond Berntsen among dead |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659298/Norway-killings-Princesss-brother-Trond-Berntsen-among-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659298/Norway-killings-Princesss-brother-Trond-Berntsen-among-dead.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |first=Raf |last=Sanchez |date=25 July 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Utøya attack is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone individual in modern history.

The attack was the deadliest in Norway since World War II.<ref name=open>{{cite news|title=Prime minister: Norway still 'an open society' despite 'the horror' |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-25/world/norway.terror.attacks_1_norway-since-world-war-crown-princess-mette-marit-labour-party |publisher=CNN |date=25 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=tretimer>{{cite news |title=Tre timer som forandret Norge |url=http://www.aftenbladet.no/nyheter/lokalt/Tre-timer-som-forandret-Norge-2911085.html |newspaper=Stavanger Aftenblad |language=no |trans-title=Three hours that changed Norway |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=28 January 2012 |archive-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331181442/http://www.aftenbladet.no/nyheter/lokalt/Tre-timer-som-forandret-Norge-2911085.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A survey found that one in four Norwegians knew someone affected.<ref name="klassekampen-survey">{{cite news |title=1 av 4 kjenner rammede |url=http://www.klassekampen.no/59186/article/item/null/-av--kjenner-rammede |newspaper=Klassekampen |language=no |trans-title=1 of 4 know a victim |date=19 August 2011}}</ref> The European Union, NATO and several countries expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks. The 2012 Gjørv Report concluded that Norway's police could have prevented the bombing and caught Breivik faster at Utøya, and that measures to prevent further attacks and "mitigate adverse effects" should have been implemented.<ref>{{cite news |title=Norway police 'could have stopped Breivik sooner' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19241327 |access-date=1 September 2012 |agency=BBC News Europe |date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

The Norwegian Police arrested Breivik on Utøya island<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news |title=Man held after Norway attacks right-wing extremist: report |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-gunman-idUSTRE76L6LZ20110722 |work=Reuters |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="breivik-surrender">{{cite news |title=Norway shootings: Anders Behring Breivik surrendered with his hands above his head |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8666351/Norway-shootings-Anders-Behring-Breivik-surrendered-with-his-hands-above-his-head.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8666351/Norway-shootings-Anders-Behring-Breivik-surrendered-with-his-hands-above-his-head.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=27 July 2011 |location=London |first=Gordon |last=Rayner}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and charged him with both attacks.<ref name="breivik-admits1">{{cite news |title=Norway suspect Anders Behring Breivik 'admits attacks' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14265094 |publisher=BBC News |date=24 July 2011}}</ref> His trial took place between 16 April and 22 June 2012 in Oslo District Court, where Breivik admitted carrying out the attacks, but denied criminal guilt and claimed the defence of necessity ({{lang|la|jus necessitatis}}).<ref>{{cite news |title=Norwegians value respecting killer's human rights |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/17/world/europe/norway-breivik-court-magnay/ |publisher=CNN |date=17 April 2011 }}</ref> On 24 August, Breivik was convicted as charged and sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention in prison with the possibility of indefinite five-year extensions for public safety, the maximum sentence allowed in Norway.

==Preparation for the attacks== Breivik was preparing for the attacks at least as early as 2009, though he concealed his violent intentions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/world/europe/25breivik.html |title=Oslo Suspect Cultivated Parallel Life to Disguise 'Martyrdom Operation' |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |work=The New York Times |first1=Michael |last1=Schwirtz |first2=Matthew |last2=Saltmarsh}}</ref><ref name=manifesto1>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/r/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2011/07/24/National-Politics/Graphics/2083+-+A+European+Declaration+of+Independence.pdf |title=2083: A European Declaration of Independence |last=Behring Breivik |first=Anders |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202151947/http://www.washingtonpost.com/r/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2011/07/24/National-Politics/Graphics/2083+-+A+European+Declaration+of+Independence.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2011 |url-status = live|access-date=11 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name=manifesto2>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/2083_A_European_Declaration_of_Independence |title=2083: A European Declaration of Independence |last=Behring Breivik |first=Anders |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="tyden" />

===Failed attempt to buy weapons in Prague=== {{See also|Gun politics in the Czech Republic}} Breivik spent six days in Prague in late August and early September 2010. Following his Internet inquiry, Breivik noted that "Prague is known for maybe being the most important transit site point for illicit drugs and weapons in Europe". Despite Prague having one of the lowest crime rates among European capitals,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/ekonomika/1258302-czechtourism-praha-je-bezpecnejsi-nez-viden |title=CzechTourism: Praha je bezpečnější než Vídeň |trans-title=CzechTourism: Prague is safer than Vienna |publisher=ČT24 |date=15 June 2011 |language=cs}}</ref> Breivik expressed reservations about his personal safety, writing that (before his trip there) he believed Prague to be a dangerous place with "many brutal and cynical criminals".<ref name="prague">{{cite web|url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/zbrane-pro-sve-smrtici-tazeni-chtel-breivik-nakoupit-v-nebezpecne-praze-105014|title=Zbraně pro své smrtící tažení chtěl Breivik nakoupit v 'nebezpečné Praze'|trans-title=Breivik wanted to buy weapons for his deadly campaign in 'dangerous Prague'|publisher=novinky.cz|date=24 July 2011|language=cs}}</ref>

He hollowed out the rear seats of his Hyundai Atos in order to have enough space for the firearms he hoped to buy. After two days, he got a prospectus for a mineral extraction business printed, which was supposed to give him an alibi in case someone suspected him of preparing a terrorist attack.<ref name="prague" /> He wanted to buy an AK-47-type assault rifle,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/breivikovi-chybely-kontakty-jinak-by-v-praze-zbrane-sehnal-105580|title=Breivikovi chyběly kontakty, jinak by v Praze zbraně sehnal|trans-title=Breivik was missing contacts, otherwise he would have got weapons in Prague|publisher=novinky.cz|date=26 July 2011}}</ref> a Glock pistol, hand-grenades and a rocket-propelled grenade, stating that getting the latter two would be a "bonus".<ref name="tyden" /><ref name="prague" />

Breivik had several fake police badges printed to wear with a police uniform, which he had acquired illegally on the Internet, and which he later wore during the attack.<ref name="fake-uniform1" /><ref name="fake-uniform2" /> Contrary to his expectations, he was unable to get any firearms in the Czech Republic, commenting that it was the "first major setback in [his] operation". In the end, he concluded that Prague was "far from an ideal city to buy guns", nothing like "what the BBC reported", and that he had felt "safer in Prague than in Oslo".<ref name="tyden">{{Cite news|url=https://t.tyden.cz/rubriky/zahranici/evropa/norsky-vrah-shanel-zbrane-i-u-motorkaru-v-praze_207777.html|title=Praha je moc bezpečná, pušku tu neseženu, litoval norský zabiják|trans-title=Prague is too safe to get a rifle, regretted Norwegian killer|work=Týden|date=24 July 2011|language=cs|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="prague" /><ref name="cz po">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/society/oslo-killer-sought-weapons-prague%E2%80%99s-underworld |title=Oslo killer sought weapons from Prague's underworld |publisher=Czech Position |date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912110627/http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/society/oslo-killer-sought-weapons-prague%E2%80%99s-underworld |archive-date=12 September 2011}}</ref>

===Arming in Norway and through the Internet=== {{See also|Gun politics in Norway}} Originally, Breivik intended to try to obtain weapons in Germany or Serbia if his mission in Prague failed. The Czech disappointment led him to procure his weapons through legal channels.<ref name="cz po" /> He decided to obtain a semi-automatic rifle and a Glock pistol legally in Norway, noting that he had a "clean criminal record, hunting license, and two guns (a Benelli Nova 12 gauge pump-action shotgun and a Weatherby Vanguard .308 bolt-action rifle) already for seven years", and that obtaining the guns legally should therefore not be a problem.<ref name="tyden" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2012-14/id697260/?ch=7 |title=Nou 2012: 14 |date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

Upon returning to Norway, Breivik obtained a legal permit for a .223-caliber Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic carbine, ostensibly for the purpose of hunting deer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-24 |title='Breivik manifesto' details chilling attack preparation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14267007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119105414/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14267007 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-03-09 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> He bought it in late 2010 for €1,400. He wanted to purchase a 7.62×39mm Ruger Mini-30 semi-automatic carbine, but for unknown reasons, he decided to buy the Mini-14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-18 |title=Norway shooting: quotes from Anders Behring Breivik's online manifesto |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657727/Norway-shooting-quotes-from-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-online-manifesto.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201005557/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657727/Norway-shooting-quotes-from-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-online-manifesto.html |archive-date=2024-12-01 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

Getting a permit for the pistol proved more difficult, as he had to demonstrate regular attendance at a sport shooting club.<ref name="prague" /> He also bought 10 30-round magazines for the rifle from a United States supplier, and six magazines for the pistol (including four 30-round magazines) in Norway. From November 2010 to January 2011 he went through 15 training sessions at the Oslo Pistol Club, and by mid-January his application to purchase a Glock pistol was approved.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5a1b3ce-b60b-11e0-8bed-00144feabdc0|title=Suspect focused on buying specific weapons|work=Financial Times|date=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="skaffetvapen">{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/Skaffet-seg-vpen-p-lovlig-vis-2542413.html|title=Skaffet seg våpen på lovlig vis|date=24 July 2011|work=Bergens Tidende|publisher=Norsk Telegrambyrå|language=no|access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

Breivik claimed in his manifesto that he bought 300 g of sodium nitrate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/norway-gunman-to-appear-in-court |title=Norway gunman claims two more terror cells exist – Channel 4 News |date=25 July 2011 |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> from a Polish shop for €10.<ref name="PAP_Wroclaw" /> The Polish ABW interviewed the company owner on 24 July 2011.<ref name="PAP_Wroclaw">{{cite news |first=Paulina |last=Iwińska |language=pl |url=http://wroclaw.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/wroclaw-prokuratura-wszczela-sledztwo-w-sprawie-chemikaliow,3186137,art,t,id,tm.html |date=26 July 2011 |publisher=naszemiasto.pl|agency=PAP |title=Wrocław: Prokuratura wszczęła śledztwo w sprawie chemikaliów dla Breivika|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> Breivik's Polish purchases initially led to him being placed on the watch list of the Norwegian intelligence, which did not act because they did not believe his actions were relevant to their terror concerns.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Norway-Anders-Behring-Breivik-Was-On-Intelligence-Watch-List-After-Buying-Chemicals-Online/Article/201107416036733?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_16036733_Norway%3A_Anders_Behring_Breivik_Was_On_Intelligence_Watch_List_After_Buying_Chemicals_Online |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712223302/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Norway-Anders-Behring-Breivik-Was-On-Intelligence-Watch-List-After-Buying-Chemicals-Online/Article/201107416036733?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_16036733_Norway:_Anders_Behring_Breivik_Was_On_Intelligence_Watch_List_After_Buying_Chemicals_Online |url-status = dead|archive-date=12 July 2012 |title=Norwegian 'MI5' Had Massacre Suspect on List |date=25 July 2011 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref>

He had also planned a last religious service (in Frogner Church, Oslo) before the attack.<ref name="prague" />

====Breivik Geofarm==== On 18 May 2009, Breivik created a sole proprietorship called ''Breivik Geofarm'', a company established under the fictitious purpose of cultivating vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purehelp.no/company/details/breivikgeofarm/994089269 |title=Breivik Geofarm – 994089269 – Firmapresentasjon |website=Purehelp.no |language=no |date=18 May 2009 |access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://w2.brreg.no/enhet/sok/detalj.jsp?orgnr=994089269 |title=Nøkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret |website=brreg.no |language=no |publisher=The Brønnøysund Register Centre |date=18 May 2009 |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> The real purpose was to gain access to chemicals and materials, especially fertiliser that could be used for the production of explosives without arousing suspicion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diehl |first=Jörg |date=2011-07-26 |title=Anders Breivik – Der unauffällige Massenmörder |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/anders-breivik-der-unauffaellige-massenmoerder-a-776763.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123125432/https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/anders-breivik-der-unauffaellige-massenmoerder-a-776763.html |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Der Spiegel |language=de}}</ref>

The place of business was given as Åmot Municipality in Hedmark. On 4 May 2011, Breivik purchased {{convert|6|tonnes|lb}} of fertiliser through Geofarm at Felleskjøpet, {{convert|3|tonnes|lb}} of ammonium nitrate and {{convert|3|tonnes|lb}} of calcium ammonium nitrate. According to neighbours, all the fertiliser was stored in his barn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/23/nyheter/terror/innenriks/17425643/ |title=Breivik kjøpte seks tonn kunstgjødsel i mai – nyheter |language=no |website=Dagbladet.no |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> After conducting a reconstruction of the bomb with equivalent amount of fertiliser on the farm in Åmot, police and bomb experts concluded that the bomb had been {{convert|950|kg|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4221239.ece |title=Bomben i Regjeringskvartalet var 950 kg |language=no |website=Aftenposten.no |access-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117070923/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4221239.ece |archive-date=17 November 2011 }}</ref> about the same size as the one used in the 2002 Bali bombings. Afterwards there was significant debate in Norway about how an amateur could acquire such substantial amounts of fertiliser and manufacture and place such a lethal weapon in the middle of Regjeringskvartalet all by himself. The conclusion by Felleskjøpet was that there is no legislation to keep agricultural businesses from buying as much fertiliser as they like, and that there was nothing suspicious about Breivik's purchase.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e24.no/lov-og-rett/ingen-krav-til-de-som-kjoeper-kunstgjoedsel/20082120 |title=Ingen krav til de som kjøper kunstgjødsel – Lov og rett |language=no |website=E24.no |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> This was confirmed by the director of the Norwegian Police Security Service, Janne Kristiansen, who stated "not even the Stasi could have prevented this attack".<ref>{{cite web|author=NTB |url=http://www.dn.no/forsiden/politikkSamfunn/article2189178.ece |title=PST: – Selv ikke Stasi kunne ha avslørt Breivik |website=DN.no |language=no|date=25 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status =dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807091559/http://www.dn.no/forsiden/politikkSamfunn/article2189178.ece |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref>

The company listed at least two Swedish employees on the social networking site Facebook, but it is uncertain whether these people existed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3199990.ece|language=no|title=Svensk politi jakter mystiske "Breivik-ansatte"|first=Egil|last=Sande |website=Nettavisen.no |date=29 July 2011|access-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117054958/http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3199990.ece|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In April 2011, he reported moving from Oslo to Vålstua farm in the municipality of Åmot, about {{convert|9|km|0}} south of the community centre Rena, on the east side of Glomma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/23/nyheter/innenriks/terror/utoya/17428047|title=Står igjen tre tonn gjødsel på gården|first1=Sindre Granly |last1=Meldalen |first2=Torgeir P. |last2=Krokfjord |website=Dagbladet.no |language=no |quote=Da den siktede 32-åringen kom til Vålstua Gård på Åsta i april i år, startet han ikke opp med gårdsproduksjon, men valgte å forpakte bort rundt 100 mål hvor det ble produsert gress.|date=23 July 2011|access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> His agricultural company was run from the farm, and gave him access to ingredients for explosives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/23/nyheter/terror/drap/17421854/|title=Anders (32) tatt etter massakrene |first1=Harald S. |last1=Klungtveit |first2=Peder |last2=Ottosen |first3=Gunnar |last3=Thorenfeldt |first4=Jonas |last4=Pettersen |website=Dagbladet.no |language=no |date=23 July 2011|access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref>

His {{convert|950|kg|adj=on}} car bomb exploded in central Oslo on 22 July 2011, where it killed eight people.<ref name="unikt">{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/01/nyheter/innenriks/terror/anders_behring_breivik/17510788/|title="Unikt" at bomba bare drepte åtte personer |website=Dagbladet.no |language=no |date=1 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> He had between {{convert|1000|and|1500|kg}} of additional material that was left on the farm and could be used for construction of a second bomb.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7753950|title=Fant enda en stor, klargjort bombe på gården til Behring Breivik |first=Tormod |last=Strand |publisher=Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation |agency=NRK |language=no |date=17 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

===Weapons training=== Beside visiting firing ranges and countries with relaxed gun laws to sharpen his skill, Breivik's manifesto says that he made use of the video game ''Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2'' as a training aid while using ''World of Warcraft'' as a cover for his extended period of isolation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oslo Terrorist Used Modern Warfare 2 as "Training-Simulation", World of Warcraft as Cover|url=https://kotaku.com/oslo-terrorist-used-modern-warfare-2-as-training-simul-5824147|date=24 July 2011|access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> He also said that he honed his shooting skills using an in-game holographic sight similar to the one he used during the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/116848-Norwegian-Mass-Murderer-Defends-Gaming-Habits |title=Norwegian Mass Murderer Defends Gaming Habits |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128204946/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/116848-Norwegian-Mass-Murderer-Defends-Gaming-Habits |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Oslo car bombing== [[File:Regjeringsbygget 22.7.2011.jpg|thumb|upright|The building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police with blown-out windows shortly after the explosion. The bomb van had been placed behind the people shown.|left]]{{Multiple image | image1 = Bomb attack on Oslo 2011 (Updated infographic).svg | image2 = Volkswagen Crafter.jpg | caption1 = A graphical illustration of the placement of the car bomb in Regjeringskvartalet. The office of the Prime Minister was in Block H. | caption2 = White Volkswagen Crafter vans similar to the one Breivik planted the bomb in }} On 22 July 2011, at 15:25:22 (CEST) a bomb detonated in Regjeringskvartalet, central Oslo.<ref name="NORSAR_seismic_data" /> The bomb was placed in a white Volkswagen Crafter<ref name="car-remains" /> and parked in front of the ''H block'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/27/nyheter/terror/innenriks/regjeringskvartalet/terror_i_oslo/17473825/|newspaper=Dagbladet|title=Her er krateret|language=no|trans-title=Here is the crater|date=27 July 2011|access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> housing the Office of the Prime Minister, Ministry of Justice and the Police, and several other governmental buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (''R4''), Ministry of Finance (''G block''), Ministry of Education and Research (''Y block'') and the Supreme Court of Norway (behind the ''G block'').<ref name="VG-eng">{{cite news|title= At least 92 killed in shootings and bomb blast in Norway|date=22 July 2011 | publisher=VG|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080597|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205063301/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080597|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2012 |location=NO |access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=ft>{{cite news|title=Youth camp shooting after Oslo bomb|date=22 July 2011|first=Andrew|last=Ward|work=Financial Times|location=Stockholm|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/24346904-b46c-11e0-9eb8-00144feabdc0.html |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>

The Crafter was registered by surveillance cameras as entering Grubbegata from Grensen at 15:13:23. The van stopped at 15:13:43, {{convert|200|m|ft|round=50}} before the H block. It stood still with the hazard warning lamps on for 1 minute and 54 seconds. The driver then drove the last 200 metres and parked the van in front of the main entrance of the main government building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7794913 |title=Her flykter Breivik fra bombebilen – Norge – NRK Nyheter |publisher=NRK |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7796498 |title=Slik plasserte Breivik terrorbomben i regjeringskvartalet |publisher=NRK |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> The van was parked at 15:16:30. The front door of the van opened 16 seconds later and after another 16 seconds the driver stepped out of the van. He stood outside the van for 7 seconds before quickly walking away towards Hammersborg torg, where he had another car parked.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110916/ble-sett-av-10-kameraer |title=Ble sett av ti kameraer |work=ABC Nyheter |access-date=3 December 2011 |date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211102519/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110916/ble-sett-av-10-kameraer |archive-date=11 December 2011}}</ref>

The driver was dressed like a police officer and had a gun in his hand. A police helmet with a face shield was covering his face. Breivik was not positively identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7796175 |title=– Vaktene så ikke Breivik flykte fra bombebilen – Norge – NRK Nyheter |publisher=NRK |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>

The explosion started fires in the ''H block ({{lang|no|H-blokka}})'' and ''R4'', and the shock wave blew out the windows on all floors as well as in the ''VG'' house and other buildings on the other side of the square.<ref name="NRK_timings">{{cite web|url=http://m.nrk.no/m/artikkel.jsp?art_id=17724894 |title=Breivik forberedte terror i ni år |language=no |trans-title=Breivik preparing terror for nine years |access-date=24 July 2011 |date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820101242/http://m.nrk.no/m/artikkel.jsp?art_id=17724894 |archive-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> The blast was caught on many security cameras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8KlLagNRbw |title=New CCTV footage of Breivik's terror attack in Oslo |publisher=YouTube}}{{dead link|date=February 2025}}</ref> The streets in the area were filled with glass and debris. A cloud of white smoke which was reported as a fire continued to burn at the Department of Oil and Energy. The blast was heard at least {{convert|9|km|mi|frac=2|spell=in}} away.<ref name=ft />

At 15:26 the police received the first message about the explosion.<ref name="NRK_timings" /> 90 seconds after the explosion was reported, Norway's leading national private radio station P4 went live from the government quarters, becoming the first media in the world to report live (on air) from the area of explosion. At 15:28 the first police patrol reported arriving at the scene.<ref name="NRK_timings" /> At the same time, news agency NTB was told that the Prime Minister was safe and not hurt.<ref name="NRK_timings" />

A witness called police at 15:34 to report a person in a police uniform holding a pistol in his hand, entering an unmarked vehicle, a Fiat Doblò.<ref name="nrk.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/ostlandssendingen/1.8279656 |title=Flere svakheter hos Oslo-politiet |agency=NRK |date=13 August 2012 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> Information—including the vehicle's licence plate number and description of the suspect—was written on a yellow note, and hand-delivered to the police operations central where it lay for 20 minutes before the witness was phoned back.<ref name="nrk.no" /> The licence plate number was not transmitted on the police radio until two hours later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haram |first=Ingrid Vestre |date=2012-08-13 |title=Flere svakheter hos Oslo-politiet |url=https://www.nrk.no/stor-oslo/flere-svakheter-hos-oslo-politiet-1.8279656 |access-date=2025-11-07 |agency=NRK |language=nb-NO}}</ref>

Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for any additional explosive devices.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/world/europe/23oslo.html|title=Big Blast Hits Government Buildings in Central Oslo |work=The New York Times |date=23 July 2011|first1=Elisa|last1=Mala|first2=J. David|last2=Goodman}}</ref> Through media outlets, police urged citizens to evacuate central Oslo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/events/2011/07/22/explosion-rocks-oslo/ |title=Explosion rocks Oslo |work=Blogs |agency=Reuters |access-date=22 July 2011 |date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722233601/http://blogs.reuters.com/events/2011/07/22/explosion-rocks-oslo/| archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Police later announced that the bomb was composed of a mixture of fertiliser and fuel oil (ANFO), similar to that used in the Oklahoma City bombing.<ref name="anfo1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-28/world/norway.attacks_1_oslo-police-bomb-blast-police-headquarters|title=Suspect in Norway attacks to face second interrogation|date=28 July 2011|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 November 2018}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="anfo2">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/23/oslo-bombing-anders-behring-brelvik-norwegian-suspect-fertilizer_n_907697.html|title=Oslo Norway Bombing: Suspect Anders Behring Breivik Bought Tons of Fertilizer, Wrote Manifesto|last=Wong|first=Curtis|date=23 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|access-date=22 September 2011|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

===Effect on transport===  Immediately after the explosion, the area surrounding the damaged buildings was cordoned off and evacuated. People were asked to remain calm and leave the city centre if possible, but there was no general evacuation. The Oslo Metro remained operational, and most of the Oslo tram network was also running, although sporadically, except for the line through Grensen (the street between Prof. Aschehoug's plass and Stortorvet).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslotrikken-det-er-normal-drift-ingen-grunn-til-bekymring-3544402.html|title=Oslo-trikken: – Det er normal drift, ingen grunn til bekymring|last=Syrstad|first=Tor Gaute|date=22 July 2011|publisher=TV2 |language=no|access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

An e-mail communication with the BBC from a traveller indicated that police were conducting searches of suspicious cars on the road to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen,<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news |title=Oslo bomb – latest updates |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=BBC News |location=UK |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14254705 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170637/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14254705 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> which remained open.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oslo-trikken: – Det er normal drift, ingen grunn til bekymring|date=22 July 2011|work=TV 2 |location=NO |language=no |url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslotrikken-det-er-normal-drift-ingen-grunn-til-bekymring-3544402.html|access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>

The Gardermoen Line between Lillestrøm and Oslo Airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks.<ref>{{cite news| title= All trains shut down after suspicious package|date=22 July 2011|work=Dagbladet |location=NO |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/22/nyheter/innenriks/flytog/17418881/|access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> The same happened at the offices of TV 2 which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/22/nyheter/innenriks/eksplosjon/regjeringskvartalet/17416403/| title=Disse områdene er evakuert| work=Dagbladet| location=NO | language=no |access-date=22 July 2011| date=22 July 2011|last1=Lofstad|first1=Ralf|last2=Haraldsen|first2=Stian|last3=Badi|first3=Diana}}</ref>

==Utøya mass shooting== ===Attack=== {{Main|Timeline of the 2011 Norway attacks}} Approximately one and a half hours after the Oslo explosion,<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |location=UK |title=Oslo: Bomb blast near Norway prime minister's office |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14252515 |agency= |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170627/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14252515 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live|work=BBC News}}</ref> Breivik, dressed in a police uniform and presenting himself as "Martin Nilsen" from the Oslo Police Department,<ref name="Mislyktes med bomben">{{cite news |title=Breivik: – Mislyktes med bomben mot høyblokken |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Breivik---Mislyktes-med-bomben-mot-hyblokken-6700588.html |newspaper=Aftenposten |language=no |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=11 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> boarded the ferry {{MS|Thorbjørn}} at Utøykaia in Tyrifjorden, a lake some {{convert|32|km|mi}} northwest of Oslo, to the island of Utøya,<ref>{{cite news|title=Police: 91 youth campers dead in mass shooting, bombing in Norway |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/22/norway.explosion/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722215330/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/22/norway.explosion/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011|access-date=23 July 2011|publisher= |location=United States |date=23 July 2011|work=CNN}}</ref> the location of the Norwegian Labour Party's AUF youth camp. The camp is held there every summer<ref>{{cite web|title=Sommerleir på Utøya |url=http://auf.no/-/page/show/utoya?sandbox_id=1063610 |language=no |trans-title=Summer Camp at Utøya |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627025138/http://auf.no/-/page/show/utoya?sandbox_id=1063610 |archive-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> and was attended by approximately 600 teenagers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/home/article/16035628 |title=Norway Camp Shooting: 'As Many As 30 Dead'|publisher=|date=23 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134247/http://news.sky.com/home/article/16035628 |archive-date=11 August 2011|website=Sky News}}</ref>

When Breivik arrived on the island, he presented himself as a police officer who had come over for a routine check following the bombing in Oslo. He was met by Monica Bøsei, the camp leader and island hostess. Bøsei probably became suspicious and contacted Trond Berntsen, the security officer on the island, before Breivik killed them both.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slik er hovedhuset på Utøya |url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/slik-er-hovedhuset-paa-utoeya-3600734.html |publisher= |language=no |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=11 April 2012|last=Svardal|first=Yngve Garen|url-status=live|work=TV 2}}</ref> He then signalled and asked people to gather around him<ref>{{cite news |title=Flere unge skutt og drept på Utøya |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7723132 |agency= |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011|last=Sandvik|first=Siv|url-status=live|last2=Sæby|first2=Inger-Marit Knap|last3=Fange|first3=Per Øyvind|last4=Rivrud|first4=Kristin|last5=Karstensen|first5=Heidi Elisabeth Odde|last6=Falch-Nilsen|first6=Kirsti|work=NRK}}</ref> before pulling weapons and ammunition from a bag and firing indiscriminately,<ref name="NPRterror" /><ref name="vg">{{cite news|language=no |title=Vi er under angrep! |first=Jarle |last=Brenna |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080590 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205035057/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080590 |url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2012 |newspaper=VG Nett |location=NO |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=NRC |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2011/07/22/gewonden-bij-explosie-in-overheidsgebouw-in-oslo/ |location=NL |language=nl |title=LIVE: Doden bij bomexplosie in Oslo – schietpartij op jongerenkamp |date=22 July 2011 |last1=Dool |first1=Pim van den}}</ref> killing and wounding numerous people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake.<ref>{{cite news |work=Reuters |title= Nine, perhaps 10, killed in Norway shooting |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-shooting-idUSTRE76L5E120110722 |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723160549/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-norway-shooting-idUSTRE76L5E120110722 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Survivors on the island described a scene of terror.<ref name="NPRterror" /> Survivor Dana Barzingi, then 21, described how several victims wounded by Breivik pretended to be dead, but he came back and shot them again.<ref name="NPRterror">Survivors{{Cite news |date=23 July 2011 |title=Survivors In Norway Describe Scenes Of Terror |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/23/138634243/norway-rescuers-search-waters-after-island-attack |url-status=live |work=NPR}}</ref> He spared an 11-year-old boy who had lost his father (Trond Berntsen) during the shooting and stood up against him and said he was too young to die, as well as a 22-year-old man who begged for his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725593 |title= «Du har allerede drept pappaen min, jeg er for ung til å dø»|author1=Honningsøy|author2=Aasen |date=24 July 2011|agency=|website=NRK|first=Kirsti Haga|first2=Kristine Ramberg|trans-title="You've already killed my dad, I'm too young to die"}}</ref>

Some witnesses hid in undergrowth and lavatories, communicating by text message to avoid revealing their positions.<ref>{{cite news |location=UK |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14255004 |title=Twin terror attacks shock Norway |publisher=BBC News |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722213724/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14255004 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The mass shooting lasted for around one and a half hours, ending when a police special task force arrived and Breivik surrendered, despite having ammunition left, at 18:35.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terroriserte Utøya i halvannen time |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4181699.ece |language=no |trans-title=Terrorized Utøya in half-hour |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725033627/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4181699.ece |archive-date=25 July 2011|last=Holgersen|first=Jon Dagsland|last2=Torgersen|first2=Hans O.|work=Aftenposten}}</ref> The shooter used hollow-point<ref>{{cite news|title=Doctor: Breivik used a special ammunition |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080715 |newspaper=VG |language=no |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725031759/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080715 |archive-date=25 July 2011|last=Ege|first=Rune Thomas|date=24 July 2011|last2=Thømt Ruud|first2=Tor-Erling|last3=Brenna|first3=Jarle}}</ref> or frangible bullets<ref name="db-gsw">{{cite news|title=Never seen gunshot wounds like this before|url= http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/24/nyheter/innenriks/oslo/oslo-terror/anders_behring_breivik/17442711/|newspaper=Dagbladet |language=no|last=Barstein|first=Geir|date=24 July 2011}}</ref> which increase tissue damage.<ref name="db-gsw" /> Breivik repeatedly shouted "You will die today, Marxists!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Breivik Describes Hunting Down Panicked Teens|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/breivik-describes-hunting-down-panicked-teens/|publisher=|date=April 20, 2012|access-date=September 28, 2023|url-status=live|work=CBS News|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

Bøsei's husband and one of her daughters, who were also present, survived.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23973140-mother-utoya-killed-after-quizzing-anders-breivik.do |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914155628/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23973140-mother-utoya-killed-after-quizzing-anders-breivik.do |url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012 |newspaper=London Evening Standard |date=26 July 2011 |title=Mother of Two shot dead trying to stop Norway gunman|last=Lydall|first=Ross}}</ref> The youngest victim, New Zealand-born Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn of Drammen, was 14 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koubaridis |first=Andrew |date=29 July 2011 |title=Grandad mourns youngest victim |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10741544 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110729015717/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10741544 |archive-date=29 July 2011 |access-date= |work=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Sixteen-year-old Andrine Bakkene Espeland of Sarpsborg was the last victim, nearly one hour after the shooting began.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fikk vite at datteren var den siste som ble drept |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/03/08/nyheter/innenriks/drap/tiltale/terror/20582404/ |newspaper=Dagbladet |language=no |date=8 March 2012 |access-date=11 April 2012|last=Kristiansen|first=Arnhild Aass}}</ref>

Residents in a flotilla of motorboats and fishing dinghies sailed out to rescue the survivors, who were pulled out shivering and bleeding from the water and picked up from hiding places in the bushes and behind rocks around the island's shoreline. Some survived by pretending to be dead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Utøya, the island paradise turned into hell by Anders Behring Breivik|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/23/utoya-mass-murder-anders-behring-breivik|date=23 July 2011|access-date=27 July 2011|location=London|work=The Guardian|first1=Mark|last1=Townsend|first2=Tracy|last2=McVeigh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123238/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/23/utoya-mass-murder-anders-behring-breivik |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several campers, especially those who knew the island well, swam to the island's rocky west side and hid in the caves which are only accessible from the water. Others were able to hide away on the secluded ''Kjærlighetsstien'' ("love path").<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Berget-livet-i-kjrlighetsgrottene-2545679.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117061036/http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Berget-livet-i-kjrlighetsgrottene-2545679.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2011|title=Berget livet i kjærlighetsgrottene|last=Haugen|first=Erlend Langeland|date=28 July 2011|work=Bergens Tidende|language=no|access-date=29 July 2011}}</ref> Forty-seven of the campers sought refuge in ''Skolestua'' ("the School House") together with personnel from the Norwegian People's Aid. Although Breivik fired two bullets through the door, he did not get through the locked door, and the people inside this building survived.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/--Skolestuen-berget-mange-liv-2544093.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117055303/http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/--Skolestuen-berget-mange-liv-2544093.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2011|title=Skolestuen berget mange liv|last=Bjerkestrand|first=Frode|date=26 July 2011|publisher=Bergens Tidende|language=no|access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fvn.no/lokalt/kristiansand/article885595.ece |title=Trodde vi var eneste overlevende |last=Mersland |first=Frank |author2=Ankersen |date=23 July 2011 |publisher=Fædrelandsvennen |language=no |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808101223/http://www.fvn.no/lokalt/kristiansand/article885595.ece |archive-date=8 August 2011|first2=Roald}}</ref>

Two Chechen teenagers, Movsar Dzhamayev (17) and Rustam Daudov (16) had pelted the gunman with rocks in an attempt to stop him. The teenagers said they then decided that it was too difficult to stop the gunman and better to save lives. They discovered a cave-like opening in a rock where they hid 23 children from Breivik. Dzhamayev, who kept guard outside, also dragged three youngsters from the lake who were close to drowning.<ref>{{cite web|author=von Twickel|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/chechen-war-prepared-teens-for-norway-terror/442109.html|title=Chechen War Prepared Teens for Norway Terror|work=The Moscow Times|date=16 August 2011|access-date=16 August 2011|first=Nikolaus}}</ref>

Former prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, whom Breivik said he hated and, in a pun on the (more or less ironic) epithet ''Landsmoderen'' ("mother of the nation"), referred to in his writings as ''landsmorderen'' ("murderer of the nation"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php%3Fartid%3D10080621 |title=Suspected mass murder called Gro 'murder of the nation' |work=VG Nett |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> had been on the island earlier in the day to give a speech to the camp. After the attack, Breivik stated that he originally wanted to target her specifically; but because of delays related to the renovation of Oslo Central railway station, he arrived after she had already left.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725803 |title=Would kill Gro Harlem Brundtland |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658995/Norway-shooting-killer-confirms-Gro-Harlem-Brundtland-was-main-target.html "Norway shooting: killer 'confirms Gro Harlem Brundtland was main target'"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 25 July 2011.</ref>

Investigators later confirmed that they collected a total of 186 spent ammunition shell casings on the island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-13 |title=Norway cops drop isolation request for Anders Breivik |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/norway-cops-drop-isolation-request-for-anders-breivik-1.710969?cache=lyphoblxpdpmw?clipId=104069 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204184032/https://www.ctvnews.ca/norway-cops-drop-isolation-request-for-anders-breivik-1.710969?cache=lyphoblxpdpmw?clipId=104069 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref>

===Rescue and emergency response=== [[File:Norway Trip 2012 (8124979786).jpg|thumb|Utøya seen from above in 2012]] The first shot was fired at 17:22.<ref name="TroddeBareViSlappUnna">{{cite web|url=http://mobil.tk.no/nyheter/article5682918.ece|title=Trodde bare vi slapp unna|publisher=Tidens Krav|date=27 July 2011|access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> The emergency medical services were informed about the shooting two minutes later.<ref name="DereHarReddetLiv">{{cite web|url=http://www.vestreviken.no/aktuelt/nyheter/Sider/--dere-har-reddet-liv.aspx |title=Dere har reddet liv |publisher=Vestre Viken HF |date=29 July 2011 |access-date=24 October 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227123522/http://www.vestreviken.no/aktuelt/nyheter/Sider/--dere-har-reddet-liv.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011}}</ref> One minute after that, the police in Oslo were informed.<ref name="ImponertSjef">{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/hege-17-fikk-beredskapstroppen-raskere-til-utoeya-3650650.html|title=Hege (17) fikk beredskapstroppen raskere til Utøya|publisher=TV 2|date=1 December 2011|access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> They immediately tried to reach Utøya as quickly as possible,<ref name="ImponertSjef" /> but did not have a helicopter that could take them straight to the island. By 17:30, Delta, the police tactical unit in Oslo, were on the way to Utøya by car.<ref name="Dokumentar">{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/11/28/nyheter/innenriks/terror/anders_behring_breivik/deltatroppen/19204079/|title=En halv time, er en halv time for mye|newspaper=Dagbladet|date=28 December 2011|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref>

One of the first to arrive on the scene was Marcel Gleffe, a German resident of Ski staying at Utvika Camping on the mainland. Recognising gunshots, he piloted his boat to the island and began throwing life-jackets to young people in the water, rescuing as many as he could in four or five trips, after which the police asked him to stop. ''The Daily Telegraph'' credited him with saving up to 30 lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658437/Norway-shooting-German-tourist-hailed-a-hero-after-saving-30-lives.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658437/Norway-shooting-German-tourist-hailed-a-hero-after-saving-30-lives.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Norway shooting: German tourist hailed a hero after saving 30 lives|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK|date=26 July 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Another 40 were saved by Hege Dalen and Toril Hansen, a married couple on vacation in the area. Dalen was helping from land<ref name="Heltene">{{cite news|location=NO |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10030903 |title=Her er Utøya-heltene sine historier |work=VG |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211133751/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10030903 |archive-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref> while Hansen and a neighbour camper made several trips to rescue people in the water.<ref name="Heltene" /> Several dozen more were rescued by Kasper Ilaug, who made three trips to the island. Ilaug, a local resident, received a telephone call that "something terrible" was happening on Utøya and requesting help. He initially thought the call was a prank, but acted anyway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watkins |first=Tom |title=Norwegian islander ferries children to safety |publisher=CNN |access-date=12 August 2011 |date=23 July 2011 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/22/norway.rescue.worker/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110729062751/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/22/norway.rescue.worker/index.html |archive-date=29 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Chris |title=Norway attacks: Utoeya rescuer describes shock of survivors |agency=BBC News |access-date=12 August 2011 |date=26 July 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14295913 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110727081857/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14295913 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Delta reached the meeting point at 18:09, but had to wait a few minutes for a boat to take them across. They reached Utøya at 18:25. When confronted by the heavily armed police on the island, the gunman initially hesitated for a few seconds. When an officer yelled "surrender or be shot" he laid down his weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080811 |title=Breivik er overrasket over at han lyktes – VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli |publisher=Vg.no |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123175255/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080811 |archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>

Breivik called the 112 emergency phone number at least twice to surrender, at 18:01 and 18:26, and continued killing people in between. The police say Breivik hung up both times; they tried to call him back but did not succeed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Norway |url=http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/police-reveal-breivik-called-twice-broke-communication |title=Police reveal Breivik called twice, broke communication |publisher=Theforeigner.no |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref>

When the police arrived at the scene, they were met by survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons, as they were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them.<ref>{{cite news|location=United States |url=http://cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/07/23/bpr.pracon.norway.survivor.cnn |title=One Norway survivor describes how he played dead as a gunman passed him |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723235445/http://www.cnn.com/video/?%2Fvideo%2Fworld%2F2011%2F07%2F23%2Fbpr.pracon.norway.survivor.cnn |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the attack, 69 people were killed, and of the 517 survivors,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/21/utoya-anders-behring-breivik-norway |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Mark |last=Townsend |title=Survivors of Norway shootings return to island of Utøya |date=21 August 2011}}</ref> 66 were wounded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/krim/96-personer-saaret-i-terrorangrepene-3545176.html |title=96 personer såret i terrorangrepene – TV 2 Nyhetene |publisher=Tv2.no |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>

====Shortage of transport capacity==== The Norwegian police did not have helicopters suitable for transporting groups of police for an airdrop. The one they had was useful only for surveillance and the helicopter crew were on summer vacation.<ref name="heli">[http://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/evropa/240064-televize-byla-na-miste-masakru-drive-nez-policie.html The TV crews saw what was happening before the police]. novinky.cz 26 July 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref>

When the local police arrived at Utøykaia, less than 30 minutes after the first shot was fired, they could not find a suitable boat to reach the island. They were then ordered to observe and report.<ref name="RykketUt">[http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110922/jeg-beordret-batene-mot-storoeya I ordered the boat to Storøya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024070654/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110922/jeg-beordret-batene-mot-storoeya |date=24 October 2011}} ''ABC Nyheter''. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref>

AUF's own ferry, the 50-passenger MS ''Thorbjørn'', was used by Breivik to go to Utøya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-04 |title=Norway massacre island opens for media |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15163057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410231814/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15163057 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |access-date=2025-03-09 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> Shortly after the first shot was fired, nine people were leaving the island on the ferry, among them the AUF leader Eskil Pedersen.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eskil. His life. And the hatred|url=https://www.fvn.no/mening/i/AB80A/eskil-his-life-and-the-hatred|access-date=25 July 2023|work=FVN |date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Believing there could be additional threats in the area, they moved the ferry away from the island. As a result, the vessel was not immediately available to assist the police when they arrived at Utøykaia, the usual ferry landing on the mainland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-07 |title=Dette skjedde på MS «Thorbjørn» |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/xP988/dette-skjedde-paa-ms-thorbjoern |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=www.aftenposten.no |language=nb}}</ref>

The police therefore had to use their own rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB). On the day of the event, this boat was in Hønefoss, and had to be transported to the lake and launched before it could be used. When Delta boarded the RHIB it took on some water and after a few hundred metres, the engine stopped, probably due to water in the fuel. Two minutes later they took over a civilian boat that was sent to assist them. The episode was captured on video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/rA2OK/--Jeg-var-vitne-til-en-spesiell-hendelse-i-verdenshistorien |title=A video of the crossing |date=24 August 2011 |language=nb |work=AftenPosten |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> A minute or two after the video ends, a faster civilian boat arrived to help. Four Delta officers boarded the boat. Not wanting to waste any more time, the civilian couple took the police to Utøya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fIeph87z3E | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/7fIeph87z3E |archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Where Were You |date=3 October 2011|publisher=YouTube |access-date=21 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Some have criticised the police for not using a helicopter, for not immediately getting into small boats, and for endangering the couple who drove the civilian boat.<ref>[http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110922/politiets-forklaringer-spriker Police statements differ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127140615/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110922/politiets-forklaringer-spriker |date=27 November 2011}} ''ABC Nyheter''. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref>

===Arrest of an innocent survivor=== On arriving in Utøya, the police arrested, in addition to Breivik, Anzor Djoukaev, an innocent 17-year-old survivor who represented the Akershus branch of AUF. The youth was reportedly stripped naked<ref>Jan Andersson, Lisa Karlsson, [http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=4643052 Oskyldig 17-åring greps med massmördaren] (Swedish), Sveriges Radio, 12 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.</ref> and locked up in a jail cell, located only metres away from the cell housing the self-confessed killer.<ref name=AFranceP>News report from AFP: [http://www.news24.com/World/News/Survivor-held-for-17-hours-after-attacks-20110812 Survivor held for 17 hours after attack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305053919/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Survivor-held-for-17-hours-after-attacks-20110812 |date=5 March 2012}}, 13 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.</ref> The victim, who as a child had witnessed mass murders in Chechnya, was suspected of being an accomplice because his haircut was different from that shown on his identity document, and because he did not react to the carnage with the same tears and hysteria as most of the other survivors.<ref name=MarV>Marianne Vikås et al., [http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10097733 Utøya-offer kastet på glattcelle] (Norwegian), ''Verdens Gang'', 12 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901045108/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10097733 |date=1 September 2011 }}</ref> He was kept in custody for 17 hours.<ref name=AFranceP /> Lawyer Harald Stabell criticised the police for failing to contact the youth's family, who feared he was killed, and for interrogating the victim without a lawyer present.<ref name=MarV /><ref>Torgeir P. Krokfjord, [http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/12/nyheter/anders_behring_breivik/innenriks/terrorangrepet/auf/17647110 Utøya-offer (17) ble mistenkt og avhørt uten advokat] (Norwegian), ''Dagbladet'', 12 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</ref>

==Casualties== The attacks were the deadliest in Norway since World War II,<ref name=open /><ref name=tretimer /> and a survey found that one in four Norwegians knew someone affected by the attacks.<ref name="klassekampen-survey" />

===In Oslo=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |- ! colspan="2" | Oslo, ages of those killed<ref name="Norway attacks: The victims">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14276074 Norway attacks: The victims], BBC News Online, 15 March 2016</ref> |- ! Age ! Deaths |- | 26 | 1 |- | 30 | 1 |- | 32 | 2 |- | 34 | 1 |- | 51 | 1 |- | 56 | 1 |- | 61 | 1 |- | colspan="2" | Total: '''8''' |} Eight people were killed in the explosion; the blast, shock wave and debris immediately killed six people, while two others died quickly afterwards from their wounds.<ref name="formal-indictment">{{cite news |location=UK |title=Anders Behring Breivik: the indictment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/16/anders-behring-breivik-indictment |newspaper=The Guardian |date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Of the 325 people estimated to have been in the government buildings, around them and in the surrounding area, at least 210 people received physical injuries from the blast and debris.<ref name="formell-tiltale" /> While most were relatively minor and could be treated at the local casualty clinic, 12 people received more serious injuries. Ten were sent to Ullevål University Hospital (OUS, Ullevål), four with moderate to serious and six with critical injuries, and two to Aker University Hospital (OUS, Aker).<ref name="ems-response" /><ref name="helsedir-rapport" /> A doctor at one of the Oslo University Hospitals (OUS) said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal wounds.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/07/blast-in-oslo-blows-out-government-office-building-windows/1 |title=17 dead in Oslo bombing, shootings; Norwegian held – On Deadline |work=USA Today |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was at his official residence near the Royal Palace, preparing the speech he was scheduled to give at Utøya the next day.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aftenbladet.no/terror/Stoltenberg-skrev-tale-til-Utya-da-bomben-smalt-2840952.html |title=Stoltenberg skrev tale til Utøya da bomben smalt |trans-title=Stoltenberg was writing Utøya speech when the bomb exploded |language=no |newspaper=Dagsavisen |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117055417/http://www.aftenbladet.no/terror/Stoltenberg-skrev-tale-til-Utya-da-bomben-smalt-2840952.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Norway's finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on vacation in Denmark at the time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sigbjørn Johnsen til forsvar for euroen |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/okonomi/innland/article4178054.ece |language=no |location=NO |newspaper=Aftenposten |trans-title=Sigbjørn Johnsen in defense of the Euro |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721234608/http://www.aftenposten.no/okonomi/innland/article4178054.ece |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

Fewer people than usual were in the area because the bombing took place during July, the usual holiday month for Norwegians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forskningsradet.no/en/Newsarticle/Norway_on_summer_vacation/1253960829916 |title=Norway on summer vacation |publisher=The Research Council of Norway |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913032737/http://www.forskningsradet.no/en/Newsarticle/Norway_on_summer_vacation/1253960829916 |archive-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and since it was Friday afternoon, most government employees had gone home for the weekend.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ten-years-on-norway-still-deals-with-wounds-from-breivik-massacre-1.4624587 |title=Ten years on, Norway still deals with wounds from Breivik massacre |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref>

'''Fatalities in Oslo'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-26 |title=Norway attacks: The victims |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14276074 |access-date=2025-01-24 |agency=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Tove Ashill Knutsen, 56, Oslo * Hanna Endresen, 61, Oslo * Kai Hauge, 32, Oslo * Jon Vegard Lervag, 32, Oslo * Ida Marie Hill, 34, Oslo * Hanne Ekroll Loevlie, 30, Oslo * Anne Lise Holter, 51, Valer i Oestfold, Oestfold county * Kjersti Berg Sand, 26, Nord-Ordal

===In Utøya=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |- ! colspan="2" | Utøya, age of those killed<ref name="Norway attacks: The victims" /> |- ! Age ! Deaths |- | 14 | 2 |- | 15 | 7 |- | 16 | 8 |- | 17 | 16 |- | 18 | 17 |- | 19 | 5 |- | 20 | 1 |- | 21 | 3 |- | 23 | 2 |- | 25 | 1 |- | 27 | 1 |- | 28 | 1 |- | 30 | 1 |- | 43 | 2 |- | 45 | 1 |- | 51 | 1

|- | colspan="2" | Total: '''69''' |- | colspan="2" | Average age: 19.6 |}The scope of what happened at the island was initially very confusing, and the first official figures given was that at least 10 people had been killed.<ref name="bbc-eyewitness">{{cite news |title=Eyewitness: Norway Utoeya shootings |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14255004 |publisher=BBC |date=23 July 2011 }}</ref> As the evening progressed several eyewitness reports put this number in doubt, and at approximately 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July, NRK1 and TV2, the two primary Norwegian television networks, broadcast a live press conference from the "Sentrum politistasjon" in Oslo where Norway's National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland stated the number of fatalities at Utøya to have reached "at least 80" with the count expected to increase.<ref name="VG-eng" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7723555 |title=Politiet: Minst 80 drepte på Utøya – Norge |work=Nyheter |publisher=NRK |location=NO |language=no|date=23 July 2011}}</ref>

On 25 July, a police spokesperson revealed that the death toll of the victims on Utøya had been revised downwards to 68 after the casualties had been counted on their return to the mainland.<ref name="Sky News blog">{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Norway-Live-Blog-Oslo-Bomb-Attack-And-Utoya-Shooting/Article/201107416035759?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_1&lid=ARTICLE_16035759_Norway_Live_Blog%3A_Oslo_Bomb_Attack_And_Utoya_Shooting |title=Norway Skynews Live blog |publisher=Sky News |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203065337/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Norway-Live-Blog-Oslo-Bomb-Attack-And-Utoya-Shooting/Article/201107416035759?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_1&lid=ARTICLE_16035759_Norway_Live_Blog:_Oslo_Bomb_Attack_And_Utoya_Shooting |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref> They added that the number of people missing was still high and that the number of casualties could be as high as 86. On 29 July police announced that one of the severely wounded victims from Utøya had died in hospital,<ref name="died-from-wounds" /> bringing the death toll from the island massacre to 69.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-29 |title=Norway Terrorist Had More Targets in Mind |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/norway-terrorist-had-more-targets-in-mind-126453338/143074.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212005030/https://www.voanews.com/a/norway-terrorist-had-more-targets-in-mind-126453338/143074.html |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-03-09 |agency=Voice of America}}</ref>

On 26 July, the Norwegian police began releasing the names and dates of birth of the victims on their website. By 29 July, the names of all 77 victims (8 from the bomb attack, 69 from Utøya) had been published,<ref name="dtoll-names" /><ref name="dtoll-all-names-published" /> the last, a shooting victim, having been found on the 28th.<ref>{{cite news|title=Norwegian Police End Search as Last Shooting Victim Found |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/188527/20110728/oslo-normay-shooting-attack-breivik-last-body-found.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909170545/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/188527/20110728/oslo-normay-shooting-attack-breivik-last-body-found.htm |url-status = dead|archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=28 July 2011 |newspaper=International Business Times |date=28 July 2011}}</ref>

Of the 69 people who died at the attack on the island, 57 were killed by one or more shots through the head.<ref name="formal-indictment" /><ref name="breiviks-skudd">{{cite news |title=57 henrettet med hodeskudd på Utøya |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8025218 |agency=NRK |language=no |trans-title=57 executed with shots through head |date=7 March 2012}}</ref> In total, 67 people were killed by gunshots, and two more died trying to escape: one by drowning and one by falling off a cliff.<ref name="breiviks-skudd" /> In total, Breivik fired at least 186 shots,<ref>{{cite news|title=Breivik avfyrte minst 186 skudd på Utøya |url=http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/2011/10/13/breivik-avfyrte-minst-186-skudd-pa-utoeya |newspaper=ABC Nyheter |language=no |date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014035431/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/2011/10/13/breivik-avfyrte-minst-186-skudd-pa-utoeya |archive-date=14 October 2011}}</ref> and still had a "considerable amount of ammunition" left.<ref name="db-gsw" />

In the aftermath, of the 564 people on the island at the time,<ref name="formell-tiltale" /> 69 people died and at least 110 people had received various physical injuries.<ref name="ems-response" /><ref name="helsedir-rapport" /> An estimated 50 people were treated at the locally set up casualty clinic, and were treated for relatively minor injuries such as cuts, bruises and hypothermia after fleeing and swimming from the island. It was cloudy and rainy on Utøya that day, air temperature was varying between {{convert|14|-|15|°C|°F}}, water temperature around the island was {{convert|14|-|15|°C|°F}}<ref name="ems-response" /> and the shortest distance to the mainland was around 600 metres. Sixty people were transported to surrounding hospitals, 55 with serious to critical injuries.<ref name="ems-response" /><ref name="helsedir-rapport" /> The chief surgeon who treated the wounds at one of the hospitals said he had never seen similar wounds during his 23 years of practice, and explained that the bullets were extremely fragmented in their path through the body.<ref name="db-gsw" /> Thirty-three people had been directly hit by one or more bullets and survived,<ref name="formell-tiltale" /> but a 23-year-old man who was shot died two days later in hospital from the bullet wounds to his head and back.<ref name="died-from-wounds" />

The 564 people on the island at the time were from all over Norway as well as some visitors from foreign countries. The people who died were from 18 of Norway's 19 counties, and also a woman from Georgia.<ref name="dtoll-names-nrk">{{cite news |title=Foreløpig navneliste etter terroren mot Norge 22. juli |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7724498 |agency=NRK |language=no |date=23 July 2011 }}</ref> Wounded people were from the entire country, including Svalbard,<ref>{{cite news |title=Svalbard hardt rammet på Utøya |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/1.7724379 |newspaper=NRK |language=no |date=23 July 2011 }}</ref> and together with the casualties from Oslo, an average of a quarter of Norway's population knew a victim affected by the attacks, according to a survey done.<ref name="klassekampen-survey" /> Several of the dead and wounded, or their parents, were personal friends of high-ranking government ministers. Trond Berntsen, an off-duty, unarmed police officer and step-brother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit, was the first to be shot dead.<ref name="Norway">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659196/Norway-shooting-princesss-half-brother-among-victims.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659196/Norway-shooting-princesss-half-brother-among-victims.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Norway shooting: princess's half-brother among victims |work=telegraph.co.uk| date=25 July 2011 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

'''Fatalities in Utøya'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-29 |title=Norway shooting victims: the 77 dead in pictures |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8662030/Norway-shooting-victims-the-77-dead-in-pictures.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

{{col div}} * Mona Abdinur, 18, Oslo * Maria Maagerø Johannesen, 17, Nøtterøy, Vestfold county * Ismail Haji Ahmed, 19, Hamar, Hedmark county * Ronja Søttar Johansen, 17, Vefsn, Nordland county * Thomas Margido Antonsen, 16, Oslo * Sondre Kjøren, 17, Orkdal, Sør-Trøndelag county * Porntip Ardam, 21, Oslo * Margrethe Bøyum Kløven, 16, Baerum, Akershus county * Modupe Ellen Awoyemi, 15, Drammen, Buskerud county * Syvert Knudsen, 17, Lyngdal, Vest-Agder county * Lene Maria Bergum, 19, Namsos, Nord-Trøndelag county * Anders Kristiansen, 18, Bardu, Troms county * Kevin Daae Berland, 15, Askøy, Hordaland county * Elisabeth Trønnes Lie, 16, Halden, Østfold county * Trond Berntsen, 51, Øvre Eiker, Buskerud county * Gunnar Linaker, 23, Bardu, Troms county * Sverre Flate Bjørkavag, 28, Sula, Sør-Trøndelag county * Tamta Lipartelliani, 23, Kutaisi, Georgia * Torjus Jakobsen Blattmann, 17, Kristiansand, Vest-Agder county * Eva Kathinka Lutken, 17, Sarpsborg, Østfold county * Monica Bøsei, 45, Hole, Buskerud county * Even Flugstad Malmedal, 18, Gjøvik, Oppland county * Carina Borgund, 18, Oslo * Tarald Kuven Mjelde, 18, Osterøy * Johannes Buø, 14, Mandal, Vest-Agder county * Ruth Benedicte Vatndal Nilsen, 15, Tønsberg, Vestfold county * Asta Sofie Helland Dahl, 16, Sortland, Nordland county * Hakon Ødegaard, 17, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county (drowned) * Sondre Furseth Dale, 17, Haugesund, Rogaland county * Emil Okkenhaug, 15, Levanger, Nord-Trøndelag county * Monica Iselin Didriksen, 18, Sund, Hordaland county * Diderik Aamodt Olsen, 19, Nesodden, Akershus county * Gizem Dogan, 17, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county * Henrik Pedersen, 27, Porsanger, Finnmark county * Andreas Edvardsen, 18, Sarpsborg, Østfold county * Rolf Christopher Johansen Perreau, 25, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county * Tore Eikeland, 21, Osteroy, Hordaland county * Karar Mustafa Qasim, 19, Vestby, Akershus county * Bendik Rosnaes Ellingsen, 18, Rygge, Østfold county * Bano Abobakar Rashid, 18, Nesodden, Akershus county * Aleksander Aas Eriksen, 16, Meråker, Nord-Trøndelag county * Henrik Rasmussen, 18, Hadsel, Nordland county * Andrine Bakkene Espeland, 16, Fredrikstad, Østfold county * Synne Røyneland, 18, Oslo * Hanne Balch Fjalestad, 43, Lunner, Oppland county * Ida Beathe Rogne, 17, Østre Toten, Oppland county * Silje Merete Fjellbu, 17, Tinn, Telemark county * Simon Saebo, 18, Salangen, Troms county * Hanne Kristine Fridtun, 19, Stryn, Sogn og Fjordane county * Marianne Sandvik, 16, Hundvag, Stavanger * Andreas Dalby Grønnesby, 17, Stange, Hedmark county (fell off cliff) * Fredrik Lund Schjetne, 18, Eidsvoll, Akershus county * Snorre Haller, 30, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county * Lejla Selaci, 17, Fredrikstad, Østfold county * Rune Havdal, 43, Øvre Eiker, Buskerud county * Birgitte Smetbak, 15, Nøtterøy, Vestfold county * Guro Vartdal Havoll, 18, Ørsta, Møre og Romsdal * Isabel Victoria Green Sogn, 17, Oslo * Ingrid Berg Heggelund, 18, As, Akershus county * Silje Stamneshagen, 18, Askøy, Hordaland county * Karin Elena Holst, 15, Rana, Nordland county * Victoria Stenberg, 17, Nes, Akershus county * Eivind Hovden, 15, Tokke, Telemark county * Tina Sukuvara, 18, Vadsø, Finnmark county * Jamil Rafal Mohamad Jamil, 20, Eigersund, Rogaland county * Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn, 14, Drammen, Buskerud county * Steinar Jessen, 16, Alta, Finnmark county * Havard Vederhus, 21, Oslo * Espen Jørgensen, 17, Bodø, Nordland county {{col div end}}

==Perpetrator== {{Main|Anders Behring Breivik}}

Public broadcaster NRK and several other Norwegian media outlets identified the attacker as Anders Behring Breivik. He was arrested on Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/anders-32-i-oslo-ble-paagrepet-etter-bombe-og-massedrap-3544629.html |title= Anders (32) i Oslo ble pågrepet etter bombe og massedrap |work=Nyhetene |date= 22 July 2011 |publisher=TV 2 |location=NO |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="VG-perp">{{cite web|language=no |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080610 |title=Pågrepet 32-åring kalte seg selv nasjonalistisk |publisher=VG |work=Nett |location=NO |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726101259/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080610 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> He was charged with terrorism for both attacks.<ref name="breivik-admits1" /> According to his attorney, Breivik acknowledged that he was responsible for both the bomb and the shooting during interrogation but denied culpability, as he asserted that his actions were "atrocious but necessary".<ref name="TV2Lippestad">{{cite web |url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/forsvareren-i-hans-hode-var-det-noedvendig-3545122.html |title=Defence: – In his mind it was necessary |publisher=Nettavisen / TV2 |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |author=Hansen, Birthe Steen}}</ref> At his arraignment on 25 July, Breivik was remanded into custody for eight weeks, the first half to be in solitary confinement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/25/anders-behring-breivik-terror-cells|title=Defiant from the dock, Breivik boasts more will die|last=Tisdal|first=Townsend|date=25 July 2011|work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726234215/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/25/anders-behring-breivik-terror-cells|archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Breivik wanted to have an open hearing, and attend it wearing a uniform of his own design, but both requests were denied by the presiding judge.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/world/europe/26oslo.html|title=Norway Suspect Denies Guilt and Suggests He Did Not Act Alone|last=Erlanger|first=Steven|date=25 July 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201233307/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/world/europe/26oslo.html|archive-date=1 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mental health=== Following his arrest, Breivik underwent examination by court-appointed forensic psychiatrists, who diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and concluded he had been psychotic at the time of the attacks and was criminally insane.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://pub.tv2.no/multimedia/TV2/archive/00927/Breivik_rapport_927719a.pdf |title=Forensic psychiatric statement Breivik, Anders Behring (summary) |last=Huseby |first=Torgeir |author2=Synne Sørheim |publisher=TV2 |language=no |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011| format=PDF}}</ref> Although criticised in newspaper debates,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/norway-split-on-breiviks-likely-fate-in-mental-ward-as-mass-killer-himself-insulted-by-ruling|title=Norway split on Breivik's likely fate in mental ward, as mass-killer himself 'insulted' by ruling |agency=Agence France-Presse|date=30 November 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> the submitted report was approved with no remarks by the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine after an extended panel of experts had reviewed it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/DRKs%20uttalelse.pdf |title=Breivik, Anders Behring. Rettspsykiatrisk erklæring |publisher=Oslo Tingrett |author=Den rettsmedisinske kommisjon |author2=Andreas Hamnes |author3=Agneta Nilsson |author4=Gunnar Johannessen |author5=Jannike E. Snoek |author6=Kirsten Rasmussen |author7=Knut Waterloo |author8=Karl Heinrik Melle |language=no |date=20 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105043843/http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/DRKs%20uttalelse.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

According to his defence attorney, Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report. He later stated that "this provides new opportunities".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theforeigner.no/pages/news-in-brief/breivik-sees-opportunities/ |title=Breivik sees opportunities |work=The Foreigner |date=1 December 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> Following the criticism of the psychiatric report, the court in January 2012 approved a second psychiatric examination. The report from this examination declared Breivik to be sane in April 2012.<ref name="BBC100412">{{cite news |title=Norway's mass killer Breivik 'declared sane' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17663958 |agency=BBC News |date=10 April 2012 |access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Ultimately, the verdict and ruling of the district court's five-judge panel agreed that Breivik was sane.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/world/europe/anders-behring-breivik-murder-trial.html |title=Norway Mass Killer Gets the Maximum: 21 Years |date=24 August 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

===Political and religious views=== Breivik is linked to a 1,518-page compendium entitled ''2083: A European Declaration of Independence'' bearing the name "Andrew Berwick".<ref name=manifesto1 /><ref name=manifesto2 /><ref>{{cite news|title=Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik called Gordon Brown and Prince Charles 'traitors' |first=Gordon |last=Rayner |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658431/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-called-Gordon-Brown-and-Prince-Charles-traitors.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002604/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658431/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-called-Gordon-Brown-and-Prince-Charles-traitors.html |archive-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live|location=London}}</ref> The file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matthew Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/26/breivik-manifesto-email-uk-contacts |title=Breivik sent 'manifesto' to 250 UK contacts hours before Norway killings |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=27 July 2011 |date=26 July 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110728023247/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/26/breivik-manifesto-email-uk-contacts|archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Adam Geller |agency=AP |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_18585340?IADID=Search-www.mercurynews.com-www.mercurynews.com |title=Norway gunman's tale diverges sharply from reality |work=San Jose Mercury News |date=30 July 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Analysts described him as having Islamophobic views and a hatred of Islam,<ref>{{cite news|author=Sindre Bangstad |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/aug/28/anders-breivik-norway-islamophobia-muslims |title=After Anders Breivik's conviction, Norway must confront Islamophobia |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j0D-1Q4Rg2RzAcXi1tCYJgK3PNuw?docId=CNG.d605a2923da5a34248120fc4eb7dc2c7.691 |title=AFP: Norway remembers 77 victims a month after massacre |date=21 August 2011 |access-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107032431/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j0D-1Q4Rg2RzAcXi1tCYJgK3PNuw?docId=CNG.d605a2923da5a34248120fc4eb7dc2c7.691 |archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref> and as someone who considered himself as a knight dedicated to stemming Muslim immigration into Europe.<ref>{{cite web |author=Starla Muhammad |url=http://newamericamedia.org/2011/08/tragedy-in-norway-borne-out-of-seeds-of-racism-and-intolerance-in-uk-eu.php |title=Tragedy in Norway Borne Out of Seeds of Racism and Intolerance in UK, EU |publisher=New America Media |date=19 August 2011 |access-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105004806/http://newamericamedia.org/2011/08/tragedy-in-norway-borne-out-of-seeds-of-racism-and-intolerance-in-uk-eu.php |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/19/utoya-island-shooting-victims-return |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Hannah |last=Godfrey |title=Utøya island shooting victims return to scene of Breivik's killing spree |date=19 August 2011}}</ref>

The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining cultural Marxism is a copy of ''Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology'' by the Free Congress Foundation.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Scholars Respond to Breivik Manifesto|date=28 July 2011|publisher=National Association of Scholars|url=http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099|access-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901071348/http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099|archive-date=1 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Die Welt, wie Anders B. Breivik sie sieht |date=29 July 2011 |author=Anne-Catherine Simon |author2=Christoph Saiger |author3=Helmar Dumbs |journal=Die Presse |url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/682112/Die-Welt-wie-Anders-B-Breivik-sie-sieht?direct=680247&_vl_backlink=/home/politik/index.do&selChannel=100 |language=de}}</ref> Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/25/nyheter/terror/utoya/anders_behring_breivik/17442957/ |title=Dette er terroristens store politiske forbilde – nyheter |work=Dagbladet |date=18 August 2009 |access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> The text has multiple word-for-word similarities with the ''Unabomber Manifesto'', only substituting terms like "cultural Marxists" for Ted Kaczynski's "leftists" and, in a section criticizing affirmative action, "Muslims" for "black people".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725223 |title=Massedrapsmannen kopierte "Unabomberen" ord for ord |publisher=Nrk.no|date=24 July 2011}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' described American influences in the writings, noting that the compendium mentions the anti-Muslim American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.<ref name=scottshane>{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html|title= Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.|work=The New York Times|date=24 July 2011|access-date=10 April 2017}}</ref> The work of Bat Ye'or<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/20/weekinreview/20smit.html|title=Europe's Jews Seek Solace on the Right|first=Craig S.|last=Smith|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 February 2005}}</ref> is cited dozens of times.<ref>{{cite web|last=Archer |first=Toby |title=Breivik's Swamp |work=Foreign Policy |date=25 July 2011 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910205259/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0%2C1 |archive-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> Far-right and anti-Islam blogger Pamela Geller,<ref name=scottshane /> the novel The Turner Diaries, Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst and Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as sources of inspiration.<ref>{{cite news|title="2083, Une déclaration européenne d'indépendance" ou le petit manuel du néo-croisé|first=Marwan|last=Chahine|newspaper=Libération|date=25 July 2011|url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012350843-2083-une-declaration-europeenne-d-independance-ou-le-petit-manuel-du-neo-croise}}</ref> The manifesto further contains quotes from Middle East expert Bernard Lewis, Edmund Burke, Mahatma Gandhi, Thomas Jefferson and George Orwell,<ref name=melanie>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Sarah |title=Norway attacks: Writer quoted by gunman hits back |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/25/norway-melanie-phillips-hits-back |access-date=29 July 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=25 July 2011|location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727173430/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/25/norway-melanie-phillips-hits-back |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as from Jeremy Clarkson's ''Sunday Times'' column and Melanie Phillips' ''Daily Mail'' column.<ref>[http://www.newsroompanama.com/panama/3115-bigotry-a-stepping-stone-to-extreme-action.html Bigotry a stepping stone to extreme action] Newsroom, 26 July 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204041707/http://www.newsroompanama.com/panama/3115-bigotry-a-stepping-stone-to-extreme-action.html |date=4 December 2011}}</ref> The publication speaks in admiration of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,<ref>[http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/26/nyheter/utoya/innenriks/politikk/drap/17450326/ De var Breiviks helter (They were Breivik's heroes)], 26 July 2011, ''Dagbladet''</ref> and Henryk M. Broder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/artikel/C32742/der-attentaeter-im-internet-im-blinden-hass-gegen-hass-30473075.html |title=Der Attentäter im Internet. Im blinden Hass gegen Hass |first1=Sebastian |last1=Balzter |first2=Jasper |last2=von Altenbockum |newspaper=Frankfurter Allgemeine |date=26 July 2011 |language=de |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727181145/https://www.faz.net/artikel/C32742/der-attentaeter-im-internet-im-blinden-hass-gegen-hass-30473075.html |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> The compendium advocates a restoration of patriarchy, which it claims would save European culture.<ref name="Norway Killer's Hatred of Women">{{cite news|title=Norway Killer's Hatred of Women|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/24/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-s-deadly-attack-fueled-by-hatred-of-women.html|access-date=29 July 2011|newspaper=TDB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729085424/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/24/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-s-deadly-attack-fueled-by-hatred-of-women.html|archive-date=29 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jones" />

The compendium contains his militant far-right ideology and xenophobic worldview, which espouses an array of political concepts; including support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, ultranationalism, Islamophobia, far-right Zionism, and Serbian paramilitarism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Norwegian mass murderer Breivik comments on Croat-Serb relations in his manifesto |url=http://www.croatiantimes.com/news/General_News/2011-07-27/20837/Norwegian_mass_murderer_Breivik_comments_on_Croat-Serb_relations_in_his_manifesto |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011 |work=Croatian Times |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005190214/http://www.croatiantimes.com/news/General_News/2011-07-27/20837/Norwegian_mass_murderer_Breivik_comments_on_Croat-Serb_relations_in_his_manifesto |archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="jpost-islamophobia">{{Cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=230762 |title=Norway attack suspect had anti-Muslim, pro-Israel views |first=Ben |last=Hartman |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=24 July 2011}}</ref> It regards Islam and "cultural Marxism" as the enemy and argues for the annihilation of "Eurabia" and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christian Europe.<ref name=manifesto1 /><ref name=manifesto2 /><ref name="jpost-islamophobia" /><ref name="Goodman">{{cite news |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=20 April 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/world/europe/23oslo.html |title=At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting |first1=Elisa |last1=Mala |first2=J David |last2=Goodman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724004316/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/world/europe/23oslo.html |archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Beaumont |author-link=Peter Beaumont (journalist) |title=Anders Behring Breivik: profile of a mass murderer |work=The Guardian |location=UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/23/anders-behring-breivik-norway-attacks |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724221409/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/23/anders-behring-breivik-norway-attacks|archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/25/ED111KENUV.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220183239/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/25/ED111KENUV.DTL |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2011 |title=Norwegian Crime and Punishment |first=Debra J |last=Saunders |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=26 July 2011 |quote=the anti-multiculturalism, anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist message of his 1,500-page manifesto}}</ref> He further urged Europeans to restore the historic crusades against Islam as in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Breivik's anti-Muslim crusade |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/27-Jul-2011/breiviks-antimuslim-crusade |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728225227/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Opinions/Editorials/27-Jul-2011/Breiviks-antiMuslim-crusade |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> A video Breivik released on YouTube 6 hours before the attack has been described as promoting violence towards leftists and Muslims who reside in Western Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657669/Norway-shootings-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-YouTube-video-posted-hours-before-killings.html |title=Video: Norway shootings: Anders Behring Breivik's YouTube video posted hours before killings |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729004558/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657669/Norway-shootings-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-YouTube-video-posted-hours-before-killings.html |archive-date=29 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Among other things, in the manifesto he identified the Beneš Decrees, which facilitated the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, as an example for committing that act on European Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/praha-je-prilis-bezpecna-zbrane-tu-nesezenu-pise-v-manifestu-breivik-1ia-/zahranicni.aspx?c=A110724_111215_zahranicni_js |title=Praha je příliš bezpečná, zbraně tu neseženu, píše v manifestu Breivik |last=Šťastný |first=Jiří |date=24 July 2011 |work=Mladá fronta Dnes|location=Czech Republic|language=cs |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> In his manifesto he also urges the Hindus to drive Muslims out of India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Arnoldy |first=Ben |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0725/Norway-massacre-Breivik-manifesto-attempts-to-woo-India-s-Hindu-nationalists |title=Norway massacre: Breivik manifesto attempts to woo India's Hindu nationalists |publisher= |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=|url-status=live|work=The Christian Science Monitor|language=en}}</ref> He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083 through repatriation.<ref name="theconservativetreehouse.wordpress.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110830202053/http://theconservativetreehouse.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/norway-gunman-anders-behring-breivik-released-manifesto-on-the-web-video-and-1500-page-document/ Norway Gunman Anders Behring Breivik Released Manifesto on the Web – Video and 1,500 page document], The Last Refuge, 23 July 2011.</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=February 2026}} He blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.<ref name="jones">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/27/breivik-anti-feminism |title=Anders Breivik's chilling anti-feminism |last=Jones |first=Jane Clare |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2011|access-date=16 August 2011 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728011222/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/27/breivik-anti-feminism |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Breivik's writings mention the English Defence League, claiming that he had contact with senior members of the EDL, and that a Norwegian version of the group was "in the process of gaining strength". He wrote that the EDL were "naïve fools" because in his words the EDL "harshly condemns any and all revolutionary conservative movements that employ terror as a tool". EDL leader Tommy Robinson denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011 and denied any links with the Norwegian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://englishdefenceleague.org/official-statement-anders-brievik/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731204051/http://englishdefenceleague.org/official-statement-anders-brievik/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 July 2011|author=BigJay|title=Official Statement – Anders Brievik|publisher=English Defence League}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0726/1224301383796.html|author=Mark Hennessy|title=Claim gunman linked to UK group|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=26 July 2011|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091235/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0726/1224301383796.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hall|first=Richard|title=Outcry over role of English Defense League|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/outcry-over-role-of-english-defence-league-2319895.html|access-date=25 July 2011|newspaper=Independent|date=25 July 2011|location=London|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005417/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/outcry-over-role-of-english-defence-league-2319895.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Townsend|first=Mark|title=Norway attacks: Utøya gunman boasted of links to UK far right|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/23/norway-attacks-utoya-gunman|access-date=25 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 July 2011|location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171727/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/23/norway-attacks-utoya-gunman|archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Terroristen ville bruke atomvåpen |url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/Terroristen-ville-bruke-atomvpen-2542322.html|language=no|trans-title=The terrorist would use nuclear weapons|date=23 July 2011|access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

After being apprehended, Breivik was characterised by police officials as being a right-wing extremist.<ref name="Goodman" /> Breivik is described by the newspaper ''Verdens Gang'' as considering himself a conservative nationalist.<ref name="VG-perp" /> According to ''The Australian'', Breivik was highly critical of Muslim immigration into Christian societies, is pro-Israel and an admirer of the Tea Party movement in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deadly, cruel lesson from Norway|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/deadly-cruel-lesson-from-norway/story-e6frg6z6-1226101590303|newspaper=The Australian|date=26 July 2011|access-date=25 July 2011|first=Clive|last=Williams|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725224530/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/deadly-cruel-lesson-from-norway/story-e6frg6z6-1226101590303|archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that "We have no more information than{{nbsp}}... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."<ref name="breivik-admits1" /><ref name="reuters-fundamentalist">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-killings-police-idUSTRE76M0SF20110723|title=Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting|date=23 July 2011|work=Reuters |access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Erlanger>{{cite news |title=Oslo Suspect Wrote of Fear of Islam and Plan for War |author1=Erlanger, Steven |author2=Scott Shane |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/world/europe/25oslo.html|newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918090846/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/world/europe/25oslo.html|archive-date=18 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian ''fundamentalist.''<ref name=brown>{{cite news |title=Anders Breivik is not Christian but anti-Islam |first=Andrew |last=Brown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2011/jul/24/norway-anders-behring-breivik-beliefs |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |quote=Norway mass murderer Anders Breivik's internet writings show him to be anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist, not a fundamentalist Christian.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113836/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2011/jul/24/norway-anders-behring-breivik-beliefs|archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."<ref name=Relationship1>{{cite web|title=Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htm |work=International Business Times |quote=Anders Behring Breivik placed himself potentially outside of religious Christianity in a 1,500-page manifesto he has reportedly admitted to writing. "A majority of so-called agnostics and atheists in Europe are cultural conservative Christians without even knowing it," he wrote. "If you have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God then you are a religious Christian. Myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God. We do however believe in Christianity as a cultural, social, identity and moral platform. This makes us Christian," he wrote. |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412194315/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=Relationship2>{{cite magazine|first=Nicola|last=Menzie|title=Norway massacre suspect manifesto rejects personal relationship with Jesus|url=http://au.christiantoday.com/article/norway-massacre-suspect-manifesto-rejects-personal-relationship-with-jesus/11623.htm|magazine=Christianity Today|quote=He writes on page 1307 of his online manifesto: "If you have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God then you are a religious Christian. Myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God.|date=26 July 2011|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001211740/http://au.christiantoday.com/article/norway-massacre-suspect-manifesto-rejects-personal-relationship-with-jesus/11623.htm|archive-date=1 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the ''International Business Times'', in his manifesto, he "did not see himself as religious", but he did identify as a cultural Christian and wrote about the differences between cultural and religious Christians, but stressed that both were Christians, and shared the same identity and goals.<ref>Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key. (25 July 2011). ''International Business Times''. Retrieved from {{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htm |title=Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key |website=International Business Times |access-date=13 September 2014 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412194315/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012}}. Retrieved 25 July 2011</ref> After his imprisonment, Breivik stated he had never personally identified as a Christian, and called his religion Odinism, stating that he would "pray and sacrifice" to Odin.<ref name="Dagen191115">{{Cite news|title=Breivik mener Jesus er "patetisk" [Breivik thinks Jesus is "pathetic"]|url=http://www.dagen.no/Nyheter/hedning/Breivik-mener-Jesus-er-%C2%ABpatetisk%C2%BB-272638|work=Dagen|date=19 November 2015|language=no|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512064435/https://www.dagen.no/Nyheter/hedning/Breivik-mener-Jesus-er-%C2%ABpatetisk%C2%BB-272638|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Breivik: Jeg er ikke kristen [Breivik- I am not a Christian]|url=http://www.vl.no/nyhet/breivik-jeg-er-ikke-kristen-1.465538|work=Vårt Land|date=15 November 2015|language=no}}</ref> He also identified himself as a fascist and a national socialist,<ref name="Dagen191115" /> stating that he previously exploited counterjihadist rhetoric in order to protect "ethno-nationalists".<ref name="Expo14">{{Cite news|url=http://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html|title=Breivik vill deportera "illojala judar" [Breivik wants to deport "disloyal Jews"]|work=Expo|date=10 January 2014|language=sv|author=Daniel Vergara}}</ref>

He has written many posts on the far-right<ref>{{cite news |title=Suspect in Norway attacks admits involvement, denies responsibility |author=Will Englund |author2=Michael Birnbaum |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/norway-attacks-police-say-suspect-used-car-bomb-two-guns-killing-at-least-92/2011/07/23/gIQAVYeOVI_story_2.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> website ''document.no''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7723548 |title=32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø – Norge |publisher=NRK |work=Nyheter |location =NO |date=27 January 2010 |access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> He attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the Document.no website.<ref>{{Cite news |language=no |title=Som en liten gutt: Slik beskrives terrorsiktede Anders Behring Breivik (32) av bergensmann som traff ham |first=Ørjan |last=Torheim |journal=Bergens Tidende |url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/--Som-en-liten-gutt-2542176.html |publisher=BT}}</ref> He is a former member of the Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. According to the then FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/terrorsiktede-var-tidligere-medlem-av-fremskrittspartiet-3544743.html|title=Terrorsiktede var tidligere medlem av Fremskrittspartiet|last=Fondenes|first=Eivind|author2=Kathleen Buer|date=23 July 2011|publisher=TV 2 |newspaper=Nyhetene|language=no |access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>

In his YouTube video, he expressed admiration of past European leaders who fought against Islam and Muslims, naming Charles Martel, Richard the Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Tsar Nicholas, and John III Sobieski.<ref>{{cite news|title=Atentante in Norvegia: Atacatorul il admira pe Vlad Tepes|url=http://www.ziare.com/international/atentat-norvegia/atentante-in-norvegia-atacatorul-il-admira-pe-vlad-tepes-1109742|date=24 July 2011|access-date=1 August 2011|language=ro|trans-title=Attacks in Norway : The attacker admired Vlad Tepes}}</ref> A social media website created bearing Breivik's name and picture but of unknown authorship refers to him as an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus,<ref name="elmundo">{{cite news |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/07/23/internacional/1311378740.html |location=ES |title=El presunto autor, un noruego nacionalista vinculado a la extrema derecha |last=Poza |first=Pedro |date=23 July 2011|work=El Mundo|language=es|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723232750/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/07/23/internacional/1311378740.html|archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |place=AU |title=Norway's new face of terror |first=Mary |last=Papadakis |date=24 July 2011 |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/gunmans-background-puzzles-police/story-e6frf7jo-1226100487358 |newspaper=Sunday Herald Sun}}</ref> and also of controversial Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party, the Party for Freedom, is described by the site as "the only true party of conservatives".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/10756/Bloedbad-Oslo/article/detail/1296088/2011/07/23/Dader-bloedbad-bewondert-Geert-Wilders.dhtml|title=Dader bloedbad bewondert Geert Wilders|date=23 July 2011|publisher=HLN |location=BE |newspaper=News|language=nl|access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> The music that is played in the video comes off the soundtrack to the video game ''Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=– Breivik krenker både meg og musikken |trans-title=Breivik violates both me and the music |author=Kristensen, Eivind |url=http://www.fvn.no/lokalt/--Breivik-krenker-bade-meg-og-musikken-2213272.html |newspaper=Fædrelandsvennen |language=no |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

===Unsubstantiated claims of Breivik being assisted=== There was suspicion at the time of the attack that there were accomplices,<ref>{{cite news|title=Eyewitness to VG: (...) |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080627 |newspaper=VG |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807120037/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080627 |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080633 |title=Politiet frykter gjerningsmann kan være på frifot |publisher=VG |location=NO |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |language=no |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807205235/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080633 |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4181342.ece |title=Frykter at gjerningsmann kan være på frifot |newspaper=Aftenposten |location=NO |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |language=no |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112094801/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4181342.ece |archive-date=12 November 2011 }}</ref> and the police initially prepared to meet two to five shooters on Utøya.<ref>{{Cite news|title= – Det var vanskelig å forstå at en mann kunne ha forvoldt så mye skade|url=http://www.tv2.no/a/3790775|publisher=TV 2|date=25 May 2012|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Vitner beskrev flere terrorister etter at Breivik var pågrepet|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Vitner-beskrev-flere-terrorister-etter-at-Breivik-var-pagrepet-6285330.html|work=Aftenposten|date=28 August 2011|language=no}}</ref> Several youths at Utøya reported to be convinced that there was more than one shooter, with some reports of shots fired from the mainland.<ref name="BT160212">{{Cite news|title=Politiet: Det var bare én skytter|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Politiet-Det-var-bare-n-skytter-2655587.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228125209/http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Politiet-Det-var-bare-n-skytter-2655587.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2012|work=Bergens Tidende|date=16 February 2012|language=no}}</ref> A second shooter at Utøya was described by several youths as having thick dark hair, about {{convert|1.80|m|abbr=off}} tall who did not wear a police uniform, while carrying a pistol and a rifle.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Øyenvitne til VG: – Det første han gjorde var å skyte den søteste jenta han så|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/terrorangrepet-22-juli-ofrene/oeyenvitne-til-vg-det-foerste-han-gjorde-var-aa-skyte-den-soeteste-jenta-han-saa/a/10080627/|work=Verdens Gang|date=23 July 2011|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= Overlevende så to skyttere|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/23/nyheter/terroraksjon/oslo/utoya/innenriks/17426104/|work=Dagbladet|date=23 July 2011|language=no}}</ref> During judicial examination, at least two witnesses independently of each other both described two different shooters at Utøya, while a third witness was reported to have swum from the island beside a previously unknown dark-haired man.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Utøya-vitner sier de så en annen gjerningsmann |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/09/02/nyheter/innenriks/terror/anders_behring_breivik/utoya/17942302/|work=Dagbladet|date=3 September 2011|language=no}}</ref> After his arrest Breivik claimed he acted with accomplices, but later changed his statements to his acting alone.<ref name="cell-claims-bbc" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7724994 |title=Synes ikke selv at han bør straffes |date=24 July 2011 |publisher=NRK |location=NO |language=no |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Breivik til politiet på Utøya: – Vi er brødre|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/terrorangrepet-22-juli-anders-behring-breivik/breivik-til-politiet-paa-utoeya-vi-er-broedre/a/10090394/|work=Verdens Gang|date=7 September 2011|language=no}}</ref> On 24 July 2011, six people were arrested in Oslo suspected of having connections with the attacks; all were released.<ref>[http://www.breakingnews.ie/world/norwegian-police-arrest-six-in-oslo-raids-514019.html Norwegian police arrest six in Oslo raids] BreakingNews.ie, 24 July 2011.</ref> The police later issued a statement that there was only found evidence of one shooter at Utøya, amid "widespread conspiracy theories" of there having been more than one shooter.<ref name="BT160212" />

In the initial hours after the attacks, the group Ansar al-Jihad al-Alami ("Helpers of the Global Jihad") led by Abu Suleiman al-Naser claimed responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grenberg|first=Karen J.|author-link= Karen J. Greenberg |title=The Norway Attacks: Who is Abu Suleiman Al Nasser?|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/world/92532/what-ansar-al-jihad-al-alami|access-date=24 July 2011|newspaper=The New Republic|date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mala|first1=Eliza |last2=Goodman |first2=J. David|title=At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/world/europe/23oslo.html|access-date=23 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/world/Norway-terror-attacks-Claim-of.6806190.jp|publisher=Scotsman.com|title=Norway terror attacks: Claim of responsibility fuels suspicions co-ordinated attacks were the work of al-Qaeda|date=23 July 2011|author=Staff Reporters}}</ref> Both during his trial and in his manifesto, Breivik stated to have been inspired by jihadist groups, and stated his willingness to work together with jihadist groups in order to conduct attacks with weapons of mass destruction against Western targets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Norway killer Breivik inspired by al-Qaeda |date=17 April 2012 |website=thelocal.no |agency=AFP |url=https://www.thelocal.no/20120417/militant-nationalist-breivik-inspired-by-al-qaeda}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Norway killer Breivik willing to work with al-Qaeda, Iran, says Templars may need to kill children and cut off own penis |date=25 July 2011 |newspaper=International Business Times |place=London, UK |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/norway-killer-breivik-willing-to-work-with-al-qaeda-iran-says-templars-must-kill-children-and-cut-of-186202}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Breivik og al-Qaida i samme kamp |date=6 October 2011 |website=forskning.no |url=https://forskning.no/religion/2011/10/breivik-og-al-qaida-i-samme-kamp |language=no}}</ref>

==Reactions== [[File:2011 Norway attacks flower march.jpg|thumb|750px|center|Flower march in Sentrum, Oslo, on 25 July 2011 in the aftermath of the attacks. An estimated 200,000 attended the flower march.]] {{clear}}

===Domestic=== {{Multiple images | image1 = Oslo after the terror (5988160220).jpg | image2 = Mourners in Oslo 25 July 2011 Vert 01.JPG | total_width = 400 | caption1 = Temporary memorial with Utøya in the background, 27 July 2011 | caption2 = Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral, 25 July 2011 }}

King Harald V sent his condolences to the victims and their families, and urged unity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080609 |title=Kongen om terrorangrepet: – Våre tanker går til ofrene |last=Murtnes |first=Sindre |date=23 July 2011 |newspaper=Verdens Gang |language=no |access-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726065318/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080609 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> He and Queen Sonja personally visited the victims of the attacks, as well as the families of those killed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-24 |title=Besøkte sykehus |url=https://www.kongehuset.no/nyhet.html?tid=92929&sek=26939 |website=The Royal House of Norway}}</ref>

At a press conference the morning after the attacks, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Justice Minister Knut Storberget addressed the country. Stoltenberg called the attack a "national tragedy" and the worst atrocity in Norway since World War II. Stoltenberg further vowed that the attack would not hurt Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was "more democracy, more openness, but not naivety".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4180951.ece |title=Vi er alle rystet av ondskapen |last=Gimse |first=Lars Martin |date=23 July 2011 |newspaper=Aftenposten |language=no |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223544/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4180951.ece |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In his speech at the memorial service on 24 July 2011, he opined what would be a proper reaction: "No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: 'If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together.'"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/jul/24/norway-attacks-live-updates?cat=world&type=article#block-21|title=Norway attacks: Sunday 24 July rolling coverage: 1.13 pm|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=24 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2011|quote=No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: "If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together."|first1=David|last1=Batty|first2=Hannah|last2=Godfrey}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/Whats-new/Speeches-and-articles/statsministeren/statsminister_jens_stoltenberg/2011/address-by-prime-minister-in-oslo-cathed.html |title=Address by Prime Minister in Oslo Cathedral |publisher=Norwegian government |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |quote=No one has said it better than the Labour Youth League girl who was interviewed by CNN: ''If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.'' |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211093533/http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/Whats-new/Speeches-and-articles/statsministeren/statsminister_jens_stoltenberg/2011/address-by-prime-minister-in-oslo-cathed.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 }}</ref>

The leader of the Workers' Youth League, Eskil Pedersen, vowed to "return to Utøya" and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fvn.no/nyheter/innenriks/article885654.ece |title=I dag er vi alle AUF-ere |last=Ervik |first=Marthe Rosenvinge |date=23 July 2011 |publisher=Fædrelandsvennen |language=no |access-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928223618/http://www.fvn.no/nyheter/innenriks/article885654.ece |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref>

Leaders of Norwegian political parties expressed grief and sent condolences in public statements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoyre.no/www/aktuelt/nyheter_fra_hoyre/-+En+nasjonal+tragedie.d25-TwRrK1V.ips |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927134038/http://www.hoyre.no/www/aktuelt/nyheter_fra_hoyre/-+En+nasjonal+tragedie.d25-TwRrK1V.ips |url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2011 |title=En nasjonal tragedie |publisher=Conservative Party |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frp.no/-+En+nasjonal+tragedie.d25-TMdHK5n.ips |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823200653/http://www.frp.no/-+En+nasjonal+tragedie.d25-TMdHK5n.ips |url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2011 |title=En nasjonal tragedie |publisher=Progress Party |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krf.no/ikbViewer/page/krf/artikkel?p_document_id=55408&hovedtema=&person=34798&hva= |title=En ufattelig nasjonal tragedie |publisher=Christian Democratic Party |language=no |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929090002/http://www.krf.no/ikbViewer/page/krf/artikkel?p_document_id=55408&hovedtema=&person=34798&hva= |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senterpartiet.no/meny-forside/ein-trist-dag-for-noreg-article71618-12919.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806023231/http://www.senterpartiet.no/meny-forside/ein-trist-dag-for-noreg-article71618-12919.html |url-status = dead|archive-date=6 August 2011 |title=Ein trist dag for Noreg |publisher=Centre Party |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sv.no/Siste-nytt/En-ufattelig-tragedie |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130915163726/http://sv.no/Siste-nytt/En-ufattelig-tragedie |url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2013 |title=En ufattelig tragedie |publisher=Socialist Left Party |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.venstre.no/artikkel/36085/ |title=Våre tanker er hos ofrene og de pårørende |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Liberal Party |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rødt.no/nyheter/2011/07/en-stor-tragedie-har-rammet-norge/ |title=En stor tragedie har rammet Norge |publisher=Red |language=no}}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=May 2021}}

On 1 August 2011, Norway's parliament, nominally in recess for the summer, reconvened for an extraordinary session to honour the victims of the attack. In a departure from parliamentary procedure, both King Harald V and Crown Prince Haakon were present. The president of Norway's Parliament, Dag Terje Andersen, read out loud the names of all 77 victims. The session was open to the public, but due to limited seating, priority was given to relatives of the deceased.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stortinget.no/no/Hva-skjer-pa-Stortinget/Nyhetsarkiv/Forsidenyheter/2010-2011/Minnemote-mandag-1-august-kl-12/|title=Minnesamling mandag 1. august kl. 12|publisher=Stortinget|date=26 July 2011|language=no|access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stortinget.no/no/Hva-skjer-pa-Stortinget/Videoarkiv/Arkiv-TV-sendinger/|title=Video recording of the 1 August 2011 Storting session|publisher=Stortinget|date=1 August 2011|language=no|access-date=1 August 2011}} (begins at 10:32, King's entrance at 19:14, first speech at 20:06)</ref> August 21 in Norway was declared a day of national mourning to commemorate the victims of the terrorist attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/V0zz1/21-august-blir-det-nasjonal-soergedag|title = 21. August blir det nasjonal sørgedag| date=August 2011}}</ref>

The seven political parties in the parliament agreed to postpone the electoral campaign for local elections, held in September, until mid-August.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7726484 |title=Har ikke samvittighet til å presse AUF-ere til å stille opp |author=Sandvik, Siv |author2=Malm, Anders |language=no |publisher=NRK |date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083523/http://nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7726484 |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> School debates were cancelled, though the school elections were not.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7726484 |title=Partiene utsetter valgkampen til midten av august |last=Sandvik |first=Siv |author2=Anders Malm |date=25 July 2011 |publisher=NRK |language=no |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083523/http://nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7726484 |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

Initially, Magnus Ranstorp and other terror experts suspected that foreigners were behind the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.nrk.no/m/artikkel.jsp?art_id=17723020 |title=NrK: Tror Al-Qaida står bak |publisher=M.nrk.no |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121103054/http://m.nrk.no/m/artikkel.jsp?art_id=17723020 |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath of the attack, non-ethnic Norwegians, especially Muslim Norwegians, were subjected to harassment and violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antirasistisk.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/trakassering-av-muslimer-og-innvandrere-etter-eksplosjonen-i-regjeringskvartalet-22.-juli-2011.pdf |title=Om trakassering av muslimer og innvandrere etter eksplosjonen i Regjeringskvartalet 22 July 2011 |date=19 July 2012 |language=no |trans-title=On harassment of muslims and immigrants after the expolsion in Regjeringskvartalet 22 July 2011 |access-date=1 May 2022 |publisher=Anti-rasistisk senter |last1=Grimsby Haarr |first1=Anne Gerd |last2=Partapuoli |first2=Kari Helene}}</ref>

On 13 August 2012, Norway's prime minister received the Gjørv Report, which concludes that Breivik could have been stopped from carrying out the Utøya massacre.<ref name="chief">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19290947 |title=Norway police chief quits over Breivik report |agency=BBC News |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> (The report had been ordered by parliament, in August 2011.)

===International=== [[File:Half raised flag.jpg|thumb|The Finnish flag flying at half-mast in Helsinki after the attacks]] The United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and governments around the world expressed their condemnation of the attacks, condolences, and solidarity with Norway. However, there have also been reports of Western European right-wing populist politicians giving support to the killings or excusing them as a result of multi-culturalism. Interviewed on a popular radio show, the Italian MEP Francesco Speroni, a leading member of the Lega Nord, the junior partner in Berlusconi's conservative coalition, said: "Breivik's ideas are in defence of western civilisation."<ref>{{cite news|author=John Hooper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/27/ex-berlusconi-minister-defends-breivik |title=Ex-Berlusconi minister defends Anders Behring Breivik |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2011|access-date=16 August 2011 |location=London}}</ref> Similar views were voiced by Italian MEP Mario Borghezio.<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy MEP backs ideas of Norway killer Breivik|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14315108|access-date=29 July 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172048/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14315108| archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Werner Koenigshofer, a member of the National Council of Austria, was expelled from the right-wing Freedom Party of Austria after equating the massacre with the death of millions of fetuses through abortion.<ref>{{cite news|title=FPÖ kicks out MP for Norway killing theories |url=http://austrianindependent.com/news/Politics/2011-07-29/8578/FP%D6_kicks_out_MP_for_Norway_killing_theories |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707121239/http://austrianindependent.com/news/Politics/2011-07-29/8578/FP%D6_kicks_out_MP_for_Norway_killing_theories |url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=29 July 2011 |newspaper=Austrian Independent}}</ref>

On 25 July 2011, at noon (CEST), each of the Nordic countries held a minute of silence to dignify the victims of the two attacks. Norway's minute of silence stretched to five minutes.<ref name="Moment of silence">{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/terrordadetinorge/article13373440.ab |title=Hela Norden hedrade offren med tyst minut |work=Aftonbladet |author1=Olof Svensson |author2=Josefin Karlsson |language=sv |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> In Oslo, a city of approximately 600,000 inhabitants, an estimated 200,000 people attended a "flower march".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080775 |title=More than 200,000 mourn in downtown Oslo |language=no |work=Verdens Gang |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807211410/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080775 |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/varlden/article1516927/Manifestation-mot-terror-i-Oslo.html |title=150 000 hedrade terrorns offer |language=sv |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929161806/http://www.sydsvenskan.se/varlden/article1516927/Manifestation-mot-terror-i-Oslo.html |archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14285020|publisher=BBC News |title=Mass rallies for Norway victims |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725222217/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14285020 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>

The Norwegian media reported criticism against Fox News and its commentator Glenn Beck for their coverage of the attacks.<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4183971.ece Nordmenn provosert av Fox News' terrordekning], Aftenposten 26 July 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729220305/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4183971.ece |date=29 July 2011 }}</ref> Beck's comparison of the AUF to the Hitler Youth<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8660986/Norway-shooting-Glenn-Beck-compares-dead-teenagers-to-Hitler-youth.html Norway shooting: Glenn Beck compares dead teenagers to Hitler youth], The Telegraph, 25 July 2011</ref> led Frank Aarebrot, a Norwegian professor with political sympathies to the Norwegian Labour Party,<ref name="stjerneklart">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/programmer/radio/stjerneklart/1.6191946|title=Frank Aarebrot|last=Johansen|first=Per Kristian|date=25 August 2008|publisher=Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|language=no|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> to call Beck a "fascist" and "swine".<ref>[http://www.bt.no/nyheter/utenriks/Glenn-Beck-sammenligner-AUF-med-Hitlerjugend-2543766.html Glenn Beck sammenligner AUF med Hitlerjugend] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908160943/http://www.bt.no/nyheter/utenriks/Glenn-Beck-sammenligner-AUF-med-Hitlerjugend-2543766.html |date=8 September 2016}}, ''Bergens Tidende'', 26 July 2011</ref>

===Memorial ceremonies=== A number of memorial ceremonies took place following the attacks. On 25 July 2011, around 200,000 people took part in a "rose march" at Rådhusplassen in Oslo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8661473/Norway-shooting-July-25-as-it-happened.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8661473/Norway-shooting-July-25-as-it-happened.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Mark |last=Townsend |title=Norway shootings: July 25 as it happened |date=25 July 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The NRK memorial concert, titled "Mitt lille land" ("My Little Country") and named for the song "Mitt lille land" which "came to symbolize the sorrow many people went through",<ref name="NRK">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/kultur-og-underholdning/1.7752114 |title=Slik blir minneseremonien i dag |agency=NRK |date=19 August 2011}}</ref> took place in Oslo Cathedral on 30 July 2011. A national memorial ceremony took place on 21 August 2011.<ref name="NRK" /> In September 2011, the Norwegian People's Aid and Sony Music released the memorial album ''Mitt lille land''.<ref>[http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10039908 VG – Rekordstor interesse for platen «Mitt Lille Land»] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118180444/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10039908 |date=18 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Memorials === ====National memorials==== A national memorial stands at Johan Nygaardsvolds plass at ''Regjeringskvartalet'' in Oslo. It was unveiled on 22 July 2016, and is temporary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3rw.no/midlertidig-minnested-i-regjeringskvartalet-etter-22-juli-hendelsene-avduket/|title=Midlertidig minnested i regjeringskvartalet etter 22. Juli hendelsene avduket |work=3rw |date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|author=27. juni 2016 kl. 08:42 |url=http://www.nrk.no/buskerud/regjeringen-endrer-ikke-planer-for-22.-juli-minnesmerke-1.12952467 |title=Regjeringen endrer ikke planer for 22. juli-minnesmerke |publisher=Nrk.no |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/midlertidig-minnested-i-regjeringskvartalet/id2585590/|title=Midlertidig minnested i regjeringskvartalet|date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 2024, 10 designs (each from a candidate)<ref>https://www.nrk.no/kultur/10-forslag-til-minnesmerke-for-22.-juli-er-lagt-frem-1.16913880. Retrieved 2024-06-07</ref> were presented to the public; in the future, one of the candidate's design will be chosen for the permanent memorial; each ''candidate'' consists of 1-3 persons; the 10 candidates include 20 persons; the project does not have an end date.<ref>https://Nrk.no/kultur/ti-kandidater-valgt-ut-for-a-sende-inn-forslag-til-22.-juli-minnested-1.16702010. NRK.no. Retrieved 2024-01-05</ref>

=====National memorial at Utøya-kaia, Tyrifjorden===== Construction on a national memorial at Utøya-kaia (on the shores of Tyrifjorden) in Hole, Buskerud, was completed in June 2022.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/kostnadssmell-for-minnestedet-pa-utoyakaia-_-men-til-varen-blir-det-ferdig-1.15604791|title=Kostnadssmell for minnestedet på Utøyakaia – men til våren blir det ferdig|date=2 January 2022}}</ref> The memorial consists of a curved staircase located by the dock for the ferry to Utoya island.<ref name=inaugurates>>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/norway-inaugurates-memorial-to-77-killed-by-neo-nazi-killer-in-2011|title=Norway inaugurates memorial to 77 killed by neo-Nazi killer in 2011|work=The Straits Times|date=18 June 2022|access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref> There are 77 narrow bronze columns at the base of the steps, representing the number of victims of the attacks.<ref name=inaugurates/> They are positioned in two curved arcs, with the first "aimed at the sun as it stood in the sky when the bomb exploded in Oslo", and the second arc "aimed at the sun as it stood in the sky during the attack on Utoya."<ref name=inaugurates/>

The memorial was unveiled by Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre, who was Foreign Minister at the time of the attacks, in a ceremony also attended by Crown Prince Haakon, government ministers, the leader of AUF, and Prime Minister at the time of the attack then secretary of NATO, Jens Stoltenberg.<ref name=finally>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsinenglish.no/2022/06/20/memorial-to-terror-victims-finally-opens/|title=Memorial to terror victims finally opens|date=20 June 2022|access-date=24 April 2026|work=News in English}}</ref> He described the memorial as "a place that can always remind us of everything we lost, a place where our children and grandchildren can learn about what happened, and about the consequences of right-ring extremism and hate."<ref name=finally/>

In 2020, sixteen<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/ytring/edel-dad_-1.15274265|title=Edel dåd|date=4 December 2020}}</ref> neighbours of the construction site had sued to have the work stopped, the litigants claiming that the memorial would be a constant reminder about the terror of the attack, and that the expected influx of visitors would be an added source of strain on their health.<ref>https://www.nrk.no/kultur/i-dag-starter-rettssaken-om-minnestedet-etter-terroren-22.-juli-1.15266564 " Staten bygger minnested på Utøyakaia, men naboene mener prosjektet kommer til å påføre dem helseplager og ber derfor retten om å stanse arbeidet.{{nbsp}}... Naboene som har gått til sak, er redde for at minnestedet vil gi dem stadige minner om terroren, og mener tilstrømningen av folk som er forventet vil også være en belastning.{{nbsp}}... – Jeg tror vi må erkjenne at blant etterlatte, overlevende, men også redningsmenn og naboer, så er det mange som fortsatt sliter med traumer fra det. – Det som er viktig for oss å få frem i rettssaken er at dette ikke er en følge av at man nå etablerer et minnested, svarer AUF sin advokat"</ref> One neighbour testified in court, that he rescued persons who had been wounded by the terrorist, and said: "We are again and again reminded about what happened. I will not have the strength to look at the columns [a design element of the memorial]. I will only be able to see the face of the dead." The secretary general of AUF, himself a survivor of the attack, testified that he did not understand the neighbours' angst in regard to the memorial.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

In September 2020, an injunction from Ringerike District Court blocked further construction on the memorial; in November, a higher court removed the injunction;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/auf-og-staten-fikk-medhold-i-retten-byggeprosjektet-pa-utoyakaia-kan-fortsette-inntil-videre-1.1806342|title=AUF og staten fikk medhold i retten – byggeprosjektet på Utøyakaia kan fortsette inntil videre| date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/kultur/kostnadene-mer-enn-tidoblet-for-22.-juli-minnested-1.15189610|title=Kostnadene mer enn tidoblet for 22. Juli-minnested|date=6 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/osloogviken/naboene-til-planlagt-minnested-fikk-medhold-i-retten-_-arbeidet-ma-stanse-1.15173635|title=Naboene til planlagt minnested fikk medhold i retten – arbeidet må stanse|date=25 September 2020}}</ref> and in February 2021 the court ruled against the opponents, finding that the benefits of the memorial outweighed the traumas it might revive.<ref name=inaugurates/>

The cost for a national memorial in Hole municipality increased more than ten-fold, previously from 40.5 million Norwegian kroner,<ref name="ReferenceD" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /> to over 500 million including delays and legal fees.<ref name=finally/>

====Other memorials and symbols==== [[File:Utøya - minnesmerket (32941587931).jpg|thumb|{{Langx|no|Ringen|lit=The Ring|label=none}} at Utøya]] thumb|{{Langx|no|Hegnhuset|lit=Safeguard House|label=none}} on Utøya thumb|Newspaper display case damaged during the explosion *At Utøya, the place of memorial is called {{Langx|no|Lysningen|lit=The Clearing|label=none}}; a part of it is {{Langx|no|Ringen|lit=The Ring|label=none}}—a "ring of steel [that] hangs between trees and here the names and age<ref name="Miljolaven">{{cite news|author1=Kjell-Erik Nordenson Kallset|title=Tar tilbake Utøya|publisher=Klassekampen|date=1 July 2016|page=2}}</ref> of the majority of those 69 killed are engraved"; "it lies at the highest point of the island";<ref>{{cite web|author=Publisert 1|url=https://www.nrk.no/buskerud/xl/50-turer-dagen-til-utoya-pa-det-meste-1.13044637 |title=50 turer dagen til Utøya på det meste |publisher=Nrk.no |date=19 July 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> It was unveiled during summer 2015.<ref name=BereavedFearMonolithCelebratingPerp>{{cite web|author=Gabrielle Graatrud |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/etterlatte-frykter-at-22juli-minnestedet-blir-en-bauta-over-gjerningsmannen/60240778 |title=Etterlatte frykter at 22.juli-minnestedet blir en bauta over gjerningsmannen |publisher=Dagbladet.no |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=Snu>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2016/04/04/kultur/kronikk/meninger/debatt/sorbraten/43724033/ |title=No shame in turning around! |publisher=Dagbladet.no|date=4 April 2016}}</ref> *''Hegnhuset'' was inaugurated in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=HEGNHUSET |url=https://utoya.no/hegnhuset/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Utøya |language=en-US}}</ref> *"The Iron Roses" ''Jernrosene'' is located at Domkirke-parken in Oslo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jernrosene.no/plassering|title=Plassering}}</ref> The memorial has around 900 [metal] roses; they were donated by persons in various countries; one rose was created by a survivor, and some by others who were bereaved.<ref name="Rosemonument på vent" /> *A newspaper display case that was collaterally damaged has been left unrepaired with its glass fractured but not dislocated by the shockwave of the bomb. In 2020<ref name="koro.no">{{Cite web|url=https://koro.no/prosjekter/relocating-the-past-ruins-for-the-future/|title="Relocating the past: Ruins for the future"}}</ref> the display case was moved back to where it was located in 2011—outside [the building at] Akersgata 55, the headquarters of ''Verdens Gang''. The installation is referred to by the governmental organisation KORO, as "Relocating the past: ruins for the future".<ref name="koro.no" /> Artist Ahmad Ghossein took the initiative to create a memorial from the shattered display.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/K0wb7/vgs-avismonter-flyttes-og-bevares|title=VGs avismonter flyttes og bevares|date=24 June 2013|work=Verdens Gang|access-date=8 August 2018|language=no}}</ref> The newspaper edition from the day of the bombing, is still on display. *One monolith stands in each municipality. There are memorials created by the artist {{ill|Nico Widerberg|no}} in the 53 affected municipalities in Norway who welcomed the same sculpture, funded by a private donation.<ref name="BereavedFearMonolithCelebratingPerp" /><ref name="Snu" /> *A {{lang|no|minnestein}} ("memorial stone") to commemorate the attacks at Utøya is located at a roadside rest area with a view<ref>{{cite web|author=Av Mette Eriksen |url=http://www.ringblad.no/nyheter/miljovern/e16/ma-sta-pa-en-soppeldynge-for-a-nyte-den-vakre-utsikten/s/5-45-210581 |title=Må stå på en søppeldynge for å nyte den vakre utsikten |publisher=Ringblad.no|date=27 March 2016 }}</ref> of Utøya that is located on E16 at Nes in Hole (municipality).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Morén|first1=Anette|title=Snu nå, skrinlegg Sørbråten|work=Klassekampen|date=2 April 2016|page=37}}</ref>

=====Proposed memorials===== A monument at {{ill|Stensparken|no}} in Oslo has been proposed, including metal roses. It has not been authorised, as its planned dimensions of {{convert|34|m|ft}} by {{convert|20|m|ft}}, with a height of {{convert|3|m|ft}}, were judged to be too overwhelming.<ref name="Rosemonument på vent">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/rosemonument-pa-vent-1.13000556 |title=Rosemonument på vent |publisher=Nrk.no |date=17 June 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

======Cancelled national memorial at Sørbråten====== {{Overly detailed|section|date=June 2019}} {{as of|2016|September|}},<ref name="aftenposten.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Hole-kommune-stopper-Statens-byggesoknad-609143b.html|title=Hole kommune stopper Statens byggesøknad|work=Aftenposten |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref> Hole Municipality has stopped case work regarding the request for permission to build a national monument at {{ill|Sørbråten (Hole)|lt=Sørbråten|no|Sørbråten (Hole)}};<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.nrk.no/buskerud/lettet-over-at-byggesoknaden-er-stoppet-1.13230105 |title=Lettet over at byggesøknaden er stoppet|last= NRK|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> media said that the case work could be arrested for around two and a half years or longer. The government is scheduled to be a defendant in court during a three-week trial, starting 25 April 2017;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/rettssak-om-minnestedet-pa-sorbraten-til-varen/64707841 |title= Rettssak om minnestedet på Sørbråten til våren|date=9 November 2016|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="dagbladet.no">{{cite web| url= http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/aufnbspnekter-oss-naboer-det-samme-de-onsker-for-seg-selv/63964890|title=AUF nekter oss naboer det samme de ønsker for seg selv|date=16 October 2016|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="NRK2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrk.no/kultur/kan-forkaste-omstridt-sorbraten-minnesmerke-1.13134836 |title=Kan forkaste omstridt Sørbråten-minnesmerke |agency=NRK |date=15 September 2016}}</ref> the underlying lawsuit aims to deny construction at the planned location.

Previously, in March 2016, the location for a planned national place of memorial was moved from Utøya to Sørbråten – located on the mainland {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}} from Utvika and {{convert|900|m|abbr=on}} from Utøya;<ref name="dagbladet.no" /><ref name="Minnesaret">{{cite news |first=Karin |last=Moe |author-link=Karin Moe |title=Minnesåret 22. Juli |work=Klassekampen |date=31 March 2016|page=23}}</ref> in September 2014 the Hole municipal council had refused a memorial at Sørbråten.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://22juli.info/Lists/Nyheter/ViewForm.aspx?ID=155 |title=15/9-14: Motstand i Hole kommunestyre mot det nasjonale minnestedet på Sørbråten sender saken tilbake til staten |website=22juli.info |access-date=24 July 2016 |url-status =dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917225531/http://22juli.info/Lists/Nyheter/ViewForm.aspx?ID=155 |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> The names of several<ref name="dagbladet.no" /><ref name=TheaterDeny>{{cite web|author=Anki Gerhardsen, teaterkritiker og journalist |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/Kronikk-Hvem-eier-22-juli--Anki-Gerhardsen-585502b.html |title=Kronikk: Hvem eier 22. juli? |work=Aftenposten |publisher=Aftenposten.no |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> of the victims are reportedly being denied ({{as of|2016|lc=y}}, by next of kin) as inscriptions on the planned monument.

A committee, ''Kunstutvalget for minnestaden for 22. juli'', chose [http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/ut%C3%B8ya-minnesmerket-tiden-det-tar-tvilen-vi-har-1.706117 a design] by Jonas Dahlberg for the monument, and Karin Moe has called the planned monument at Sørbråten – "Breivik's Memorial Place".<ref name="Minnesaret" /> Later, in a Klassekampen article Moe said that "Many of the [local] inhabitants have described [...] the design as a violation, even a rape of nature [that is in place] at Sørbråten. Such is the intensity of how the memorial is being felt, that physical pain is felt merely by imagining having to face the memorial every day. The traumatised neighbors re-live the acts of terror through the brutal cut into the mountain slope{{nbsp}}... a reminder of who acted: Anders Behring Breivik. Here his misdeed is carved in stone. No wonder that fear lies in the reactions.{{nbsp}}... The baffling thing for the locals is this: ...{{nbsp}}but we were supposed to be honored – not re-traumatised. Why must this incurable memorial-wound be inflicted on us, so close to [our bodies or our] life".<ref name="Minnesaret" /> Furthermore, she said that "Long time was needed before the September 11 memorial place on Manhattan was in place. Now an encompassing – in regard to ethics and aesthetics – pause for thinking is needed – both for the placement and the final design of the memorial".<ref name="Minnesaret" /> A later article suggested that "we create the monument as envisioned, but fill the scar with rock and beautify the surface", inspired by kintsugi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meyer |first1=Alexander |title=Kintsugiteknikk på Sørbråten|work=Klassekampen|date=1 April 2016 |ref=Kintsugi| page=19}}</ref> A later article said that "What many of us don't understand is why these plans, apparently not well-considered, now are pushed through.{{nbsp}}... Is it [because of] prestige or out of consideration to the artist"?<ref name="Snu" />

Minister of Local Government and Modernisation has been criticised for announcing – while Breivik was a plaintiff in a 4-day trial – the [current] decision to construct the monument.<ref name=Doubts>{{cite web|author=av Lars Elton |url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/ut%C3%B8ya-minnesmerket-tiden-det-tar-tvilen-vi-har-1.706117 |title=The Utøya Memorial: The time it takes – the doubts we have |website=Dagsavisen.no |date=April 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

On 14 April 2016, media said that a "report has indicated that the place of memorial will create great mental strains on the persons living in its close proximity";<ref>{{cite web|first=Mari Sand |last=Malm |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2016/04/14/kultur/sorbraten/22juli/minnesmerke/43868484/ |title=Mayor wanted to support the neighbors Utøya fight against the government. — I am disappointed |website=Dagbladet |date=14 April 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> The report, ''Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress a/s'', was completed in April 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/c1942fe9a7c14931a1365aaf2633288b/minnesmerke_nkvts.pdf |title=Psykososiale konsekvenser av nasjonalt minnesmerke i Hole commune |language=no |trans-title=Psych. social consequences of a national monument in the municipality of Hole |website=regjeringen.no}}</ref> A later newspaper article asked "And why should the little island [sic], [Sørbråten be punished with the jötunn cut – what wrong has the island done?"<ref>{{cite news |first=Johannes Block |last=Hellum|title=Minnesmerket |work=Klassekampen|date=16 April 2016|page=56}}</ref> On 16 April 2016 media quoted board member<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w2.brreg.no/enhet/sok/detalj.jsp?orgnr=916921101 |title=Nřkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret – Brřnnřysundregistrene |publisher=W2.brreg.no |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> Anne-Gry Ruud of neighbourhood association, ''Utstranda Velforening'': "I don't think that the work of art honors all who were killed, but symbolizes only pain and open wounds.{{nbsp}}... If this work of art gives any associations, then they are to terror, death, pain and the inadequacy of society.{{nbsp}}... This is not just a small cut on a point – it is an area of 1.2 decare [that will become surrounded by water].{{nbsp}}... I don't think that the [local] inhabitants have a responsibility to provide a location for a memorial at Sørbråten. Especially in the summer we experience a steady flow of tourists on a pilgrimage to Sørbråten. Some take selfies with Utøya in the background. Others stop the inhabitants and ask what they did that day and how we contributed.{{nbsp}}... We have two schoolbuses that drive back and forth every day on the road just above, others pass on their way to the store, leisure activities, work or municipal centre{{nbsp}}... 260 inhabitants".<ref>{{cite news|first1=Jonas| last1=Brække|title=Tror seier er mulig| publisher=Klassekampen|date=16 April 2016|page=5}}</ref>

The national convention of the Progress Party decided to say "no" to placing the memorial at Sørbråten.<ref>{{cite web|author=kl.10:31 |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2016/04/25/nyheter/politikk/politiske_partier/vold/auf/43993850/ |title=AUF om Frp-nei: — Uansvarlig, uprofesjonelt og uklokt – nyheter |website=Dagbladet |date=25 April 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

On 25 April 2016 Hole Municipal Council decided to fund Norwegian kroner 25,000 to ''Utstranda Velforening'', for a proposed lawsuit against the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrk.no/buskerud/naboene-til-sorbraten-far-25.000-kroner-1.12917426 |title=Mayor: — It is a symbolic support |agency=NRK |date=25 April 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

In a 14 May 2016 ''Aftenposten'' article {{Interlanguage link|Stig Andersen (director)|no|Stig Andersen|lt=Stig Andersen|vertical-align=sup}}, a film director and -producer, said that the monument of the original contest was supposed to have a price limited to Norwegian kroner 20 million; now that the government has estimated the price to 70 million including relevant extra expenses, the contestants that operated within the original price limits have been deceived.<ref>{{cite web|first=Stig|last=Andersen |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/Utoya-minnesmerket-Memory-Wound-har-bare-n-losning-Det-ma-avblases--Stig-Andersen-8458252.html |title=Utøya-minnesmerket 'Memory Wound' har bare én løsning: Det må avblåses! |website=Aftenposten |date=31 January 2014 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

In May 2016 the government wrote that the ongoing lawsuit about [placing] the monument [at Sørbråten], will not change the government's plans; the letter was signed by Minister of Local Government and Modernisation and Minister of Culture.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In an 11 June 2016 ''Dagbladet'' article Hans Normann Dahl was quoted, "The monument itself is incomprehensible, and the idea so crass that it contains a negative and destructive material".<ref>{{cite web|first=Gabrielle |last=Graatrud |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2016/06/11/kultur/sorbraten/minnested/22_juli/minnesmerke/44471855/ |title=Flere protester mot 22. juli-minnested: — Stort nærmere kan man ikke komme et plagiat |website=Dagbladet.no |date=11 June 2016 }}</ref>

An 18 June 2016 ''Dagbladet'' article quoted (writings of) one mother (Gunn Rusten) who lost her daughter: "My daughter's name will NOT be displayed on any memorial at Sørbråten, but it is displayed at Utøya".<ref name="BereavedFearMonolithCelebratingPerp" /> She added that "Why should all the phenomenal persons living there, and who put their lives on the line that day – to save as many as possible of those on Utøya [who were later rescued from the lake] – have this as a lifelong, daily reminder of the fateful Friday when police and those in charge let a crazy man walk around for around an hour and a half – and kill at will – without intervening".<ref name="BereavedFearMonolithCelebratingPerp" /> Furthermore, another mother (Mai Britt Rogne) who lost her daughter said that: "We already have the grave, [and] Utøya, and one monolith in every municipality. How many places of memorial do we need"?<ref name="BereavedFearMonolithCelebratingPerp" />

On 24 June 2016 the government was sued (in Ringerike District Court) with a claim that "The government is being denied construction of the memorial ''Memory Wound'', including a parking lot, a footpath, and auxiliary developments at Sørbråten and Bergli [both] in Hole".<ref>{{cite web|first=Knut-Eirik |last=Lindblad |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/privatpersoner-over-hele-norge-har-sendt-pengegaver-til-soksmalet-mot-staten/60254541 |title=Privatpersoner over hele Norge har sendt pengegaver til søksmålet mot statent |website=Dagbladet.no |date=27 June 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

{{as of|2016|September|}} the government has offered to ditch the "Memory Wound" draft for a monument; the site for a national memorial at Sørbråten, remains unchanged.<ref name="NRK2016" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/regjeringen-tilbyr-a-forkaste-22-juli-minnesmerke-1.778759|title=Regjeringen tilbyr å forkaste 22. juli-minnesmerke |website=dagsavisen.no|date=15 September 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

Swedish psychiatrist Per-Olof Michel said "I have been thinking why the government was in such a hurry. In Sweden one will be unveiling the Tsunami Monument next year – 13 years after the fact. Regarding something that affects so many people, one should let time pass and go thru things again".<ref>{{cite web |website=regjeringen.no |url=http://www.klassekampen.no/article/20160922/ARTICLE/160929989|title=Får kritikk fra forskerne |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

Bodil Cappelen said in a ''Klassekampen'' article that "Centuries will pass{{nbsp}}... Oh, yes. Here they have cut off a point—from the mountain mama. A landscape was not that much worth—then".<ref>{{cite news|title=Ikke alltid det vi ser |website=Klassekampen|date=1 October 2016 |first=Bodil |last=Cappelen |page=40|quote=Hundreårene går, hvorfor minnesmerket kom opp er glemt.{{nbsp}}... Å ja, Her har de hogget løs en odde fra moderfjellet. Et landskap var ikke så mye verdt—den gang.}}</ref>

Regarding "Memory Wound" possibly being plagiarism of one of 300 candidate proposals for the pre-qualification in the contest for monument design,<ref name="NRK.no2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrk.no/trondelag/xl/sjokkert-over-likheten-1.13209478|title=Sjokkert over likheten|agency=NRK |date=14 November 2016|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref> art historian {{Interlanguage link|Tommy Sørbø|no|vertical-align=sup}} said that "My first impression was that this is closest [to] plagiarism"; "But when the idea is so similar, I think one should examine the case further";<ref name="NRK.no20162">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/trondelag/_-jeg-synes-det-virker-merkelig-at-to-personer-far-en-sa-lik-ide.-1.13227234|title=Jeg synes det virker merkelig at to personer får en så lik idé. |agency=NRK |date=14 November 2016|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref> [the final written work for the master's degree,] ''masteroppgaven'', of architect students Kristin Ulrikke Rønnestad og Hildegunn Slotnæs had already been published on NTNU's website, and had been exhibited in Trondheim, and had been mailed to around 200 persons and offices.<ref name="NRK.no2016" /> So far the case has led to: government agency {{Interlanguage link|Kunst i offentlige rom|lt=KORO|no|Kunst i offentlige rom|vertical-align=sup}} informing Dahlberg and the Department of Culture of potential allegations of plagiarism; Dahlberg denied any knowledge of ''masteroppgaven''; student Rønnestad met with the director of KORO in April 2014.<ref name="NRK.no2016" /> The lawyer (from the architects' trade union) that accompanied Rønnestad there, said that KORO showed "a quite condescending attitude towards her".<ref name="NRK.no2016" /> Other views regarding the case includes the view of Arve Rød, art critic of ''Dagbladet'', saying about the sketches "The likeness is peculiar, and impossible to overlook. It is difficult not to conclude that these are two completely alike ideas, but I can not from that claim that Dahlberg has plagiarized the work of the two students"; he thinks that it is quite remarkable that [two] ideas, so alike, were found in the same contest and situation, in the same place and at the same time.<ref name="NRK.no20162" />

In November 2016 news broke that case work regarding the request for permission to build the monument at Sørbråten, had been arrested in September; Hole municipality's justification, cited in part the upcoming court case.<ref name="aftenposten.no" /> In June 2017 the government cancelled the project.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

===Attempts at art creation=== A 2016 Norwegian news article said that "Most of those that work in the field of art, probably were aware of the support group's ["the national support group after the 22 July incidents", or ''{{Interlanguage link|Nasjonal støttegruppe etter 22. juli-hendelsene|no|vertical-align=sup}}''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://22juli.info/default.aspx |title=Archived copy |website=22juli.info |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208023815/http://22juli.info/default.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> marked attempts at stopping the Danish playwright Christian Lollike when he wanted to stage a drama based on the terrorist's manuscript. Artists are in fact not as daring, as many like to think".<ref name="TheaterDeny" />

==Legal proceedings== {{Main|Trial of Anders Behring Breivik}}

The police initially kept the choice of counsel secret after request from the attorney. Attorney Geir Lippestad elected to act on behalf of Breivik's defence; Breivik had specifically requested that Lippestad become his attorney.<ref name="TV2Lippestad" /><ref>{{cite news|location=NO|url=http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/article1666194.ece|title=Vil ikke opplyse navnet til Breiviks forsvarer|date=23 July 2011|publisher=Adresseavisen/NTB |language=no|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224112202/https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/article1666194.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 25 July 2011, Breivik was arraigned in Oslo District Court. The police feared that Breivik would use the hearing as an opportunity to communicate with possible accomplices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7753723 |title=Politiet ber om lukkede dører |publisher=nrk.no |access-date=19 August 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026203848/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7753723 |archive-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> Because of this,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Kjennelse%20-%20lukking%20av%20d%C3%B8rer.pdf |title=Kjennelse – Lukking av dører |publisher=domstolen.no |access-date=19 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117052555/http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Kjennelse%20-%20lukking%20av%20d%C3%B8rer.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2011}}</ref> the arraignment was held completely closed to the media and all other spectators. Instead, judge Kim Heger held a press conference shortly afterwards where he read the court's decision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vgtv.no/#!id=42469 |title=Anders Behring Breivik varetektsfengsles i åtte uker |publisher=Vgtv.no |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> The practice of completely closed court hearings is extremely rare in the Norwegian justice system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icct.nl/publication/a-fair-and-public-trial-for-the-norwegian-terror-suspect/ |title=A Fair and Public Trial for the Norwegian Terror Suspect |publisher=The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224130/https://icct.nl/publication/a-fair-and-public-trial-for-the-norwegian-terror-suspect/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The debate over which criminal charges to file was fierce. Many police attorneys wanted high treason or crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e24.no/lov-og-rett/breivik-risikerer-30-aars-fengsel/20082609 |title=Breivik risikerer 30 års fengsel – Lov og rett |work=E24 |publisher=E24.no |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> The prosecution ended up indicting Breivik on terrorism charges. Breivik admitted to being the gunman at Utøya and the perpetrator behind the Oslo bomb, also admitting all the other actual events. Nonetheless, he pleaded not guilty, stating "I do not recognise this justice system".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080776 |title=Krevde politiet skulle hente uniformen før rettsmøtet – VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli |work=VG |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123175331/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080776 |archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> District Attorney Christian Hatlo asked that Breivik be detained for eight weeks without mail or visitation. The judge ruled in favour of the prosecution, stating "the accused is an imminent danger to society and must be confined for the safety of himself and others. It is highly probable that he is guilty of the alleged crimes and imprisonment is necessary to prevent destruction of evidence". In accordance with the prosecution's wishes, Breivik was remanded to eight weeks detention without mail or visitation, four of those in complete isolation, to be renewed no later than 19 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e24.no/lov-og-rett/terrorsiktet-fengslet-i-aatte-uker/20082580 |title=Terrorsiktet fengslet i åtte uker – Lov og rett |work=E24 |publisher=E24.no |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> He was immediately transferred to Ila Landsfengsel, a maximum security prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080853 |title=Her skal Breivik sitte i isolasjon – VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli |work=VG |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123175231/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080853 |archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>

On 13 August 2011 Breivik was taken to Utøya by police to recreate his actions on the day of the massacre. Neither the media nor the public was alerted to the operation. The police explained that the surprise walk-through was necessary because Breivik was to be charged and tried for all 77 murders individually. The police deemed it less offensive to the survivors to do it before rather than during the trial. Despite the many police boats and helicopters, none of the civilians who had come to lay down flowers on the shore that day perceived what was happening just a few hundred metres across the lake from them for eight hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10081251 |title=Massedrapsmannen tilbake på Utøya lørdag – VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli |work=VG |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901044411/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10081251 |archive-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> On the evening of 14 August the police held a press conference about the reconstruction. It was reported that Breivik was not unmoved by his return to Utøya, but that he showed no remorse. Inspector Pål Fredrik Hjort Kraby described Breivik's behaviour and indifference on the island as "unreal", as he had over the course of eight hours willingly showed the police exactly how he had carried out all of the 69 murders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10081294 |title=Politiet om Breivik på Utøya: – Viste ikke uttrykk for anger – VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli |work=VG |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909035339/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10081294 |archive-date=9 September 2011}}</ref>

The trial began on 16 April 2012 and lasted until 19 June 2012.<ref name="trial-planning">{{cite news|title=Terrorrettssaken starter 16. april |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7875413 |agency=NRK |language=no |trans-title=The court trial begins 16 April |date=14 November 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121095441/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7875413 |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="LarsBevanger2012" /> 170 media organisations were accredited to cover the proceedings.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Skogrand, Merete |author2=Steen, Thea |title= Kristopher Schau skal dekke Breivik-rettssaken |trans-title=Kristopher Schau skal to cover Breivik trial |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/03/14/kultur/medier/morgenbladet/kristoffer_schau/breivik/20663696/ |newspaper= Dagbladet |language=no |date=14 March 2012 |access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> Breivik acknowledged that he had committed the offences but pleaded not guilty as he believed the killing was "necessary".<ref>Hannah Furness [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9206193/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-trial-live.html Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik trial: latest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417075124/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9206193/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-trial-live.html|date=17 April 2012}} 16 April 2012, ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 16 April 2012</ref> The main issue for Breivik was that he was not to be deemed "insane" or "psychotic", because that would lose the meaning of his message.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loughnan |first=Arlie |date=2012-08-25 |title=Anders Breivik is guilty: the fine line between bad and mad |url=http://theconversation.com/anders-breivik-is-guilty-the-fine-line-between-bad-and-mad-9068 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 24 August, Breivik was found to be sane by the panel of five judges. He was sentenced to preventative detention (''forvaring''), a sentence of 21 years in prison which can be repeatedly extended by 5 years as long as he is considered a threat to society. This is the maximum sentence allowed by Norwegian law, and it is the only way to allow for life imprisonment.<ref name="LarsBevanger2012">{{cite news|author=Lars Bevanger |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19365616 |title=Anders Behring Breivik: Norway court finds him sane |agency=BBC News |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> He was also planning to behead the Prime Minister and kill more people.

==Aftermath== [[File:Utøya 2.jpg|thumb|Memorial in view of Utøya]] Coop Norway, a chain of retail stores in Norway, removed several games from its shelves as a result of the attack. Some of the titles includes games like ''Homefront'', ''Call of Duty'' series, ''Sniper: Ghost Warrior'', ''Counter-Strike Source'' and ''World of Warcraft''. Some games were also temporarily removed from the Norwegian WiiWare catalogue, including an on-rails shooter game.<ref>{{cite news|title=Norway Retail Giant Dropping Many Titles/Toys in Response to Oslo Attacks|url=http://www.planetxbox360.com/article_15754/Norway_Retail_Giant_Dropping_Many_TitlesToys_in_Response_to_Oslo_Attacks|access-date=31 July 2011}}</ref>

In the days following the attacks, Norway's largest represented political parties noted a significant increase in interest for membership from young people. Both the Norwegian Young Conservatives and the Progress Party's Youth, as well as the Workers' Youth League (AUF) had signed up a significant number of new members after a few days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4184188.ece |work=Aftenposten |title=Ungdomspartiene merker stor pågang etter tragedien |first1=Berit Strøyer |last1=Aalborg |first2=Kristin Jonassen |last2=Nordby |first3=Yasmin Sunde |last3=Hoel |language=no |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727020422/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4184188.ece |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The mother parties also reported an unusual increase in new member applications, with the Conservative Party and the Progress Party having signed up almost 1,000 new members each by early August,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3204009.ece|work=Nettavisen|title=900 til Erna – 767 til Siv|first=Jørgen|last=Berge|date=9 August 2011|access-date=19 August 2011|language=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117053103/http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3204009.ece|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the Labour Party reported over 6,000 new members at the end of the month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/valg/6200-nye-i-Ap-etter-Utya-2566208.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117061015/http://www.bt.no/nyheter/valg/6200-nye-i-Ap-etter-Utya-2566208.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2011|work=Bergens Tidende|title=6200 nye i Ap etter Utøya|first=Hanne|last=Heszlein-Lossius|date=31 August 2011|access-date=1 September 2011|language=no}}</ref>

Far-right groups such as Stop the Islamisation of Norway (SIAN) and the Norwegian Defence League (NDL), as well as the Democrats, had reportedly witnessed a boom in their memberships and interest by mid-August, with the Democrats party having signed up around one hundred new members, and the NDL around three hundred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/medlemsboom-for-hoeyreekstreme-3562095.html|work=TV 2|title=Medlems-boom for høyreekstreme|date=18 August 2011|access-date=19 August 2011|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/25/nyheter/norwegian_defence_league/anders_behring_breivik/innenriks/terrorangrepet/17824844/|work=Dagbladet|title=- Blir årets hendelse|first1=Astrid|last1=Meland|first2=Line|last2=Brustad|date=25 August 2011|access-date=3 September 2011|language=no|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225065906/http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/25/nyheter/norwegian_defence_league/anders_behring_breivik/innenriks/terrorangrepet/17824844/|archive-date=25 December 2011}}</ref>

In the September local elections almost two months after the attacks, gains were made by the Conservative Party (up 9% to 28%), and to a lesser extent the Labour Party (up 2% to 32%). On the other hand, setbacks were witnessed by the Progress Party, the party Breivik had been a member of, (down 6% to 11%) and the Socialist Left Party (down 2% to 4%).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14895052|publisher=BBC|title=Norway local elections: Breivik's old party suffers|date=13 September 2011|access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref>

In the Gjørv Report, received by the prime minister in advance of a press conference on 13 August 2012, it was concluded that more actions could have been taken by authorities, to stop Breivik, to track him, or to interrupt his attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/report-blasts-police-response-to-norway-massacre/article4478381/ |work=The Globe and Mail |title=Report blasts police response to Norway massacre |date=13 August 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012 |location=Toronto |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815224835/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/report-blasts-police-response-to-norway-massacre/article4478381/ |archive-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> It also criticised the police action, in stark contrast to an internal report issued by the police earlier. A few days later, national police chief Øystein Mæland submitted his resignation, citing a lack of clear support for his position from his superiors and saying: "If the [justice] ministry and other political authorities do not clarify this matter unequivocally, it will become impossible for me to continue." His resignation was accepted and announced by Justice Minister Grete Faremo.<ref name="chief" />

Vegard Grøslie Wennesland, a survivor of the incident, ran for parliament on a Labour Party ticket in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24008612 |agency=BBC News |title=Norway election: Terror survivors run for parliament |date=8 September 2013}}</ref> A further 33 Labour Party candidates in the election were Utøya survivors and of those, Åsmund Aukrust, Stine Renate Håheim and Fredric Holen Bjørdal were also elected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.no/20130911/four-utoya-survivors-elected-to-parliament |work=The Local Europe AB |title=Norway election: Terror survivors run for parliament |date=11 September 2013 |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> However, the result brought a coalition government of the Conservative party and the right-wing Progress Party, of which Breivik had been a member from 1999 until 2004, to power.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/utlandsk-press-om-fremskritts-partiet-breiviks-parti/|title=Utländsk press om Fremskritts- partiet: Breiviks parti – DN.SE|newspaper=Dagens Nyheter|date=11 September 2013|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

===Embezzlement from terror attack victims fund=== In 2016, one person was sentenced to 120 days in prison for embezzling 300,000 Norwegian kroner from Støttegruppen etter 22. juli, a Norwegian NGO; the money was supposed to have gone to victims of the terror attack. The perpetrator was a steward of the NGO.<ref name="vg.no">{{cite news |url=https://vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/terrorangrepet-22-juli-ofrene/maa-i-retten-for-underslag-av-22-7-penger/a/23855709 |title=Må i retten for underslag av 22/7-penger |date=26 November 2016 |newspaper=Verdens Gang |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Semi-automatic weapon ban for hunting and Mini-14 rifle ban === On 28 February 2018, Peter Frølich of the Norwegian parliament's committee on judicial affairs, said a proposal to ban semi-automatic weapons proposed the year prior now had enough political support to become law by 2021. The law will ban the Ruger Mini-14 rifle model that was used in Utøya massacre and other semi-auto rifles for hunting. However, using semi-automatic firearms for shooting sports is still legal for sportsmen who have permission for practice and competition shooting from Dynamic Sports Shooting Norway (DSSN) or the Norwegian Reserve Officers' Association (NROF).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politiforum.no/artikler/forbud-mot-40-halv-automatiske-vapen-vi-er-glade-for-forbudet/438262|title=Forbud mot 40 halvautomatiske våpen: Vi er glade for forbudet|language=no|author=Torkjell Jonsson Trædal|work=Politiforum|date=20 May 2018 |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref>

=== Copycat incidents ===

==== Polish copycat ==== On 20 November 2012, the Polish authorities announced the arrest of a 45-year-old lecturer in chemical engineering at the Agricultural University of Kraków under suspicion of preparing a similar attack. According to the authorities, {{ill|Brunon Kwiecień|pl|vertical-align=sup}} was an admirer of Breivik and was further inspired by the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.<ref name="pol copy 1">{{Cite news |url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/polsko-zmarilo-chystany-teroristicky-utok-na-predstavitele-zeme-1cz-/zahranicni.aspx?c=A121120_081639_zahranicni_js |title=Polsko zmařilo atentát na Sejm. Vědec chtěl odpálit 4 tuny výbušnin [Poland foiled an attack against the Sejm. A scientist wanted to detonate 4 tonnes of explosives] |journal=Mladá fronta Dnes |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 |language=cs}}</ref><ref name="pol copy 7">{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Ben |date=2012-11-29 |title=Mimicking Breivik in Poland |url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/mimicking-breivik-poland |journal=Stratfor |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202012104/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/mimicking-breivik-poland |archive-date=2012-12-02 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Poland's Internal Security Agency (ABW) first found out about Kwiecień after it launched investigation into Breivik's Polish contacts when it became known that Breivik had ordered some of the chemicals for his bomb from Poland via the internet. According to ABW, Kwiecień was preparing an attack against the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish parliament, using a car bomb.<ref name="pol copy 2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.wprost.pl/ar/357276/Niedoszly-zamachowiec-wpadl-przez-Breivika/?pg=0 |title=Niedoszły zamachowiec wpadł przez Breivika |publisher= |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 | language=pl|work=wprost.pl|trans-title=Failed attacker was caught thanks to Breivik}}</ref> Apart from targeting the parliament, Kwiecień was also preparing murders of Monika Olejnik, an influential journalist, and Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz, the mayor of Warsaw.<ref name="pol copy 6" />

Kwiecień tried to arm himself in 1997, however the authorities refused his application for a firearm permit. He later started arming himself illegally, mostly with weapons bought in Belgium.<ref name="pol copy 3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/10,953875-Chemik-zafascynowany-Breivikiem.html|title=Chemik zafascynowany Breivikiem [A chemist fascinated by Breivik]|journal=Rzeczpospolita|date=21 November 2012|access-date=24 November 2012|language=pl|archive-date=28 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428025707/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/10,953875-Chemik-zafascynowany-Breivikiem.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He had recruited four other people for his cause, however at least two of them were actually ABW's secret agents.<ref name="pol copy 6">{{Cite news |date=28 November 2012 |title=Monika Olejnik i Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz na celowniku Brunona K. |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,12936571,Monika_Olejnik_i_Hanna_Gronkiewicz_Waltz_na_celowniku.html |journal=Gazeta Wyborcza |language=pl |access-date=28 November 2012|trans-title=Monika Olejnik and Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz also targeted by Brunon K.}}</ref> He was convicted and sentenced to nine years of imprisonment on 19 April 2017, later dying in prison on 6 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=He was planning an attack on the Sejm. Brunon Kwiecień found dead in prison |url=https://www.tvn24.pl/tvn24-news-in-english,157,m/brunon-kwiecien-man-who-planned-an-attack-on-polish-sejm-found-dead,959066.html |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=tvn24.pl}}</ref>

==== Christchurch mosque shootings ==== {{Main|Christchurch mosque shootings}}

Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian-born perpetrator of two consecutive mass shootings at mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, said in his manifesto "The Great Replacement" (in reference to a far-right conspiracy theory from France by Renaud Camus) that he was particularly inspired by Breivik. Tarrant also claimed to have been in "brief contact" with him through an organisation Brevik was a member of known as "The Knights Templar".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-dark-web-enabled-the-christchurch-killer-extreme-right-terrorism-white-nationalism-anders-breivik/|title=The Dark Web Enabled the Christchurch Killer|last=Ravndal|first=Jacob Aasland|date=16 March 2019|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318195011/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-dark-web-enabled-the-christchurch-killer-extreme-right-terrorism-white-nationalism-anders-breivik/|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-suspect-claimed-brief-contact-with-norwegian-mass-murderer-20190316-p514pj.html|title=Christchurch suspect claimed 'brief contact' with Norwegian mass murderer|last=Taylor|first=Adam|date=16 March 2019|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315235915/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-suspect-claimed-brief-contact-with-norwegian-mass-murderer-20190316-p514pj.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The shootings took place at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre during Friday Prayer on 15 March 2019, killing 51 people and injuring 89.<ref name="Gelineau_Gambrell2">{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-mosque-killer-white-supremacy-20190315-story.html|title=New Zealand mosque shooter is a white supremacist angry at immigrants, documents and video reveal|last1=Gelineau|first1=Kristen|last2=Gambrell|first2=Jon|date=15 March 2019|website=Chicago Tribune|access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

==Depiction in popular culture== {{In popular culture|section|date=July 2021}} *The poem [These memories have no time to wait] ''Desse minna har ikkje tid til å vente'' (2021), by Frode Grytten<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bt.no/amagasinet/i/M1Paw5/frode-gryttens-nye-22-juli-dikt-spesialskrevet-for-a-magasinet |title=Han skrev det som for mange ble "22. Juli-diktet". Her er forfatter Frode Gryttens nye dikt – ti år etter |website=www.bt.no |date=18 July 2021 |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

===Films=== *[To the Youth] ''Til ungdommen'' (2012), directed by Kari Anne Moe<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hestman |first=Ida Madsen |date=2021-07-18 |title=Filmene som har hjulpet oss å forstå det som skjedde – og konsekvensene |trans-title=Strong and important films about July 22 |url=https://www.nrk.no/kultur/anbefaling_-22.-juli-filmer-og--serier-1.15499438 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}}</ref> *''Utøya: July 22'', directed by Erik Poppe, was released in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hestman |first=Ida Madsen |date=2021-07-18 |title=Filmene som har hjulpet oss å forstå det som skjedde – og konsekvensene |url=https://www.nrk.no/kultur/anbefaling_-22.-juli-filmer-og--serier-1.15499438 |access-date=2025-11-07 |agency=NRK |language=nb-NO}}</ref> *''22 July'', directed by Paul Greengrass, was released in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> *[The legacy of 22 July] ''Arven etter 22. juli'', directed by Tommy Gulliksen (Simple English Wikipedia), was released in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Morten Ståle |date=2021-07-18 |title=TV-anmeldelse «Arven etter 22. juli»: Trollet som ikke sprakk |url=https://www.vg.no/rampelys/i/k30qXX/tv-anmeldelse-arven-etter-22-juli-trollet-som-ikke-sprakk |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=VG |language=no}}</ref>

===Music=== [[File:Laleh, Nasjonal Minneskonsert 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Laleh performing with the Norwegian Radio Orchestra at the National Memorial Concert 2012 in Vika in Oslo]] The 2012 single "Some Die Young" by the Iranian-Swedish musician Laleh became closely associated with the national mourning process, with newspaper articles, university lectures and a number of fan videos to this effect emerging.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.3402/blft.v4i0.23537 |language=no|title=Nasjonal traumebearbeiding i sanglyrikk for barn og unge etter 22/7 |journal=Barnelitterært forskningstidsskrift |date=31 December 2013|doi=10.3402/blft.v4i0.23537 |accessdate=24 December 2022|last1=Ommundsen |first1=Åse Marie |volume=4 |article-number=blft.v4i0.23537 |hdl=10642/1821 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Laleh was invited to perform as one of only two international artists at the official memorial concert in Oslo on the first anniversary of the event in 2012, and later performed the song at the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/hennes-lat-blev-hela-norges-trostelat-har-besoker-laleh-ut-ya-for-forsta-gangen |language=Swedish|title=Hennes låt blev hela Norges tröstelåt – här besöker Laleh Utøya för första gången |newspaper=SVT Nyheter |publisher=Sveriges Television |date=23 August 2017|accessdate=24 December 2022|last1=Ljungholm |first1=Markus}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=11 December 2012 |title=Laleh "Some die young" 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert |type=Television production |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP8j9Bx5ero |access-date=24 December 2022 |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Nobel Peace Prize Concert}}</ref> The song went on to peak at number one in the Norwegian charts for eight weeks and was certified fourteen times platinum in the country by IFPI Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Laleh&titel=Some+Die+Young&cat=s |title=Norwegian Charts – Laleh / Some die young |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifpi.no/trofe/trofeoversikt/?aar=&searchterm=laleh|title=IFPI|website=IFPI Norge|date=17 April 2020 |access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref> In a 2017 episode of Sveriges Television's music documentary series ''Hitlåtens historia'', Laleh is invited to visit Utøya for the first time and meet survivors, reflecting on the significance her song took on as part of remembrance activities.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=23 August 2017 |title=Lalehs svåra känslor kring hitlåten: "Finns en ära i det" |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/AOvgM/lalehs-svara-kanslor-kring-hitlaten-finns-en-ara-i-det |work=Aftonbladet |location=Stockholm, Sweden |access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>

The Austrian black metal band Harakiri for the Sky released a song titled, "69 Dead Birds for Utøya", on their 2014 album ''Aokigahara.''<ref>{{Citation |title=Harakiri for the Sky – 69 Dead Birds for Utøya |url=https://genius.com/Harakiri-for-the-sky-69-dead-birds-for-utya-lyrics |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>

Dutch symphonic metal band Epica released a song entitled "Internal Warfare", on their 2012 album ''Requiem for the Indifferent''. Singer Simone Simons stated in an interview that it was about the Breivik attacks in Norway.<ref>{{Citation |title=Epica – Internal Warfare |url=https://genius.com/Epica-internal-warfare-lyrics |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>

Norwegian pop singer Aurora released a song entitled "Little Boy in the Grass", on her 2015 EP ''Running with the Wolves'', which is about the tragedy. One of her friends was killed during the attack on Utøya.<ref>{{Citation |title=AURORA – Little Boy In The Grass |url=https://genius.com/Aurora-little-boy-in-the-grass-lyrics |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>

Norwegian singer Anette Askvik released a song entitled "Liberty", on her 2011 album Liberty, the official video for which contains images of the tragedy and the dedication, "Til Minne om ofrene etter terrorhandlingene 22.07.2011" ("In memory of the victims of the terrorist acts on 22 July 2011").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Müller |first=Thomas |date=2023-12-19 |title=Anette Askvik gir oss sjelefred med et av årets fineste album |url=https://npsmusic.no/anette-askvik-gir-oss-sjelefred-med-et-av-arets-fineste-album/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713182127/https://npsmusic.no/anette-askvik-gir-oss-sjelefred-med-et-av-arets-fineste-album/ |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=NPS Music |language=nb-NO}}</ref>

A 2016 song performed by the Norwegian pop-rock band deLillos, "Vi ser dere nå" ("We see you now"), was written about the attacks; one verse says: ".. he set off a bomb, to go to an island, where he gunned down youth, as if it was fun".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/ytring/sangen-som-trostet-norge-1.13036996 |title=Sangen som trøstet Norge |website=Nrk.no |date=18 July 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/kultur/_-haper-ingen-fikk-odelagt-kvelden-1.8254910?tw_p=twt |title=– Håper ingen fikk ødelagt kvelden |agency=NRK |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

===Television=== Season 6 of ''Seconds from Disaster'' premiered on the one-year anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks (aired 22 July 2012), with the episode titled, "Norway Massacre: I Was There".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://natgeotv.com.au/tv/seconds-from-disaster/episodes.aspx?series=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306054611/http://natgeotv.com.au/tv/seconds-from-disaster/episodes.aspx?series=6 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2013 |work=Seconds From Disaster: Series 6 |title=Norway Massacre: I Was There |publisher=National Geographic Australia |date=22 July 2012 }}</ref>

The ''Futurama'' episode "The Cryonic Woman" was briefly changed on some syndicated reruns, including the DVD rerelease, because a moment in the episode included a screen saying "Prime Minister of Norway". This was later changed to "Chainsaw Juggler".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Keegan |date=2024-03-30 |title='Futurama' Fans Discover How A Tragedy Changed A Classic Joke — For the Better |url=https://www.cracked.com/article_41603_futurama-fans-discover-how-a-tragedy-changed-a-classic-joke-for-the-better.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Cracked.com |language=en}}</ref>

A TV miniseries, ''{{ill|22. juli (TV series)|no|22. juli (TV-serie)|vertical-align=sup}}'', about the respondents to the attack premiered on NRK 5 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=22 juli|url=https://tv.nrk.no/serie/22-juli|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

==See also== * Timeline of the 2011 Norway attacks * 22 July Information Centre, the government enquiry into the attacks * List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes) * Right-wing terrorism * 2019 Christchurch shootings, a mass shooting in New Zealand partly inspired by the Norway attacks * 2022 Buffalo shooting, a mass shooting in the United States also inspired by the Norway and Christchurch attacks

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * Borchgrevink, Aage Storm, and Guy Puzey. ''A Norwegian Tragedy: Anders Behring Breivik and the Massacre on Utøya''. 2013. {{ISBN|978-0745672205}} (translated from the Norwegian) * Seierstad, Åsne, and Sarah Death. ''One of us: the story of Anders Breivik and the massacre in Norway''. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0374277895}} (translated from the Norwegian) * Turrettini, Unni, and Kathleen M. Puckett. ''The Mystery of the Lone Wolf Killer: Anders Behring Breivik and the Threat of Terror in Plain Sight''. New York: Pegasus Crime, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1605989105}}

== External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723001331/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4180673.ece Stor eksplosjon i Oslo sentrum], ''Aftenposten'', News report in Norwegian, with pictures. * [http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=4613900 Allvarligt bombattentat skakar Oslo], ''Sveriges Radio'', News report in Swedish, with pictures. * [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/norway/index.html Norway – Breivik Attacks, July 2011] collected news and commentary at ''The New York Times'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822100326/http://www.nrk.no/minnetavle/ Victims from the attacks in Oslo and at Utøya] (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation) * [http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/oslo-terrorist-attacks/ Oslo Terrorist Attacks – Terrorism with a different face, in a different place] * [http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/smk/dok/nou-er/2012/nou-2012-14.html?id=697260 Rapport fra 22. juli-kommisjonen] (Official report) *Kjetil Alstadheim. https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kommentar/i/V9yBAl/noe-gikk-galt-paa-stortinget-etter-22-juli [Something went wrong in Parliament, after the 22 July (attack)]. 27 August 2022. Aftenposten.no

===Images=== * [https://www.npr.org/2011/07/23/138611031/photo-gallery-deadly-explosions-in-norway?ps=rs Deadly Attacks In Norway] – slideshow by ''NPR''

{{2011 Norway attacks}} {{Norway terrorism and mass shootings}} {{Christchurch mosque shootings}} {{Subject bar |portal1=Norway |portal2=Law |portal4=Politics |commons=y |commons-search=Category:2011 Norway attacks |n=y |n-search=At least 85 dead in shooting at Norwegian youth camp |d=y |d-search=Q79967 }} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norway attacks, 2011}} Category:2011 Norway attacks Category:2011 murders in Norway Category:2011 mass shootings in Europe Category:2010s in Oslo Category:21st-century mass murders in Norway Category:Massacres in 2011 Category:July 2011 crimes in Europe Category:July 2011 in Europe Category:Building bombings in Norway Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in Norway Category:2011 building bombings Category:Car and truck bombings in Norway Category:Conspiracy theories in Norway Category:Crime in Oslo Category:Crimes involving police impersonation Category:Deaths by firearm in Norway Category:Car and truck bombings in 2011 Category:Failed assassination attempts in Europe Category:Far-right politics in Norway Category:Filmed improvised explosive device bombings Category:Mass shootings involving semi-automatic pistols Category:Massacres in Norway Category:Nationalist terrorism in Europe Category:Neo-fascist terrorist incidents in the 2010s Category:Spree shootings in Norway Category:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 2011 Category:Terrorist incidents in Norway in the 2010s Category:Labour Party (Norway) Category:Crimes adapted into films Category:Child murder in Norway