USNS Mizar

{{short description|Cargo ship of the United States Navy (1957–1990)}} {{other ships|USS Mizar}}

{{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=USNS Mizar.jpg |image_caption= }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |country=United States |flag={{USN flag|1990}} |name=Mizar |namesake=The star Mizar in the constellation Ursa Major |owner= |operator= |registry= |route= |ordered= |awarded= |builder=Avondale Marine Ways, Inc. |original_cost= |yard_number= |way_number= |laid_down=1 January 1957 |launched=7 October 1957 |sponsor= |christened= |completed= |acquired= |commissioned= |recommissioned= |decommissioned= |maiden_voyage= |in_service=7 March 1958 |out_of_service= |renamed= |reclassified= |refit= |struck=16 February 1990 |reinstated= |homeport= |identification={{IMO Number|8834873}} |motto= |nickname= |honours= |honors= |captured= |fate=Sold for scrap |notes= |badge= }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption=As AGOR-11{{sfn|Jones|1970|p=28}} |class= |type= |tonnage= |displacement=*3,886t loaded *2,036t light |length=*{{convert|266|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} LOA *{{convert|250|ft|m|abbr=on}} Design waterline (DWL) |beam={{convert|51|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} |draft=*{{convert|17|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} *{{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} to hydrophones {{convert|2|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} below keel |power= |propulsion=*2 X diesels, 1,600 hp each *2 X propulsion motors 27 hp at 150 rpm *2 X 4 blade propellers |speed={{cvt|12|knots|mph km/h}} |range= {{cvt|20000|nmi| mi km}} |endurance=60 days |complement= |crew=*11 officers, 30 crew (civil service marine personnel){{sfn|Jones|1970|p=6}} *19 scientific personnel (accommodations for) |sensors= |EW= |armament= |notes=Double hull, ice strengthened, ice breaker bow{{sfn|Jones|1970|p=2}} }} }}

'''USNS ''Mizar'' (MA-48/T-AGOR-11/T-AK-272)''' was a vessel of the United States Navy. She was named after the star Mizar.

==Cargo ship==

''Mizar'' was built as a small ice-strengthened, double hull, cargo ship of the ''Eltanin'' class on a Maritime Administration type (C1-ME2-13a) hull, by Avondale Marine Ways, Inc. from January 1957. She entered service on March 7, 1958, and served as part of the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS), working around Canada and Greenland, with a single voyage to Antarctica in 1961.<ref name=DANFS>{{cite DANFS |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/mizar-ii.html |title=Mizar (AK-272) ii |author=Naval History And Heritage Command |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=Naval History And Heritage Command |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=CWI>{{cite report |last=Gennari |first=J. J. |date=1 January 1967 |title=Center Well Installation of USNS ''Mizar'' (T-AGOR-11) |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0647494/mode/2up |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

==Naval Research Laboratory== The loss of the {{USS|Thresher|SSN-593}} on April 10, 1963, and problems handling heavy search equipment over the side from {{ship|USNS|James M. Gilliss|T-AGOR-4|2}} in 1963 drove the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) requirement for a larger, more capable ship than the usual oceanographic research type. A search for a candidate ship, capable of being modified for an inboard center well, led to selection of ''Mizar'' in late 1963.<ref name=CWI/>

In 1964 ''Mizar's'' successful search for the sunken submarine, before modification for the desired center well, further demonstrated the need for a sheltered work space with heavy lift and towing capability.<ref name=CWI/>{{sfn|Jones|1970|pp=14, 17}}

===Center well=== NRL's previous vessel with a center well, {{ship|USS|Hunting||6}}, provided experience and some problems to avoid in the ''Mizar'' design. The two major problems with that installation were wave action in the well that damaged the bulkheads until reinforced and air pressure caused by wave action in the well that forced the deck doors off their tracks.<ref name=CWI/> The location of the {{cvt|34|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} number two hatch straddling the ship's center section made a center well through even the double bottom feasible. A well {{cvt|23|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} long and {{cvt|10|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} wide with curved fore and aft ends to reduce wave pounding within was installed. The keel level opening was reduced to one of {{cvt|21|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} long and {{cvt|8|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} wide. A flush mounted, water tight hydraulic door of two parts, one fore and one aft, closed the well at the main deck level. Three {{cvt|24|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} diameter cable sheaves installed in a carriage, within which towed devices would be contained for lowering and raising, and extending below the keel allowed towing of heavy equipment without exposure on open decks. The system had a capacity of 12 tons. Large "breather" ducts from the well relieved air pressure caused by wave action within when the doors were closed. All was enclosed by a housing allowing all weather protection for operators.<ref name=CWI/>{{sfn|Jones|1970|pp=14, 17}}{{sfn|Bundage|1988|pp=12-16}} ''Mizar'' went into the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in late 1965 with the installation of the well being a priority.{{sfn|Jones|1970|p=3}}

250px|thumb|right|''Mizar'' circa 1966 with ice conning tower. On April 15, 1964 ''Mizar'' was reclassified AGOR-11, designed for deep oceanographic search and research, and to be operated by MSTS for NRL. The ship was fitted with a deepsea vehicle (fish), equipped with strobe lights, cameras, sonar, and magnetometer. Her major tasks were to be ocean floor study and service as a floating base for underwater acoustic, chemical, and biological research.<ref name=DANFS/> The search for ''Thresher'' had paused with advent of bad weather in September 1963. ''Mizar'' was assigned to the successor search task group, TG 168.1, when it formed May 18, 1974. ''Mizar's'' "fish" located the wreckage of the submarine within a few hours of searching.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 1968 |title=Ship That Helped Locate ''Thresher'' Searching for ''Scorpion'' |magazine=Sealift Magazine |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=3–5, 12–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFsShLqioGAC&pg=PA3 |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref group=note>See [https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA204011/page/n7/mode/1up/ Table 1] on page 3 of Bundage, ''NRL's Deep Sea Floor Search Era'' for mission list.</ref>

===Acoustic navigation system=== The only means of subsurface navigation locating a search vehicle or other sensors relative to the ship and bottom is by acoustic navigation. Towed deep vehicles may be half a mile from the towing ship and respond to the ship's movements as much as half an hour after that movement. A capability developed at the University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory was implemented for ''Mizar''.{{sfn|Bundage|1988|p=36}} The system, an early implementation of a short baseline acoustic system, is composed of a triangular array of hydrophones on the ship's hull, a transponder on the towed vehicle with an acoustic pulse triggered by a signal over the towing cable, and a sea floor transponder triggered by an acoustic signal from the ship. By using travel times of the signals distances can be computed. A response from the vehicle can be computed for relative position with regard to the ship and that from the bottom transponder is used to find its relative position. The towed vehicles relative position to the ship and bottom is then computed.{{sfn|Bundage|1988|pp=37-38}}{{sfn|Jones|1970|p=14}}<ref group=note>Acoustic navigation systems became standard practice in survey and undersea engineering applications. See Underwater acoustic positioning system for different modes and applications.</ref>

===Research=== The ship was fitted to perform extensively in ocean science and technology with acoustics an important specialty. ''Mizar'' supported scientists from three NRL divisions. The Acoustics Division supported undersea surveillance, fleet sonar systems and studied undersea sound propagation. The Ocean Sciences Division worked in the classical oceanography fields of chemical, physical and biological oceanography and atmospheric studies. Research and development regarding materials and ocean engineering and the ship's searches were under the Ocean Technology Division.{{sfn|Jones|1970|p=1}}

As an example of extensive acoustic research with general oceanographic observations included was the ship's work in Operation NORLANT, an acoustic propagation and noise experiment that involved aircraft as well as NRL ships ''Mizar'' and {{ship|USNS|Hayes|T-AGOR-16|2}} and the Norwegian research vessel ''Sverdrup'' in the Greenland, Norwegian and Barents seas. In one instance ''Mizar'' penetrated the ice pack while ''Hayes'' remained in the open sea.<ref>{{cite report |title=1972 Review |pages=166–167 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIqmkQGmTWYC&pg=PA166 |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> The closure of the ice and mechanical problems led to ''Mizar'' becoming stuck in the ice pack along with her icebreaker escort {{ship|USCGC|Edisto|WAGB-284|6}} which also suffered from mechanical problems. Both were freed by {{ship|USCGC|Southwind||6}} after some days.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 1972 |title=''Mizar'' Wins in Battle Against Ice |magazine=Sealift Magazine |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=18–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ge4HAeYToG0C&pg=RA21-PA18 |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

One of the NRL developments deployed on ''Mizar'' was the Light Behind Camera (LIBEC) that extended the coverage of deep sea cameras significantly. That system was used to photograph portions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during Project FAMOUS.{{sfn|Bundage|1988|pp=41-44}}<ref>Brundage, W. L., Jr., and Cherkis, N. Z., 1975, Preliminary LIBEC/FAMOUS cruise results: U.S. Naval Research Lab. Rept. 7785,31 p.</ref><ref group=note>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=y4keAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA4 diagram of LIBEC] in reference.</ref>

===Searches=== Often more public attention was drawn to the ship's searches for sunken ships than to routine research.

250px|thumb|right|''Mizar's'' deep towed vehicle. 250px|thumb|right|Overhead view of Thresher's upper rudder photographed from ''Mizar's'' deep towed vehicle. *''Mizar'' took part in the search operations for ''Thresher'', the Palomares Incident in which nuclear weapons were lost off Palomares, Spain.<ref name=DANFS/><ref name=Melson>{{cite journal |last=Melson |first=Lewis B., CAPT USN |date=June 1967 |title=Contact 261 |journal=United States Naval Institute Proceedings |page=31 |publisher=United States Naval Institute }}</ref> *The ship was engaged in the extended search for {{USS|Scorpion|SSN-589}}, which was found in October, 1968.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shuldiner |first=Herbert |date=April 1969 |title=Strange Devices That Found the Sunken Sub ''Scorpion'' |magazine=Popular Science |volume=194 |issue=4 |pages=66–71, 182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66 |access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> *She also took part in searches for foreign wrecks, including ''Eurydice''.{{sfn|Jones|1970|p=6}} *In 1969 ''Mizar'' was called on to locate the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute deep submersible ''Alvin'', which had sunk in {{cvt|5000|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}. ''Mizar'' lifted the submersible to shallow water.{{sfn|Jones|1970|p=4}} *''Mizar'' was not involved, despite speculation, in the search for the Soviet submarines ''K-129'' as the ship was well known to the Soviets and could not operate clandestinely.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Polmar |first1=Norman |last2=White |first2=Michael |year=2010 |title=Project Azorian : the CIA and the Raising of the K-129 |location=Annapolis, Md. |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=9781591146902 |lccn=2010037220 |pages=49, 141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBQ-4c85T-wC&pg=PA141 |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

Addition of water sampling capability to the search vehicle allowed environmental monitoring as well as location and photography. One example is the ship's monitoring of the scuttled, nerve agent laden, {{ship|SS|LeBaron Russell Briggs||2}} five times between 1970 and 1974. The entire hulk could be photographed and water samples taken close to its deck.{{sfn|Bundage|1988|pp=i, 1, 30, 49}}

==Assignment to undersea surveillance== The Naval Research Laboratory was forced by increasing ship costs to choose between ''Mizar'' and the newer ''Hayes'' and chose to retain ''Hayes''.<ref group=note>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=8YgeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1 Relative Capabilities of USNS ''Hayes'' and USNS ''Mizar'' for Meeting NRL Shipboard Requirements] for details on both ships.]</ref> In 1975 ''Mizar'' came under the technical control of the Naval Electronic Systems Command (NAVELEX) to become part of the "Caesar fleet" supporting the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) installation under the unclassified name Project Caesar.{{sfn|Bundage|1988|p=48}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010 |publisher=IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association |url=http://www.iusscaa.org/history.htm |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> A footnote to a table of ships in The Federal Ocean Program dated April 1974 noted that ''Mizar'' was funded and operated by NAVELEX and no longer was funded as an oceanographic ship.<ref>{{cite report |date=April 1974 |title=The Federal Ocean Program |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdYX2ZWvH2UC&pg=RA1-PA100 |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

The ship was assigned to Military Sealift Command Pacific in 1975 and underwent another major modification in 1980. As of 1979 ''Mizar'' was the most recently built ship of the five ships directly assigned to Project Caesar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Committee on Armed Services (U.S. Senate) |year=1978 |title=Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1979 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Government Printing Office |pages=4245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grmENiGabHEC&pg=PA4245 |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

==Disposal== ''Mizar'' was withdrawn from active service entering the James River National Defense Reserve Fleet on December 17, 1989. The ship was withdrawn October 24, 1991 for stripping before returning December 18 awaiting disposal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/ShipHistory/Detail/3428 |title=MIZAR (T-AGOR-11/T-AK-272) |author=Maritime Administration |work=Ship History Database Vessel Status Card |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> Bay Bridge Enterprises, LLC of Chesapeake, Virginia was awarded a $243,900 contract for the dismantling and recycling of ''Mizar'' on 21 July 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=MARAD Announces Ship Disposal Contracts |publisher=Bay Bridge Enterprises |date=21 July 2005 |url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/maritime/bay-bridge-enterprises |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

== Footnotes == {{reflist|group=note}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== *{{cite report |last=Bundage |first=Walter|date=November 29, 1988 |title=NRL's Deep Sea Floor Search Era |page=48 |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA204011/mode/1up/ |access-date=23 February 2020}} *{{cite book |last=Jones |first=W. L. |date=September 17, 1970 |title=USNS ''Mizar'' 1979 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0713060/mode/1up/ |access-date=23 February 2020}} *{{DANFS}} *{{Naval Vessel Register|hull=AGOR-11}}

==External links== * {{navsource|09/13/130272}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204074224/http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/Agor.htm AGOR Numeric List] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204074548/http://patriot.net/~eastlnd2/Mizar.htm USNS ''Mizar'' (T-AGOR 11)] * [https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-97000/NH-97577.html Side view of the towed sled used by the Navy research ship ''Mizar'' in the search for the nuclear submarine USS ''Scorpion'' (SSN-589).]

{{Eltanin-class cargo ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mizar}} Category:Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States Category:Ships built in Bridge City, Louisiana Category:James River Reserve Fleet Category:1957 ships Category:Research vessels of the United States Navy Category:Eltanin-class cargo ships