Upper Sioux Indian Reservation

{{short description|In Minnesota Falls Township along the Minnesota River}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Upper Sioux Community | native_name = | native_name_lang = | flag = | flag_caption = Flag of the Upper Sioux Community | image = 4445R Upper Sioux Community Locator Map.svg | image_caption = Location of Upper Sioux Community | population = 482 enrolled citizens | poptime = | popplace = {{USA}} ({{Flag|Minnesota}}) | languages = | religions = | related_groups = Other Dakota peoples }}

The '''Upper Sioux Indian Reservation''', or '''Pezihutazizi''' in Dakota, is the reservation of the '''Upper Sioux Community,''' a federally recognized tribe of the Dakota people, that includes the Mdewakanton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/page/history|title=History of the Upper Sioux Community|last=Community|first=Upper Sioux|website=www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>

The Upper Sioux Indian Reservation is located in Minnesota Falls Township along the Minnesota River in eastern Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, {{Convert|5|miles||spell=in}} south of Granite Falls. It was created in 1938 when {{Convert|746|acres|km2}} of land were returned to the tribe by the federal government, under the Indian Reorganization Act encouraging tribal self-government.

As of the 2020 census, the reservation recorded a resident population of 120 persons.<ref name="2020-census-4445" /> Its land area is currently {{convert|2.3|sqmi|km2 acres|2}}, including off-reservation trust land.<ref name="gaz2020" /> The tribe operates the Prairie's Edge Casino Resort. Every August, the Upper Sioux community holds its ''Pejhutazizi Oyate'' traditional ''wacipi'' (powwow).<ref>[http://www.ourstorymn.com/county/yellow-medicine/ "Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota"], Our Story: Minnesota; Accessed 14 September 2013</ref>

==History== alt=Dakota people with Dr. Thomas Williamson near the Upper Sioux Agency.|thumb|281x281px|Dakota people with Dr. Thomas Williamson near the Upper Sioux Agency. This reservation was originally established for the Wahpeton and Sisseton bands of the Upper Dakota. Under the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux of 1851 with the United States, it encompassed an area about {{convert|20|mi|km|-1}} wide and {{convert|70|mi|km|-1}} long along the Minnesota River. Following the Dakota War of 1862, the federal government punished the Dakota by drastically reducing the sizes of two reservations along the river, in an attempt to force the Dakota out of the area. Many of the people did move westward, and many of their descendants live on reservations in South Dakota.

In 1938 the federal government returned {{Convert|746|acres|km2}} of land to the tribe, who were mostly landless, under the Indian Reorganization Act of the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. It also encouraged tribes to revive their self-government.

In 2024, Minnesota returned around {{Convert|2|mi2|km2}} from the Upper Sioux Agency State Park to the tribe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olson |first1=Melissa |title=After 161 years, land was officially returned to the Upper Sioux Community |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/03/15/after-161-years-land-was-officially-returned-to-the-upper-sioux-community |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=MPR News |date=March 15, 2024}}</ref>

===Termination efforts=== A decade later, the federal government began to promote the Indian termination policy, to end recognition of tribes they thought could successfully assimilate to mainstream society. Such termination would allocate their communal lands among individual households and end federal benefits associated with federal recognition. This policy was followed by the US government from the 1940s to the 1960s. The Department of Interior issued a memo dated 19 January 1955 for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) indicating that terminations were being reviewed in proposed legislation for four Indian communities of southwestern Minnesota, including the Lower Sioux Community in Redwood and Scott counties, the New Upper Sioux Community in Yellow Medicine County, the Prairie Island Community in Goodhue County, and about 15 individuals living on restricted tracts in Yellow Medicine County.<ref name="BIA 19 January 1955">{{cite web|title=Proposed Terminal Legislation for Indians of Southern Minnesota|url=http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc016182.pdf|publisher=Department of the Interior|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610043122/http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc016182.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Discussions between the BIA and the Indians in the identified tribes had begun in 1953 and continued throughout 1954. Although the Prairie Island and Lower Sioux communities drafted agreements to divide communal lands into plots with individual land ownership, the Upper Sioux strongly opposed tribal lands being divided under fee-simple title.

On 26 January 1955, US Senator Edward Thye introduced a bill (S704) to provide for termination of the named tribes. In addition to resistance within the tribes, non-Native American residents of the area opposed termination, as they realized state expenditures might increase to accommodate services to those who would be classified as new residents, and they expressed their opposition to the committee reviewing the bill. The Minnesota Governor's Commission on Human Rights also opposed the legislation, indicating that it would "not adequately protect the interests of the Indians..." The bill died in committee, never reaching the Senate floor.<ref name=Meyer(1993)>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2TORYr13BYC |title= History of the Santee Sioux: United States Indian Policy on Trial |first=Roy Willard |last=Meyer |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |date=1993| isbn = 0-8032-8203-6 | page = 354 |access-date=2014-12-19}}</ref>

==Geography== According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the reservation and associated off-reservation trust land have a combined area of {{convert|2.35|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|2.3|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.05|sqmi|km2}} is water.<ref name="gaz2020">{{cite web|title=2020 Gazetteer Files |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2020.html |website=census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>

==Demographics== As of the census of 2020,<ref name="2020-census-4445">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census: Upper Sioux Community and Off-Reservation Trust Land, MN |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=2500000US4445&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29 |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref> the combined population of Upper Sioux Community and Off-Reservation Trust Land was 120. The population density was {{convert|52.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 49 housing units at an average density of {{convert|21.3|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the reservation and off-reservation trust land was 68.3% Native American, 8.3% White, 2.5% Black or African American, 0.8% from other races, and 20.0% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 4.2% Hispanic or Latino of any race. The 2020 census results may be inaccurate for locations like the Upper Sioux Community owing to the Census Bureau's implementation of differential privacy protections.<ref>{{Cite web| publisher = National Congress of American Indians| author = ((NCAI Policy Research Center))| title = Differential Privacy and the 2020 Census: A Guide to the Data and Impacts on American Indian/Alaska Native Tribal Nations| location = Washington DC| accessdate = 2022-07-17| date = 2021| url = https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/research-data/prc-publications/NCAI_PRC_2020_Census_Guide_to_Data_and_Impacts_5_17_2021_FINAL.pdf| archive-date = 2022-10-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221006172202/https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/research-data/prc-publications/NCAI_PRC_2020_Census_Guide_to_Data_and_Impacts_5_17_2021_FINAL.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Notable citizens == * Waziyatawin (Angela Wilson), Dakota author, professor and activist from Pezihutazizi Otunwe (Yellow Medicine Village)

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==References== *[https://www.census.gov Upper Sioux Reservation, Minnesota] United States Census Bureau

==External links== * [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ Upper Sioux Community tribal government website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060504043100/http://www.cri-bsu.org/IA_web/htdocs/tribes/upsioux.html Upper Sioux--''Pezihutazizi Kapi''], Minnesota Indian Affairs Council

{{coord|44|45|38|N|95|30|18|W|scale:50000|display=title}} {{Indian reservations in Minnesota}} {{Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota}}

Category:American Indian reservations in Minnesota Category:Populated places in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota Category:1938 establishments in Minnesota Category:Upper Sioux Community Category:Sioux reserves and reservations