{{Short description|Infraorder of mammals}} {{Automatic Taxobox | fossil_range = Eocene–Holocene, {{fossilrange|46|0}} | image = Arctoidea.jpg | image_caption = | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Arctoidea | authority = Flower, 1869 | subdivision_ranks = Subclades | subdivision = * {{extinct}}''Lonchocyon'' * Ursoidea * Mustelida ** Musteloidea ** '''Pan-Pinnipedia''' <br />{{Small|Wolsan ''et al.'', 2020}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Queiroz |first1=K. |last2=Cantino |first2=P. D. |last3=Gauthier |first3=J. A. |title=Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode |date=2020 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0429821219}}</ref> *** {{Extinct}}Amphicynodontidae? *** {{Extinct}}Semantoridae *** Pinnipedimorpha }}
'''Arctoidea''' is an infraorder of mostly carnivorous mammals which include the extinct Hemicyonidae (dog-bears), and the extant Musteloidea (weasels, raccoons, skunks, red pandas), Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions), and Ursidae (bears), found in all continents from the Eocene, {{Mya|46}}, to the present.<ref>[http://paleobackup.nceas.ucsb.edu:8110/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=41085&is_real_user=1 "Paleobiology Database: ''Arctoidea'' Basic info"]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> The oldest group of the clade is the bears, as their CMAH gene is still intact. The gene became non-functional in the common ancestor of the Mustelida (the musteloids and pinnipeds).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/ncomms6750 | title=Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza a virus receptors | year=2014 | last1=Ng | first1=Preston S.K. | last2=Böhm | first2=Raphael | last3=Hartley-Tassell | first3=Lauren E. | last4=Steen | first4=Jason A. | last5=Wang | first5=Hui | last6=Lukowski | first6=Samuel W. | last7=Hawthorne | first7=Paula L. | last8=Trezise | first8=Ann E.O. | last9=Coloe | first9=Peter J. | last10=Grimmond | first10=Sean M. | last11=Haselhorst | first11=Thomas | last12=von Itzstein | first12=Mark | last13=Paton | first13=Adrienne W. | last14=Paton | first14=James C. | last15=Jennings | first15=Michael P. | journal=Nature Communications | volume=5 | page=5750 | pmid=25517696 | pmc=4351649 }}</ref> Arctoids are caniforms, along with dogs (canids) and extinct bear dogs (Amphicyonidae). The earliest caniforms were superficially similar to martens, which are tree-dwelling mustelids. Together with feliforms, caniforms compose the order Carnivora; sometimes Arctoidea can be considered a separate suborder from Caniformia and a sister taxon to Feliformia.
==Phylogeny== The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn (2005),<ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal |author1=Flynn, J. J. |author2=Finarelli, J. A. |author3=Zehr, S. |author4=Hsu, J. |author5=Nedbal, M. A. |title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships |doi=10.1080/10635150590923326 |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=317–37 |year=2005 |pmid=16012099|doi-access=free }}</ref> with the musteloids updated following the multigene analysis of Law et al. (2018).<ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law|first=Chris J.|last2=Slater|first2=Graham J.|last3=Mehta|first3=Rita S.|date=2018-01-01|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|issn=1063-5157|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=Caniformia |1= {{clade |1= Amphicyonidae† 50px|Ysengrinia americana |2= {{clade |1= Canidae 50px|African golden wolf |label2='''Arctoidea''' |2= {{clade |label1=Ursoidea |1= {{clade |1= Hemicyonidae† 50px|''Cephalogale shareri'' |2= Ursidae 50px|American black bear }} |label2=Mustelida |2= {{clade |label1= Pinnipedia |1= {{clade |1= Enaliarctidae† <div style="{{MirrorH}}">50px|''Enaliarctos mealsi''</div> |2= {{clade |label1= |1= Phocidae 50px|Common seal |2= {{clade |label1= |1= Otariidae 50px|California sea lion |2= Odobenidae 50px|Pacific walrus }} }} }} |label2=Musteloidea |2= {{clade |label1 = |1= Mephitidae 50px|Striped skunk |2= Ailuridae 50px|Red panda |3= {{clade |label1= |1= Procyonidae 50px|Common raccoon |2= Mustelidae 50px|European polecat }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Carnivora|Ca.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3235669}} Category:Arctoidea Category:Eocene carnivorans Category:Oligocene caniforms Category:Miocene carnivorans Category:Pliocene carnivorans Category:Pleistocene carnivorans Category:Extant Eocene first appearances
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