{{Short description|Book by Ueda Akinari}} {{about|the book|the film|Ugetsu}} {{italic title}} 250px|thumb|The cover of the fourth edition published by Shichiro Kawachiya 250px|thumb|Inside the fourth edition {{nihongo3|''Tales of Moonlight and Rain''|雨月物語|'''Ugetsu Monogatari'''}} is a collection of nine supernatural tales first published in 1776. It is the best known work of Japanese author Ueda Akinari.
Largely adapted from traditional Japanese and Chinese ghost stories, the collection is among the most important works of Edo period (1603–1867) and {{transliteration|ja|kaidan}} literature, and is considered a predecessor of the {{transliteration|ja|yomihon}} genre. Kenji Mizoguchi's award-winning film {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu}} (1953), credited with helping popularize Japanese cinema in the West, was adapted from two of the collection's stories.
==Title== The word {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu}} is a compound word; {{nihongo||雨|u}} means "rain", while {{nihongo||月|getsu}} translates to "moon".<ref>Zolbrod, pp. 19–20.</ref> It derives from a passage in the book's preface describing "a night with a misty moon after the rains", and references a Noh play, also called {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu}}, which also employs the common contemporary symbols of rain and moon.<ref>Chambers, p. 13, 29.</ref> These images evoked the supernatural and mysterious in East Asian literature; Qu You's {{transliteration|zh|Mudan Deng Ji}} ({{zh|c=牡丹燈記}}; a story from {{transliteration|zh|Jiandeng Xinhua}}, one of Ueda's major sources), indicates that a rainy night or a morning moon may presage the coming of supernatural beings.<ref>Chambers, p. 13.</ref>
Use of the term {{nihongo||物語|monogatari}} in the title, meaning "story" or "series", connects the book to other significant works of Japanese and Chinese literature by which it was strongly influenced, such as {{nihongo|''The Tale of Genji''||Genji monogatari}} and {{transliteration|ja|Inga Monogatari}}.<ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" /><ref name="reider 79 99"/> The use of this naming convention is particularly notable, because it had become less popular in Ueda's time with the rise of {{transliteration|ja|ukiyo-zōshi}}.<ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" />
''Tales of Moonlight and Rain'' is the most common English translation; other translations include ''Tales of a Clouded Moon''<ref>{{cite book |last=Bush |first=Laurence C. |title=Asian Horror Encyclopedia: Asian Horror Culture in Literature |year=2001 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="whitehouse 549 567">{{Cite journal |last1=Akinari |first1=Uyeda |last2=Whitehouse |first2=Wilfrid |date=1938 |title=Ugetsu Monogatari. Tales of a Clouded Moon, by Uyeda Akinari (1734-1809) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2382679 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=549–567 |doi=10.2307/2382679 |jstor=2382679 |issn=0027-0741|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="whitehouse 166 191">{{Cite journal |last1=Akinari |first1=Ueda |last2=Whitehouse |first2=Wilfrid |date=1941 |title=Ugetsu Monogatari. Tales of a Clouded Moon, by Ueda Akinari (1739-1809) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2382519 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=166–191 |doi=10.2307/2382519 |jstor=2382519 |issn=0027-0741|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ''Tales of Rain and the Moon''.<ref name="keene 94">{{cite book |last1=Keene |first1=Donald |title=World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0231114677 |location=New York |page=94 |author-link1=Donald Keene}}</ref>
==Publication== {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} was first published in a 1776 woodblock edition, although its preface is dated 1768.<ref name="keene 94"/> The nine stories were published in five volumes:
* Volume 1: {{transliteration|ja|Shiramine}} and {{transliteration|ja|Kikka no chigiri}} * Volume 2: {{transliteration|ja|Asaji ga Yado}} and {{transliteration|ja|Muo no Rigyo}} * Volume 3: {{transliteration|ja|Bupposo}} and {{transliteration|ja|Kibitsu no Kama}} * Volume 4: {{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}} * Volume 5: {{transliteration|ja|Aozukin}} and {{transliteration|ja|Hinpiku-ron}}<ref name="reider 79 99">{{Cite journal |last=Reider |first=Noriko T. |date=2001 |title=The Emergence of "Kaidan-shū" The Collection of Tales of the Strange and Mysterious in the Edo Period |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178699 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=79–99 |doi=10.2307/1178699 |jstor=1178699 |issn=0385-2342|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In writing the book, Ueda played with the differences between colloquial and classical language, incorporating double meanings and word play into his text by pairing {{transliteration|ja|furigana}} (Japanese phonetic readings) with classical Chinese words and phrases.<ref name="keene 94"/><ref name="Roddy-2015" />
Ueda published {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} under the pen name {{nihongo|Senshi Kijin|剪枝畸人}}; {{nihongo|Senshi|剪枝}} meaning "cut finger" or "pruning" and {{nihongo|Kijin|畸人}} meaning "eccentric" or "cripple".<ref name="washburn 39 74">{{Cite journal |last=Washburn |first=Dennis |date=1990 |title=Ghostwriters and Literary Haunts. Subordinating Ethics to Art in Ugetsu Monogatari |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384497 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=39–74 |doi=10.2307/2384497 |jstor=2384497 |issn=0027-0741|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While he used the name Senshi Kijin just once, this was not the only time Ueda used a pen name that referenced his disability, one finger on each of his hands having been permanently deformed by a severe case of smallpox he had as a child.<ref name="keene 94"/><ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
Despite being published under a pen name, Takizawa Bakin's later attribution of the work to Ueda is now undisputed.<ref name="keene 94"/>
{{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} is considered a predecessor of the {{transliteration|ja|yomihon}} genre of Edo-period literature.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> Its popularity has been enduring and it is still being adapted into new works in the 21st century.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="Da Vinci-2009" />
== Literary context and influences ==
=== Adapted novels === {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} is a {{nihongo3|adapted novel||hon'an shosetsu}}.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> It was part of a new genre of books that had become popular in the 18th century: translations of Chinese stories adapted to fit into Japanese culture and historical settings.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="keene 94"/> The stories in {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} were pulled from various Chinese story collections, including ''Jiandeng Xinhua'' and ''Clear Words to Illuminate the World''.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="keene 94"/> Since others had already adapted these stories, Ueda was able to draw, not only from the original stories, but also from the existing adaptations.<ref name="keene 94"/><ref name="reider 79 99"/> This was not viewed as plagiarism, as "the notion of the artist prevalent in [his] time defined [literary] practice as one involving an adaptation of the tradition."<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> His writing was praised for its unique take on the existing stories.<ref name="keene 94"/>
In his reinterpretation of these stories, Ueda recast them as historical tales set in Japan, weaving together elements of the source stories with a rich array of references to historical events, personages, and literary works, as well as Japanese folklore and religion.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="keene 94"/> Notably, Ueda, a devoted kokugaku scholar, went farther than his contemporaries in changing the source material to remove evidence of its Chinese origins.<ref name="keene 94"/>
=== {{transliteration|ja|Kokugaku}} scholarship === Ueda's {{transliteration|ja|kokugaku}} beliefs led him to adapt the stories in ways that were different from, and sometimes counter to, the ways his Confucian and Buddhist peers did.<ref name="keene 94"/> Like other members of the {{transliteration|ja|kokugaku}} movement, he utilized fiction as a tool to reinvigorate Japan's past, by bringing to life the aesthetics of antiquity in the present.<ref name="keene 94"/> At the same time, he presents in {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} some of the moral views of the {{transliteration|ja|kokugaku}} school.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> Ueda's version of {{transliteration|ja|Shiramine}} is a particularly strong example of this. Discarding Confucian and Buddhist readings of the story, Ueda uses the protagonist as a mouthpiece for his {{transliteration|ja|kokugaku}} interpretation of the legend of Emperor Sutoku, ascribing the cause of the emperor's tragedy to the infiltration of foreign, and especially Confucian, ideologies.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
=== Borrowed components === {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} draws heavily from other books, borrowing imagery, references, structures, stylistic choices, and more from famous works including {{transliteration|ja|Inga Monogatari}}, ''A Garland of Heroes'', {{transliteration|ja|Otogi Boko}}, {{transliteration|ja|Ise Monogatari}}, {{transliteration|ja|Nihon Ryōiki}}, and {{transliteration|ja|Konjaku Monogatarishū}}.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="keene 94"/><ref name="whitehouse 549 567"/> Japanese literature researcher Noriko T. Reider observed that "more than sixty passages in {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} are derived from Chinese literature, while over a hundred are taken from Japanese literature."<ref name="reider 79 99"/> In particular, Ueda borrowed so heavily from ''The Tale of Genji'' that certain sentences in {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} seem to have been directly lifted from it.<ref name="reider 79 99"/>
=== Noh theater === Influence from Noh theater can be found woven throughout {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}}. Within each story, the characters fit into the traditional {{nihongo3|lead actor||shite}} and {{nihongo3|supporting actor||waki}} roles of Noh plays and the acts are arranged using the {{transliteration|ja|jo-ha-kyū}} dramatic structure made famous in Noh.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="washburn 39 74"/> In addition, "by subject, [the stories] are arranged according to the order of a single-day's Noh program, in sequence: plays of gods, warriors, women, mad person (or miscellaneous present plays), and demons."<ref name="reider 79 99"/>
The stories {{transliteration|ja|Shiramine}} and {{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}} take their interpretations of the folktales they are based on from specific Noh plays that are adaptations of the same stories.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="reider 79 99"/>
=== {{transliteration|ja|Kaidan}} === {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}} is one of the best-known and most highly regarded {{transliteration|ja|kaidan-shu}}, collections of supernatural or ghost stories that became popular in Japan during the Edo period.<ref name="reider 79 99"/> It utilizes elements from all three primary types of {{transliteration|ja|kaidan}}: adaptations of Chinese stories, Buddhist ghost stories, and Japanese folk-tales.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="keene 94"/> Despite the collection's popularity, these are the only {{transliteration|ja|kaidan}} Ueda ever published.<ref name="keene 94"/>
During the Edo period, Japan enjoyed a period of peace and stability after the end of the turbulent Sengoku period and, with the emergence of an increasingly interconnected economy that connected rural and urban areas, {{transliteration|ja|kaidan}} experienced a shift "in the direction of entertainment from the overtly religious or didactic".<ref name="reider 79 99"/> Many Chinese {{transliteration|ja|kaidan}} were translated and adapted into Japanese culture during this time and were secularized in the process, including tales from Suzuki Shōsan's {{transliteration|ja|Inga Monogatari}} (1661) and Asai Ryōi's {{transliteration|ja|Otogi Bōko}} (1666), which would go on to influence the writing of {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}}.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="keene 94"/>
Ueda continued this trend of secularization in {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}}, removing certain religious elements from stories such as {{transliteration|ja|Asaji ga Yado}} and {{transliteration|ja|Kibitsu no Kama}}.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> He references his non-didactic approach to fiction writing in the preface of the book, joking that, unlike other well-known authors such as Lo Kuan-chung and Murasaki Shikibu, whom some Confucian and Buddhist scholars of the time believed had received divine punishment for leading readers astray, he was safe from divine punishment because no one was expected to believe his writing to be truthful.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
The secularization of {{transliteration|ja|kaidan}} was amplified by an interest among intellectuals of the time, especially among Neo-Confucianists, in using logic grounded in Confucian yin-yang theory to find mundane explanations for supernatural phenomena.<ref name="keene 94"/><ref name="reider 79 99"/> Ueda, however, rejected mundane explanations for supernatural phenomena, believing that only Japanese folk belief could explain such events.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="keene 94"/> Despite this, he did not remove all the religious elements from the stories; {{transliteration|ja|Aozukin}}, in particular, follows the tradition of Buddhist {{transliteration|ja|setsuwa}} storytelling.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
==Stories==
=== {{nihongo3|White Peak|白峯|Shiramine}} === In {{transliteration|ja|Shiramine}}, a retelling of the legend of Emperor Sutoku through a {{transliteration|ja|kokugaku}} lens, a monk meets the ghost of Emperor Sutoku at a shrine in Matsuyama. The emperor vents his anger at the imperial family members that deposed him but fails to sway the monk to his side. Instead, the monk criticizes him for having allowed himself to be swayed by foreign doctrine. Enraged, the emperor transforms into a giant {{transliteration|ja|tengu}} bird and flies away. The end of the story summarizes the various historical events that were attributed to Sutoku's vengeful spirit after his death.<ref name="Roddy-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Roddy |first=Stephen J. |date=2015 |title=In Praise of Jeweled Streams: "Ugetsu monogatari", Nativism, and Tea |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24615087 |journal=Japanese Language and Literature |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |jstor=24615087 |issn=1536-7827}}</ref><ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
The story draws heavily from Noh theater. It was inspired by the play {{transliteration|ja|Matsuyama Tengu}}, and closely fits the structure of {{nihongo|"dream Noh"||mugen no}} plays, which feature protagonists who have died but not yet been able to move on to the afterlife.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="reider 79 99"/> It follows the {{transliteration|ja|jo-ha-kyū}} act arrangement made famous in Noh theatre.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> The story also shows influence from {{transliteration|ja|Inga Monogatari}} and ''A Garland of Heroes''.<ref name="keene 94"/>
Prominent Japanese literary scholar Donald Keene argued that the value of {{transliteration|ja|Shiramine}} lies in its "overpowering beauty of style", which may be difficult to parse when read in translation or without the necessary historical context.<ref name="keene 94"/>
{{transliteration|ja|Shiramine}} is the name of a mountain on Shikoku, the island where the city of Matsuyama is located.
=== {{nihongo3|The Chrysanthemum Pledge|菊花の約|Kikka no Chigiri}} === In {{transliteration|ja|Kikka no Chigiri}}, a warrior falls ill while trying to return from a mission on behalf of his lord and becomes dear friends with the man who nurses him back to health. He recovers and leaves for home, promising his friend to return on the day of the Chrysanthemum Festival. Upon arriving home, he discovers that his lord has been killed and his throne overtaken by a rival, to whom everyone, including his own cousin, has now switched their allegiance. Not wanting to serve the new lord, the warrior tries to leave to return to his friend but his cousin holds him prisoner. Rather than break his promise, he kills himself and returns to his friend on the day of the Chrysanthemum Festival as a ghost. Afterward, his friend travels to the warrior's home and lectures the cousin on loyalty before abruptly killing him in revenge for the death of his friend.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" />
The tale was adapted from the Chinese story {{transliteration|zh|Fan Chu-ch'ing Chi-shu Ssu-sheng-chiao}} (''Fan Chu-ch'ing: A Meal of Chicken and Millet, A Friendship of Life and Death''), from the anthology {{transliteration|zh|Yu-shih Ming-yen}} (''Clear Words to Illuminate the World'').<ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="keene 94"/><ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" />
In adapting the story, Ueda changed the protagonist from a merchant to a warrior and changed the protagonist's reason for not keeping his promise from forgetting to being held prisoner.<ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" />
=== {{nihongo3|The House in the Reeds|浅茅が宿|Asagi ga Yado}} === {{transliteration|ja|Asagi ga Yado}}, set in the year 1452, tells the tale of an irresponsible man who leaves his devoted wife behind to try to rebuild his fortune selling silk in the capital. That summer, a war breaks out and the residents of his home village flee. The wife stays at home to wait for her husband despite the danger and is devastated when he does not return in Autumn as he had promised. She stays alone in the abandoned village, desperately trying to fend off bandits, rapists, and starvation. Meanwhile, her husband is robbed on his way back to her and then falls seriously ill, preventing him from returning. He is treated well in the village where he is cared for during his illness and ends up staying there. Seven years later, the man decides to return to his home village to see what became of his wife. His village is mostly abandoned and unrecognizable, except for his home, which is in good repair and where he finds his wife, worn by the years but alive and waiting for him. After a joyful and tearful reunion, the two fall asleep together. When the man awakes the next morning, he discovers that the house is in ruins and all that is left of their marital bedroom is the grave of his long-dead wife, whose ghost he had seen the night before. He finds an old man, the sole resident who had been there since before the war, who tells him the story of his wife's death and compares it to the legend of {{transliteration|ja|Mama no Tekona}}.<ref name="whitehouse 549 567"/>
The story is an adaptation of ''The Tale of Ai-Ching'' from the 14th century Chinese story collection {{transliteration|zh|Chien Teng Hsin Hua}} (''New Stories After Snuffing the Lamp''), which had previously been adapted by Ueda's predecessor Asai Ryoi in {{transliteration|ja|Otogi Boko}}.<ref name="reider 79 99"/><ref name="keene 94"/> It was also inspired by a similar story from {{transliteration|ja|Konjaku Monogatari}}.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> It includes a reference to a poem from {{transliteration|ja|Ise Monogatari}}.<ref name="whitehouse 549 567"/>
Ueda added more definitive personality traits to the protagonist, made him more personally responsible for the tragedy, and removed the reincarnation aspect, among other changes from the original story.<ref name="keene 94"/>
It is the first of the two stories on which the film {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu}} is based.<ref name="McDonald" />
=== {{nihongo3|The Carp That Appeared in My Dream|夢応の鯉魚|Muo no Rigyo}} === In {{transliteration|ja|Muo no Rigyo}}, a monk who loves painting fish cannot stand to see them killed, so he often pays fishermen to free the fish they have been caught. One day he falls asleep while painting and has a vivid dream of playing with fish in the river. Upon waking, he makes a painting of the fish from his dream and names it A Carp That Appeared in My Dream. Later he gets sick and, while he is unconscious, the god of the sea grants his wish of being reincarnated as a carp, as a reward for having saved so many fish during his lifetime. But, while he is a fish, one of his friends captures and eats him. The monk returns to his human body and confronts the friend who ate him.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
=== {{nihongo3|Bird of Paradise|仏法僧|Bupposo}} === In {{transliteration|ja|Bupposo}}, a man and his son encounter the ghosts of Toyotomi Hidetsugu and his court while camping on Mount Kōya at night. The man is delighted to find that the ghosts share his love of poetry and antiquity studies; they spend the night discussing these things.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
Like {{transliteration|ja|Shiramine}}, the story's main focus is on poetry and discussions of history and literature.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
=== {{nihongo3|The Cauldron of Kibitsu|吉備津の釜|Kibitsu no Kama}} === In {{transliteration|ja|Kibitsu no Kama}}, an irresponsible man abandons his dutiful wife for a prostitute. His wife kills the prostitute with her vengeful spirit. The wife then dies and continues to pursue her ill-fated husband as a ghost. The remainder of the story chronicles the man's attempts to combat his wife's ghost.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
{{transliteration|ja|Kibitsu no Kama}} is an adaptation of the story {{transliteration|zh|Mu-tan Teng-chi}}, from the 14th century Chinese ghost story anthology {{transliteration|zh|Chien Teng Hsin Hua}} (''New Stories After Snuffing the Lamp'').<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> Ueda added the love triangle element and, as with {{transliteration|ja|Asaji ga Yado}}, gave his version of the protagonist more distinct personality traits and made him directly responsible for the story's tragedy.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
=== {{nihongo3|Lust of the White Serpent|蛇性の婬|Jasei no In}} === {{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}} is a bildungsroman in which a dissolute second son, impoverished due to primogeniture, falls in love with a white snake disguised as a beautiful woman.<ref>{{cite book |last=Washburn |first=Dennis Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzMSRslKuSgC&pg=PA117 |title=Translating Mount Fuji: Modern Japanese Fiction and the Ethics of Identity |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231138925 |pages=115–116 |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cornyetz |first=Nina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdgVtksxQsC&pg=PA172 |title=Dangerous Women, Deadly Words: Phallic Fantasy and Modernity in Three Japanese Writers |date=1999 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804732123 |pages=172–173 |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Idema |first=Wilt L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ok8qyivasGcC&pg=PR12 |title=The White Snake and Her Son |date=2009 |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |isbn=9780872209954 |pages=xii–xiv |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref><ref name="washburn 39 74"/> She is an anima of the protagonist's desires and indiscipline, constantly making trouble for him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Janet A. |title=Myth, Literature, and the Unconscious |date=2013 |publisher=Karnac Books Ltd |isbn=9781782200024 |chapter=The confrontation with the anima in Akinari Ueda's story "Jasei no In" |access-date=2014-04-04 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150}}</ref> Intent on saving his family from suffering at her hands, he traps her in an urn and buries her under Leifeng Pagoda.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yau Shuk-Ting |first=Kinnia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXOLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |title=Japanese and Hong Kong Film Industries: Understanding the Origins of East Asian film networks |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0203874271 |page=81 |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ueda Akinari |title=Ugetsu Monogatari or Tales of Moonlight and Rain |date=1974 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0048231161 |chapter=The Lust of the White Serpent |author-link=Ueda Akinari |access-date=2014-04-04 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGUrFvbFrzUC&pg=PA161}}</ref>
A major element of the story is that both the protagonist and the reader are repeatedly misled by the snake woman as she manipulates the protagonist's perspective of reality.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
{{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}} takes inspiration from the Chinese folktale Legend of the White Snake and the Noh play {{transliteration|ja| Dōjōji}}.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/> It is the second of the two stories on which the film {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu}} is based.<ref name="McDonald">{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Keiko |title=Ugetsu |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/966-ugetsu |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=The Criterion Collection |language=en}}</ref> It is also the basis for a 1960 film, also called {{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}}, by Japanese director Morihei Magatani.<ref name="Magatani-1960">{{Citation |last=Magatani |first=Morihei |title=Jasei no in |date=1960-09-23 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9548438/ |type=Horror |publisher=Shintôhô Pictures |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref>
=== {{nihongo3|The Blue Hood|青頭巾|Aozuki}} === In {{transliteration|ja|Aozukin}}, a traveling Buddhist priest visits a village where he learns that the local priest has become a cannibalistic demon, having gone insane after the death of his young male lover and eaten the lover's body. The demon is now terrorizing the village. The priest confronts the demon, placing a blue priest's hood on its head in order to save it through religious salvation.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
The story resembles a Buddhist {{transliteration|ja|setsuwa}} story.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/>
=== {{nihongo3|Theory of Wealth and Poverty|貧福論|Hinpuku-ron}} === thumb|The spirit of money from {{transliteration|ja|Hinpuku-ron}} In {{transliteration|ja|Hinpuku-ron}}, a money-obsessed but good-humored samurai rewards a servant he discovers has been stashing money away. That night the spirit of his accumulated gold visits him. They discuss moral issues related to wealth.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="Sorte Junior-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Sorte Junior |first=Waldemiro Francisco |date=2016 |title=Shifting Values Toward Profit-Making in Edo Japan: Insights from the Book Ugetsu Monogatari |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/intelitestud.18.3.0325 |journal=Interdisciplinary Literary Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=325–342 |doi=10.5325/intelitestud.18.3.0325 |jstor=10.5325/intelitestud.18.3.0325 |issn=1524-8429|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{{transliteration|ja|Hinpuku-ron}} is set around the year 1595 and was inspired by a real samurai from that era, who was known for being obsessed with money despite the anti-wealth ideals of {{transliteration|ja|bushido}}.<ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" /> The story is part of a wave of Edo period literature about and for merchants and other townspeople, which reflected Japanese society's changing attitude towards profit-making activities, away from the pre-Edo class structure that viewed the merchant class as parasitic.<ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" /> Notably, Ueda himself was of the merchant class.<ref name="keene 94"/><ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" />
In the story, the spirit of gold argues that money is inherently neutral, its benefit or harm depending on the moral character of the person possessing it, with the amount of money a person has not necessarily correlating to their morality.<ref name="washburn 39 74"/><ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" /> The latter point directly contradicted the Buddhist and Confucian teaching common in Ueda's time that wealth is a reward for good behavior in a past life.<ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" />
Economist and literature researcher Waldemiro Francisco Sorte Junior argued that {{transliteration|ja|Hinpuku-ron}} is one of the many Edo period stories that used a historical setting to veil criticisms of contemporary society and government that could not be said directly because of the censorship laws of the time.<ref name="Sorte Junior-2016" />
== Translations == The first English translation was published by Wilfred Whitehouse in ''Monumenta Nipponica'' in 1938<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2382679 | jstor=2382679 | title=Ugetsu Monogatari. Tales of a Clouded Moon, by Uyeda Akinari | last1=Akinari | first1=Uyeda | last2=Whitehouse | first2=Wilfrid | journal=Monumenta Nipponica | year=1938 | volume=1 | issue=2 | pages=549–567 | doi=10.2307/2382679 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and 1941<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2382519 | jstor=2382519 | title=Ugetsu Monogatari. Tales of a Clouded Moon, by Ueda Akinari (1739-1809) | last1=Akinari | first1=Ueda | last2=Whitehouse | first2=Wilfrid | journal=Monumenta Nipponica | year=1941 | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=166–191 | doi=10.2307/2382519 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> under the title {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}}'': Tales of a Clouded Moon''.<ref name="whitehouse 549 567"/><ref name="whitehouse 166 191"/> Subsequent English translations have been published by Dale Saunders (1966),<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383410 | jstor=2383410 | title="Ugetsu Monogatari" or Tales of Moonlight and Rain | last1=Akinari | first1=Ueda | last2=Saunders | first2=Dale | journal=Monumenta Nipponica | year=1966 | volume=21 | issue=1/2 | pages=171–202 | doi=10.2307/2383410 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kenji Hamada (1972),<ref>Bridge - Volume 6 - Page 27 1978</ref> Leon Zolbrod (1974) and Anthony H. Chambers (2006).<ref>{{cite web |author=James Lasdun |date=January 27, 2007 |title=Review: Tales of Moonlight and Rain by Ueda Akinari, translated by Anthony H Chambers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jan/27/featuresreviews.guardianreview32 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
== Derivative works == <!-- : 1998年、雪組公演。作・演出：酒井澄夫。出演：轟悠（勝四郎）、月影瞳（宮木／眞女児）、他。 ; 京都妖怪地図・嵯峨野に生きる900歳の新妻 : 1980年にテレビ朝日系「土曜ワイド劇場」で放映されたテレビドラマ。映画化作品「雨月物語」と同じ原作の中から「浅茅が宿」と「蛇性の婬」を用いて、「雨月物語」へのオマージュにも仕上がっている。監督は、かつて「雨月物語」で助監督を担当していた田中徳三。制作スタッフは「必殺シリーズ」を作ってきた松竹（実質は京都映画株式会社）で、娯楽作品ながらも必殺シリーズ特有の映像美も兼ね備えた丁寧な作りがなされている。 ; 世にもふしぎな物語 : 1991年、講談社KK文庫発行。那須正幹が「菊花の約」・「青頭巾」・「浅茅が宿」・「蛇性の婬」・「夢応の鯉魚」をそれぞれ「約束」・「鬼」・「やけあと」・「へびの目」・「げんごろうぶな」という題名で子供向けに翻案したもの。那須は「日本人の心に昔から根づいていた怪奇なものへの憧れといったものを現代に再現できないだろうか」と考え、執筆したという。絵は小林敏也が担当。 ; 夜会 Vol.5 : 中島みゆきの舞台「夜会」Vol.5（1993年）のタイトルが、「花の色は うつりにけりな いたづらに わが身世にふる ながめせし間に」である。ポスターには十二単を着て小野小町に扮した中島みゆきが後姿で写っている。ストーリーは、小野小町の伝承と、雨月物語の中の「浅茅が宿」をモチーフにしている。 ; 雨月の使者 : 1987年にNHKで放映された1時間半のテレビドラマ。唐十郎が脚本、三枝健起が演出をした。主演は杉本哲太と横山めぐみ。兄妹にアレンジされているが、「蛇性の婬」に着想を得てつくられている。 : 唐十郎が作詞した同名の主題歌を、中島みゆきが作曲して歌っており、中島みゆきのアルバム『時代-Time goes around-』に収録された（上記の『「夜会」Vol.5』でも歌われている）。 ; 雨月物語 : 「菊花の約」、「浅茅が宿」、「蛇性の婬」の3話を1つにした、青山真治による翻案小説（2006年）。 ; 雨月物語 : 岩井志麻子による翻案小説。2008年1月から2009年6月まで『小説宝石』に1話ずつ発表された。全編が女性の一人称で語られている。 ; 雨月奇譚（ゲーム） : 「雨月物語」を原作とし、各エピソードにアレンジを加えた世界を旅してゆくアドベンチャーゲーム。PC-98版で最初に発売され、その後トンキンハウスよりプレイステーションに移植されている。 --> * {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu}}: 1953 film based on {{transliteration|ja|Asaji ga Yado}} and {{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}}, directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. Winner of the Silver Lion Award at the 1953 Venice Film Festival. * {{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}}: 1921 film directed by Thomas Kurihara and adapted by Jun'ichirō Tanizaki. * Takarazuka Revue {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}}: 1926 play by Harumichi Ono.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ueki |first1=Asako |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lREjla-F-5wC&pg=PA254 |title=Takarazuka Gekidan Sutadīzu: Butai o 100-bai Tanoshimu Chitekina 15 Kōza |last2=Shimizu |first2=Reiko |last3=Hyūga |first3=Kaoru |last4=Katō |first4=Akiko |publisher=Ebisu Kōshō |year=2007 |isbn=978-4900901711 |editor1-last=Etō |editor1-first=Shigeharu |location=Tokyo |page=254 |access-date=2013-01-19}}</ref> * {{transliteration|ja|Jasei no In}}: 1960 film by Japanese director Morihei Magatani.<ref name="Magatani-1960" /> * {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu}}: 2006 novel adaptation by Shinji Aoyama.<ref>{{cite journal |date=September 2006 |title=Author Interview |journal=Bungakukai |language=ja}}</ref> * {{transliteration|ja|Ugetsu Monogatari}}: 2009 novel adaptation by Shimako Iwai.<ref name="Da Vinci-2009">{{cite journal |date=December 2009 |title=Kongetsu no Bookmark |journal=Da Vinci |language=ja}}</ref>
== See also ==
* {{transliteration|ja|Yomihon}} * {{transliteration|ja|Monogatari}} * {{transliteration|ja|Kokugaku}} * Takizawa Bakin * Asai Ryōi * ''The Tale of Genji'' * ''The Tales of Ise'' * {{transliteration|ja|Nihon Ryōiki}} * {{transliteration|ja|Konjaku Monogatarishū}}
==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}}
==References== {{Portal|Japan|Literature|Books}} {{refbegin}} *Hamada, Kengi. "About the Author." In ''Tales of Moonlight and Rain''. New York: Columbia University Press. *Katō, Shūichi. ''A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times''. Tr. Don Sanderson. New York: Routledge, 1997. *Keene, Donald. 1976. ''World within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867''. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. *Keene, Donald (1993). ''The Pleasures of Japanese Literature''. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0231067372}}. *[http://www.kaidan.org/review_lit_k2.html Noriko Reider, "The Emergence of Kaidan-shu: The Collection of Tales of the Strange and Mysterious in the Edo Period." ''Asian Folklore Studies'' 60 (2001): 79-99.] *Reider, Noriko T. 2002. ''Tales of the Supernatural in Early Modern Japan: Kaidan, Akinari, Ugetsu Monogatari''. Edwin Mellen Press. *Shirane, Haruo, ed. "Early Yomihon: History, Romance, and the Supernatural." In ''Early Modern Japanese Literature''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. *Takata Mamoru. "Ugetsu Monogatari: A Critical Interpretation." In ''Tales of Moonlight and Rain: Japanese Gothic Tales''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. *Thacker, Eugene. "[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2016/11/05/books/defining-j-horror-early-encounters-unhuman/ Defining J-Horror: Early Encounters with the Unhuman]." ''The Japan Times'' (5 November 2016). *Ueda Akinari, Anthony H. Chambers (trans.) 2009. ''Tales of Moonlight and Rain''. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0231139136}} *Ueda Akinari, Wilfrid Whitehouse (trans.), "Ugetsu Monogatari: Tales of a Clouded Moon, by Ueda Akinari (1739-1809)". ''Monumenta Nipponica'', Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan., 1941), pp. 166–191. *Ueda Akinari. 1974. ''Ugetsu Monogatari: Tales of Moonlight and Rain'' Trans. by Leon M. Zolbrod. George Allen and Unwin Ltd. *Washburn, Dennis. "Ghostwriters and Literary Haunts: Subordinating Art to Ethics in Ugetsu Monogatari." ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 45.1 (1990) 39–74. {{refend}}
{{Authority control}} Category:1776 short story collections Category:Edo-period works Category:Japanese folklore Category:Japanese horror fiction Category:Emperor Sutoku Category:Horror short story collections Category:Short stories about ghosts