{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Urnula craterium closeup.jpg | image_caption = The devil's urn, ''Urnula craterium'' | taxon = Urnula | authority = Fr. (1849) | type_species = ''Urnula craterium'' | type_species_authority = (Schwein.) Fr. (1851) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 10 species }}

'''''Urnula''''' is a genus of cup fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae, circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in 1849. The genus contains several species found in Asia, Europe, Greenland, and North America.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/> Sarcosomataceae fungi produce dark-colored (brown to black), shallow to deep funnel-shaped fruitbodies with or without a stipe, growing in spring. The type species of the genus is ''Urnula craterium'', commonly known as the devil's urn or the gray urn. ''Urnula'' species can grow as saprobes or parasites having an anamorphic state. The anamorphic form of ''U.&nbsp;craterium'' causes Strumella canker, on oak trees.

==Taxonomy== Elias Magnus Fries circumscribed the new genus ''Urnula'' in 1849, and set what was then known as ''Peziza craterium'' as the type species.<ref name="Fries 1849"/> The genus name means "little urn"; the specific epithet is derived from the Latin ''cratera'', referring to a type of bowl used in antiquity.<ref name="urlLatin Word Lookup"/>

==Description==

===Imperfect states=== The life cycle of ''Urnula craterium'' allows for both an imperfect (making asexual spores, or conidia) or perfect (making sexual spores) form; as has often happened in fungal taxonomy, the imperfect form was given a different name, because the relationship between the perfect and imperfect forms of the same species was not then known. The imperfect stage of ''Urnula craterium'' is the plant pathogenic species ''Conoplea globosa'', known to cause a canker disease (Strumella canker) of oak and several other hardwoods.<ref name="Hughes 1951"/><ref name="Pirone 2000"/>

==Species== *''U. craterium'' (Schwein.) Fr. (1851) *''U. groenlandica'' Dissing (1981)<ref name="Dissing 1981"/> – Greenland *''U. helvelloides'' Donadini, Berthet & Astier (1973) *''U. hiemalis'' Nannf. (1949)<ref name="Nannfeldt 1949"/> – Northern Europe; Alaska<ref name="Zettur 2011"/> *''U. mediterranea'' (M.Carbone, Agnello & Baglivo) M.Carbone, Agnello & P.Alvarado (2013) *''U. mexicana'' *''U. padeniana'' M.Carbone, Agnello, A.D.Parker & P.Alvarado (2013)<ref name="Carbone 2013"/> *''U. philippinarum'' Rehm (1914)<ref name="Rhem 1914"/> – Philippines *''U. torrendii'' Boud. (1911)<ref name="Boudier 1911"/> – Europe *''U. versiformis'' Y.Z.Wang & C.L.Huang (2014) – Taiwan<ref name="Wang 2015"/> *''U. viridirubescens'' (Bagnis) Boud. (1907)

The European species provisionally named ''Urnula brachysperma'' by François Brunelli<ref name="Brunelli 1997"/> in 1997 is not yet validly published.

Several species once classified in ''Urnula'' have since been transferred to other genera in the Sarcosomataceae or the Chorioactidaceae. Peck's 1894 ''Urnula geaster'' is now type species of the genus ''Chorioactis'', while ''Urnula pouchetii'' Berthet & Riousset 1965 in now in ''Neournula'' (Chorioactidaceae). ''Urnula lusitanica'', published in 1911 by Torrend and Boudier, is now ''Donadinia lusitanica''. ''Urnula megalocrater'' Malençon & Le Gal 1958, ''Urnula platensis'' Speg. 1898, and ''Urnula rugosa'' Le Gal 1958 are now all classified in the genus ''Plectania''.

==Habitat and distribution== ''Urnula'' species can grow as saprobes or parasites having an anamorphic state. Fruitbodies of ''U.&nbsp;craterium'' and ''U.&nbsp;hiemalis'' tend to persist in one location for many growing seasons, sometimes even for several decades.<ref name="Zettur 2011"/>

==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Boudier 1911">{{cite journal |vauthors=((Boudier JLÉ)), Torrend C |title=Discomycètes nouveaux de Portugal |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |year=1911 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=127–136 |language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Brunelli 1997">{{cite journal |author=Brunelli F. |title=''Urnula brachysperma'' ad int. |journal=Bollettino del Gruppo Micologico "G. Bresadola" |year=1997 |volume=40 |issue=2–3 |pages=119–122 |language=it}}</ref>

<ref name="Carbone 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carbone M, Agnello C, Parker A |title=''Urnula padeniana'' (Pezizales) sp. nov. and the type study of ''Bulgaria mexicana'' |website=Ascomycete.org |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=13–24 |url=http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/PDF/Urnula%20padeniana.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Dissing 1981">{{cite journal |author=Dissing H. |title=Four new species of discomycetes (Pezizales) from West Greenland |journal=Mycologia |year=1981 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=263–73 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0073/002/0263.htm |doi= 10.2307/3759647|jstor=3759647 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name="Fries 1849">{{cite book |author=Fries EM |year=1849 |title=Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae |volume=2 |publisher=A. Bonnier |location=Stockholm & Leipzig |page=364 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32636985 |language=la}}</ref>

<ref name="Hughes 1951">{{cite journal |author=Hughes SJ |year=1951 |title=Microfungi V. ''Conoplea'' Pers. and ''Exosporium'' Link |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=659–96 |doi=10.1139/b60-059}}</ref>

<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=714 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Nannfeldt 1949">{{cite journal |author=Nannfeldt JA |title=Contributions to the mycoflora of Sweden. 7. A new winter discomycete, ''Urnula hiemalis'' Nannf. n. sp., and a short account of the Swedish species of Sarcoscyphaceae |journal=Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift |year=1949 |volume=43 |pages=468–484}}</ref>

<ref name="Pirone 2000">{{cite book |vauthors=Pirone PP, Hartman JR, Pirone TP, Pirone TP, Sall MA |title=Pirone's Tree Maintenance |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |year=2000 |page=435 |isbn=0-19-511991-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkdEYQ2E7jkC&pg=PA435}}</ref>

<ref name="Rhem 1914">{{cite journal |author=Rehm H. |title=Ascomycetes philippinenses - VI |journal=Leaflets of Philippine Botany |year=1914 |volume=6 |pages=2257–81}}</ref>

<ref name="Wang 2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=((Wang Y-Z)), ((Huang C-L)) |title=A new species of ''Urnula'' (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) from Taiwan |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=101 |pages=49–55 |date=December 11, 2014 |doi=10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2014/0233}}</ref>

<ref name="urlLatin Word Lookup">{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookup.pl?stem=crater&ending=ium |title=Latin Word Lookup |publisher=University of Notre Dame |access-date=2009-04-05}}</ref>

<ref name="Zettur 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zetter I, Kullman B |title=''Urnula hiemalis'' – a rare and interesting species of the Pezizales from Estonia |journal=Folia Cryptogamica Estonica |year=2011 |volume=48 |pages=149–152 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270104466}}</ref>

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Category:Pezizales genera Category:Pezizales Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Category:Taxa described in 1849