Convention on Biological Diversity

{{Short description|Multilateral environmental agreement}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox treaty | name = Convention on Biological Diversity | long_name = | image = Convention on Biological Diversity logo.svg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | type = Multilateral environmental agreement | context = Environmentalism, Biodiversity conservation | date_drafted = {{Start date|1992|05|22|df=yes}} | date_signed = 5 June 1992 – 4 June 1993 | location_signed = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil <br /> New York, United States | date_effective = {{Start date|1993|12|29|df=yes}} | condition_effective = Ratification by 30 States | parties = {{Collapsible list | expand = | framestyle = | titlestyle = | title = 196 States | liststyle = | hlist = | bullets = | {{flag|Cook Islands}} | {{flag|EU|name=European Union}} | {{flag|Niue}} | {{flag|State of Palestine}} | {{flagdeco|UN}} All UN Member States except | {{USA}} }} | depositor = Secretary-General of the United Nations | languages = {{Plainlist| * Arabic * Chinese * English * French * Russian * Spanish }} | wikisource = United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity | footnotes = }}

The '''Convention on Biological Diversity''' ('''CBD'''), known informally as the '''Biodiversity Convention''', is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and it is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development.

The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. The United States is the only UN member state which has not ratified the Convention.<ref name=vox>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Benji|date=20 May 2021|title=Why the US won't join the single most important treaty to protect nature|url=https://www.vox.com/22434172/us-cbd-treaty-biological-diversity-nature-conservation|website=Vox|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> It has two supplementary agreements, the Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya Protocol.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the CBD and entered into force on 11 September 2003.

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity is another supplementary agreement to the CBD. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, and entered into force on 12 October 2014.

The Secretariat of the CBD was the focal point of the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. Following a recommendation of CBD signatories at Nagoya, the UN declared 2011 to 2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity in December 2010. The Convention's ''Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020'', created in 2010, include the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The Aichi Biodiversity Targets were 20 international goals set under the Convention to protect biodiversity, sustainable use of natural resources, and to protect species.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Maney |first=Calum |last2=Guaras |first2=Daniela |last3=Harrison |first3=Jerry |last4=Guizar-Coutiño |first4=Alejandro |last5=Harfoot |first5=Michael B. J. |last6=Hill |first6=Samantha L. L. |last7=Burgess |first7=Neil D. |last8=Sutherland |first8=William |date=2024-04-03 |title=National commitments to Aichi Targets and their implications for monitoring the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44185-024-00039-5 |journal=npj Biodiversity |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1038/s44185-024-00039-5 |issn=2731-4243}}</ref> However, countries failed to meet the Aichi Targets as they lacked clarity, were hard to measure, actions were unreported, and there was limited funding.<ref name=":3" /> Low prioritization was given to this matter when compared to other industries like agriculture,<ref name=":3" /> further leading to its ineffectiveness.

The meetings of the Parties to the Convention are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP), with the first one (COP 1) held in Nassau, Bahamas, in 1994 and the most recent one (COP 16) in 2024 in Cali, Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Convention on Biological Diversity|url=https://www.undp.org/events/UN-CBD-COP16|access-date=2024-11-07|website=UN CBD COP16|language=en}}</ref>

In the area of marine and coastal biodiversity CBD's focus at present is to identify Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) in specific ocean locations based on scientific criteria. The aim is to create an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) involving area-based planning and decision-making under UNCLOS to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ treaty or High Seas Treaty).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Convention on Biological Diversity|title=Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)|url=https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/about|website=CBD|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

==Origin and scope==

The notion of an international convention on biodiversity was conceived at a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity in November 1988. The subsequent year, the Ad Hoc Working Group of Technical and Legal Experts was established for the drafting of a legal text which addressed the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as the sharing of benefits arising from their utilization with sovereign states and local communities. In 1991, an intergovernmental negotiating committee was established, tasked with finalizing the Convention's text.<ref name="CBDweb01">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/history/|title=History of the Convention|work=Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD)|access-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204141616/https://www.cbd.int/history/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

A Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1992, and its conclusions were distilled in the Nairobi Final Act.<ref name="nairAct">[https://www.cbd.int/doc/handbook/cbd-hb-09-en.pdf Nairobi Final Act of the Conference for the adoption of the agreed text of the Convention on Biological Diversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613060118/https://www.cbd.int/doc/handbook/cbd-hb-09-en.pdf |date=13 June 2015 }}, Heinrich, M. (2002). Handbook of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Edited by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Earthscan, London, 2001. {{ISBN|9781853837371}}</ref> The Convention's text was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit"). By its closing date, 4 June 1993, the Convention had received 168 signatures. It entered into force on 29 December 1993.<ref name="CBDweb01" />

The Convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biodiversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use.<ref name="Louafi">{{cite journal|last1=Louafi|first1=Sélim|last2=Morin|first2=Jean-Frederic|title=International governance of biodiversity: Involving all the users of genetic resources (Gouvernance internationale de la biodiversité : impliquer tous les utilisateurs de ressources génétiques)|journal=Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (Iddri)|date=2004|volume=5|issue=4|url=https://www.academia.edu/3809935|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it ('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions.

The Convention reminds decision-makers of the finite status of natural resources and sets out a philosophy of sustainable use. While past conservation efforts were aimed at protecting particular species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes must be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity.

The Convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on the precautionary principle which demands that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat. The Convention acknowledges that substantial investments are required to conserve biological diversity. It argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return.

The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 banned some forms of geoengineering.

==Executive secretary== As of April 2024, the acting executive secretary is Astrid Schomaker.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-12|title=Executive Secretary|url=https://www.cbd.int/secretariat/executive-secretary|access-date=2024-11-07|website=cbd.int|language=en}}</ref>

The previous executive secretaries were: David Cooper (2023–2024), Elizabeth Maruma Mrema (2020–2023), :pl:Cristiana Pașca Palmer (2017–2019), Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias (2012–2017), Ahmed Djoghlaf (2006–2012), Hamdallah Zedan (1998–2005), Calestous Juma (1995–1998), and Angela Cropper (1993–1995).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-02|title=Former Executive Secretaries|url=https://www.cbd.int/secretariat/former-es|access-date=2024-11-07|website=cbd.int|language=en}}</ref>

==Issues== Some of the many issues dealt with under the Convention include:<ref name="CBD-01">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-sustain-en.pdf|title=How the Convention on Biological Diversity promotes nature and human well-being|publisher=Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity|date=2000|website=cbd.int|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622103411/https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-sustain-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> * Measures the incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. * Regulated access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, including Prior Informed Consent of the party providing resources. * Sharing, in a fair and equitable way, the results of research and development and the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources with the Contracting Party providing such resources (governments and/or local communities that provided the traditional knowledge or biodiversity resources utilized). * Access to and transfer of technology, including biotechnology, to the governments and/or local communities that provided traditional knowledge and/or biodiversity resources. * Technical and scientific cooperation. * Coordination of a global directory of taxonomic expertise (Global Taxonomy Initiative). * Impact assessment. * Education and public awareness. * Provision of financial resources. * National reporting on efforts to implement treaty commitments.

==International bodies established==

===Conference of the Parties (COP)=== The Convention's governing body is the Conference of the Parties (COP), consisting of all governments (and regional economic integration organizations) that have ratified the treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the Convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the Convention, create expert advisory bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Conference of the Parties (COP) |url=https://www.cbd.int/cop |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.cbd.int |language=en}}</ref>

The Conference of the Parties uses expertise and support from several other bodies that are established by the Convention. In addition to committees or mechanisms established on an ad hoc basis, the main organs are:

===CBD Secretariat=== The CBD Secretariat, based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, operates under UNEP, the United Nations Environment Programme. Its main functions are to organize meetings, draft documents, assist member governments in the implementation of the programme of work, coordinate with other international organizations, and collect and disseminate information.

===Subsidiary Body for Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA)=== The SBSTTA is a committee composed of experts from member governments competent in relevant fields. It plays a key role in making recommendations to the COP on scientific and technical issues. It provides assessments of the status of biological diversity and of various measures taken in accordance with Convention, and also gives recommendations to the Conference of the Parties, which may be endorsed in whole, in part or in modified form by the COPs. {{as of|2024}} SBSTTA had met 26 times, with a 26th meeting taking place in Nairobi, Kenya in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA)|url=https://www.cbd.int/sbstta/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922212228/https://www.cbd.int/sbstta/|archive-date=22 September 2020|access-date=7 November 2024|website=Convention on Biological Diversity}}</ref>

===Subsidiary Body on Implementation=== In 2014, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity established the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI) to replace the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Review of Implementation of the Convention. The four functions and core areas of work of SBI are: (a) review of progress in implementation; (b) strategic actions to enhance implementation; (c) strengthening means of implementation; and (d) operations of the Convention and the Protocols. The first meeting of the SBI was held on 2–6 May 2016 and the second meeting was held on 9–13 July 2018, both in Montreal, Canada. The latest (fifth) meeting of the SBI was held in October 2024 in Cali, Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subsidiary Body on Implementation|url=https://www.cbd.int/sbi/|access-date=2024-11-07|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|language=en}}</ref> The Bureau of the Conference of the Parties serves as the Bureau of the SBI. The current chair of the SBI is Ms. Clarissa Souza Della Nina of Brazil.

==Parties== thumb|right| {{legend|#00aa00|Parties to the convention}} {{legend|#926ec6|Signed, but not ratified}} {{legend|#ff9911|Non-signatory}}

As of 2016, the Convention has 196 Parties, which includes 195 states and the European Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|title=CBD List of Parties|access-date=22 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|archive-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> All UN member states—with the exception of the United States—have ratified the treaty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dickie|first=Gloria|author-link=Gloria Dickie|title=The US is the only country that hasn't signed on to a key international agreement to save the planet|url=https://qz.com/872036/the-us-is-the-only-country-that-hasnt-signed-on-to-a-key-international-agreement-to-save-the-planet/|access-date=20 July 2021|website=Quartz|date=25 December 2016|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720145958/https://qz.com/872036/the-us-is-the-only-country-that-hasnt-signed-on-to-a-key-international-agreement-to-save-the-planet/|url-status=live}}</ref> The United States did not ratify the Convention due to concerns over national sovereignty and economic interests. This is because the country did not agree with the rules about sharing genetic resources and benefits like biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Raustiala |first=Kal |last2=Victor |first2=David |date=1996 |title=Biodiversity Since Rio: The Future of the Convention on Biological Diversity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00139157.1996.9929252?casa_token=7exmQoIxkwsAAAAA:xMPTx2leDanCsvbF0CmAVwVLCrRGehK9tpscmIV3IIU5Gpn9RHt4BYoPqZlYdb9pl68iqBhfJnkJaw |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=16-45 |via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> Another concern was grounded around the idea that the Convention on Biological Diversity would interfere with domestic laws related to environmental regulations in the future.<ref name=":1" /> Non-UN member states that have ratified are the Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine. The Holy See and the states with limited recognition are non-Parties. The US has signed but not ratified the treaty,<ref>{{cite news|title=India Presses U.S. to Pass Biotic Treaty|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|work=The New York Times|date=23 April 1995|page=1.13}}</ref> because ratification requires a two-thirds majority in the Senate and is blocked by Republican Party senators.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Einhorn|first=Catrin|date=October 31, 2024|title=Protecting Nature, With the U.S. on the Sidelines|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/31/climate/cop-biodiversity-colombia-united-states.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=vox/>

The European Union created the Cartagena Protocol (see below) in 2000 to enhance biosafety regulation and propagate the "precautionary principle" over the "sound science principle" defended by the United States. Whereas the impact of the Cartagena Protocol on domestic regulations has been substantial, its impact on international trade law remains uncertain. In 2006, the World Trade Organization (WTO) ruled that the European Union had violated international trade law between 1999 and 2003 by imposing a moratorium on the approval of genetically modified organisms (GMO) imports. Disappointing the United States, the panel nevertheless "decided not to decide" by not invalidating the stringent European biosafety regulations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=Christina J.|last2=Urpelainen|first2=Johannes|title=Distributional Conflict Between Powerful States and International Treaty Ratification|journal=International Studies Quarterly|date=March 2013|volume=57|issue=1|pages=13–27|doi=10.1111/isqu.12024|s2cid=154699328|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Implementation by the Parties to the Convention is achieved using two means:

===National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAP)=== '''National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans''' ('''NBSAP''') are the principal instruments for implementing the Convention at the national level. The Convention requires that countries prepare a national biodiversity strategy and to ensure that this strategy is included in planning for activities in all sectors where diversity may be impacted. As of early 2012, 173 Parties had developed NBSAPs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/nbsap/|title=National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs)|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318122304/http://www.cbd.int/nbsap/|archive-date=18 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The United Kingdom, New Zealand and Tanzania carried out elaborate responses to conserve individual species and specific habitats. The United States of America, a signatory who had not yet ratified the treaty by 2010,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/oct/27/harrison-ford-conservation-nagoya|location=London|work=The Guardian|first=Jonathan|last=Watts|title=Harrison Ford calls on US to ratify treaty on conservation|date=27 October 2010|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605113121/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/oct/27/harrison-ford-conservation-nagoya|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> produced one of the most thorough implementation programs through species recovery programs and other mechanisms long in place in the US for species conservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/endangered/grants/|title="Grants Overview"|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

Singapore established a detailed ''National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/nbc/NPark-booklet-final-4sep.pdf|title=Conserving our Biodiversity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606095712/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/nbc/NPark-booklet-final-4sep.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2013|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> The ''National Biodiversity Centre'' of Singapore represents Singapore in the Convention for Biological Diversity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Biodiversity Centre|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/national-biodiversity-centre|access-date=2022-03-27|website=National Parks Board|language=en}}</ref>

===National Reports=== In accordance with Article 26 of the Convention, Parties prepare national reports on the status of implementation of the Convention.

==Protocols and plans developed by CBD== ===Cartagena Protocol (2000)=== {{main|Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety}} The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000, after a CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety had met six times between July 1996 and February 1999. The Working Group submitted a draft text of the Protocol for consideration by Conference of the Parties at its first extraordinary meeting, which was convened for the express purpose of adopting a protocol on biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. After a few delays, the Cartagena Protocol was eventually adopted on 29 January 2000.<ref name="About the Protocol">{{cite web|title=About the Protocol|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|url=http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028031131/http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.<ref name="CPB-01">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cartagena-protocol-en.pdf|title=Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity|publisher=Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity|date=2000|website=cbd.int|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=12 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912213702/https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cartagena-protocol-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/|title=The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety|access-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207121019/http://bch.cbd.int/protocol|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on the precautionary principle and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits. It will, for example, let countries ban imports of a genetically modified organism if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically modified commodities such as corn or cotton.<ref name="CPB-01"/>

The required number of 50 instruments of ratification/accession/approval/acceptance by countries was reached in May 2003. In accordance with the provisions of its Article 37, the Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003.<ref name=parties>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVII-8-a%26chapter%3D27%26lang%3Den|title=UNTC|access-date=2020-07-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305105655/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-8-a&chapter=27&lang=en|archive-date=5 March 2014}}.</ref>

=== Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (2002) ===

{{main|Global Strategy for Plant Conservation}}

In April 2002, the Parties of the UN CBD adopted the recommendations of the Gran Canaria Declaration Calling for a Global Plant Conservation Strategy, and adopted a 16-point plan aiming to slow the rate of plant extinctions around the world by 2010.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gran Canaria Declaration II|date=April 2006|publisher=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)|url=https://www.bgci.org/files/All/Key_Publications/gcdccenglish.pdf}}</ref>

===Nagoya Protocol (2010)=== {{main|Nagoya Protocol}}

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties,<ref name=aboutnagoya/> and entered into force on 12 October 2014.<ref name="nagoya_text">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/abs/text/|title=Text of the Nagoya Protocol|work=cbd.int|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|access-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221013124/http://www.cbd.int/abs/text/|archive-date=21 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. It thereby contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.<ref name=aboutnagoya>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|title=Nagoya Protocol|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521005407/http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|archive-date=21 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/about/default.shtml/|title=About the Nagoya Protocol|date=9 June 2015|access-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129094409/https://www.cbd.int/abs/about/default.shtml/|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020=== Also, at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, held from 18 to 29 October 2010 in Nagoya,<ref name="stratplan2011-2020">{{cite web|title=Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.cbd.int/sp/|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230213645/https://www.cbd.int/sp/|url-status=live}}</ref> a revised and updated "Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, 2011–2020" was agreed and published. This document included the "Aichi Biodiversity Targets", comprising 20 targets that address each of five strategic goals defined in the plan. The strategic plan includes the following strategic goals:<ref name=aichitargets>{{cite web|title=Aichi Biodiversity Targets|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=11 May 2018|url=https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917072158/https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/|url-status=live}} Brochure [https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028231550/https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf |date=28 October 2020 }}. Note on Copyright, provided [https://www.cbd.int/copyright/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923005728/https://www.cbd.int/copyright/ |date=23 September 2020 }}: "All official texts, data and documents are in the public domain and may be freely downloaded, copied and printed provided no change to the content is introduced, and the source is acknowledged."</ref><ref name="stratplan2011-2020"/> * Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society * Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use * Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity * Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services * Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building Upon the launch of Agenda 2030, CBD released a technical note mapping and identifying synergies between the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cbd.int/development/doc/biodiversity-2030-agenda-technical-note-en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630171722/https://www.cbd.int/development/doc/biodiversity-2030-agenda-technical-note-en.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-30|url-status=live|title=Biodiversity and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development|publisher=UN Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity|location=Montreal}}</ref> This helps to understand the contributions of biodiversity to achieving the SDGs.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

=== Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework === {{main|Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework}}

A new plan, known as the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was developed to guide action through 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A new global framework for managing nature through 2030: First detailed draft agreement debuts|url=https://www.cbd.int/article/draft-1-global-biodiversity-framework|access-date=2022-03-27|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|language=en}}</ref> A first draft of this framework was released in July 2021,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=5 July 2021|title=First Draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020-03-03-en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712060620/https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020-03-03-en.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-12|url-status=live|journal=Convention on Biological Diversity|volume=CBD/WG2020/3/3}}</ref> and its final content was discussed and negotiated as part of the COP 15 meetings. Reducing agricultural pollution and sharing the benefits of digital sequence information arose as key points of contention among Parties during development of the framework.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-23|title=Pressure grows for deal to save nature at crunch talks in Geneva|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/23/pressure-grows-for-deal-to-save-nature-at-crunch-talks-in-geneva-aoe|access-date=2022-03-27|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> A final version was adopted by the Convention on 19 December 2022.<ref name="cbd12522">{{cite web|title=Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework – Draft recommendation submitted by the Co-Chairs |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/409e/19ae/369752b245f05e88f760aeb3/wg2020-05-l-02-en.pdf|website=cbd.int|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|access-date=December 17, 2022|location=Montreal|quote=The Open-ended Working Group on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework 1. Recalls its recommendation 4/1 on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework; 2. Transmits the draft of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, contained in the annex to this recommendation, which supersedes the annex to recommendation 4/1, to the Conference of the Parties for its consideration.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Unit|first=Biosafety|date=2023-05-08|title=Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework|url=https://www.cbd.int/gbf/|access-date=2023-06-03|website=cbd.int|language=en}}</ref> The framework includes a number of ambitious goals, including a commitment to designate at least 30 percent of global land and sea as protected areas (known as the "30 by 30" initiative).<ref name=":0" />

=== Marine and coastal biodiversity === The CBD has a significant focus on marine and coastal biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unit|first=Biosafety|date=2022-06-23|title=Marine and Coastal Biodiversity|url=https://www.cbd.int/marine/|access-date=2022-07-10|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|language=en}}</ref> A series of expert workshops have been held (2018–2022) to identify options for modifying the description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) and describing new areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)|url=https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/meetings|access-date=2022-07-10|website=Convention on Biological Diversity}}</ref> These have focused on the North-East, North-West and South-Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Seas of East Asia, North-West Indian Ocean and Adjacent Gulf Areas, Southern and North-East Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North and South Pacific, Eastern Tropical and Temperate Pacific, Wider Caribbean and Western Mid-Atlantic. The workshop meetings have followed the EBSA process based on internationally agreed scientific criteria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)|url=https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/about|access-date=2022-07-10|website=Convention on Biological Diversity}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cbd.int/marine/ebsa/booklet-ebsa-impact-en.pdf|isbn=9789292257132|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028123950/https://www.cbd.int/marine/ebsa/booklet-ebsa-impact-en.pdf|archive-date=2021-10-28|url-status=live|title=Special Places in the Ocean : A Decade of Describing Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|access-date=2022-07-24}}</ref> This is aimed at creating an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) under UNCLOS to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ or High Seas Treaty).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction|date=2021|publisher=Brill Nihoff|editor-first1=Myron H.|editor-last1=Nordquist|editor-first2=Ronâan|editor-last2=Long|isbn=978-90-04-42241-4|location=Leiden|oclc=1258393744}}</ref> The central mechanism is area-based planning and decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EBSA – The Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative|url=https://gobi.org/ebsas/|access-date=2022-07-10|language=en-US}}</ref> It integrates EBSAs, Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) and High Seas (Marine Protected Areas) with Blue Growth scenarios. There is also linkage with the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

==Criticism== {{See also|Biodiversity loss#Convention on Biological Diversity}} There have been criticisms of the CBD that its implementation has been weakened due to resistance of Western countries to the implementation of pro-South provisions of the Convention.<ref>Faizi, S (2004) The Unmaking of a Treaty. Biodiversity 5(3) 2004</ref> For instance, Brazil argued that despite having most of the world's biodiversity, they receive a lack of financial and technological support from wealthier countries to conserve resources.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Relly |first=Eduardo |date=2024-10-10 |title=Brazil's implementation of access and benefit-sharing and the Nagoya Protocol: Analyzing some trends and positions in the ongoing debate |url=https://www.genresj.org/index.php/grj/article/view/genresj.GKTE3850 |journal=Genetic Resources |language=en |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=65–80 |doi=10.46265/genresj.GKTE3850 |issn=2708-3764}}</ref> They argued that developed countries benefit from access to resources, but fail to provide funding.<ref name=":2" /> CBD is also regarded as a case of a hard treaty gone soft in the implementation trajectory.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harrop|first1=Stuart R.|last2=Pritchard|first2=Diana J.|title=A hard instrument goes soft: The implications of the Convention on Biological Diversity's current trajectory|journal=Global Environmental Change|date=May 2011|volume=21|issue=2|pages=474–480|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.014|bibcode=2011GEC....21..474H|url=https://uobrep.openrepository.com/handle/10547/301889|access-date=17 May 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The argument to enforce the treaty as a legally binding multilateral instrument with the Conference of Parties reviewing the infractions and non-compliance is also gaining strength.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Faizi|first1=S|title=Putting the focus on enforcement|journal=Square Brackets|date=2012|volume=7|issue=October|pages=18–19|url=https://www.cbd.int/ngo/square-brackets/square-brackets-2012-10-en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010154018/http://www.cbd.int/ngo/square-brackets/square-brackets-2012-10-en.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-10|url-status=live|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> Due to the lack of strict enforcement, countries do not face penalties when they overlook the Convention, undermining its effectiveness. The Convention needs go beyond national self-reporting and voluntary commitment to stronger enforcement, accountability, and clearer rules to ensure that biodiversity is protected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koh |first=Niak Sian |last2=Ituarte-Lima |first2=Claudia |last3=Hahn |first3=Thomas |date=March 2022 |title=Mind the Compliance Gap: How Insights from International Human Rights Mechanisms Can Help to Implement the Convention on Biological Diversity |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/transnational-environmental-law/article/mind-the-compliance-gap-how-insights-from-international-human-rights-mechanisms-can-help-to-implement-the-convention-on-biological-diversity/CE0F47664F08EBE4919D5990F3709484 |journal=Transnational Environmental Law |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=39–67 |doi=10.1017/S2047102521000169 |issn=2047-1025}}</ref>

Although the Convention explicitly states that all forms of life are covered by its provisions,<ref name="cbd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/text/|title=Text of the CBD|publisher=cbd.int|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831103213/https://www.cbd.int/convention/text/|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> examination of reports and of national biodiversity strategies and action plans submitted by participating countries shows that in practice this is not happening. The fifth report of the European Union, for example, makes frequent reference to animals (particularly fish) and plants, but does not mention bacteria, fungi or protists at all.<ref name="cbd_eur1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/eur/eur-nr-05-en.pdf|title=Fifth Report of the European Union to the Convention on Biological Diversity. June 2014|publisher=cbd.int|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903214536/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/eur/eur-nr-05-en.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The International Society for Fungal Conservation has assessed more than 100 of these CBD documents for their coverage of fungi using defined criteria to place each in one of six categories. No documents were assessed as good or adequate, less than 10% as nearly adequate or poor, and the rest as deficient, seriously deficient or totally deficient.<ref name="isfc1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fungal-conservation.org/micheli.htm|title=The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation|publisher=fungal-conservation.org|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219063643/http://www.fungal-conservation.org/micheli.htm|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Scientists working with biodiversity and medical research are expressing fears that the Nagoya Protocol is counterproductive, and will hamper disease prevention and conservation efforts,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844|title=When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year=2018|doi=10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128212203/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6396/1405.full|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=live|last1=Prathapan|first1=K. Divakaran|last2=Pethiyagoda|first2=Rohan|last3=Bawa|first3=Kamaljit S.|last4=Raven|first4=Peter H.|last5=Rajan|first5=Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume=360|issue=6396|pages=1405–1406|pmid=29954970|bibcode=2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid=206667464|hdl=11336/84106|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and that the threat of imprisonment of scientists will have a chilling effect on research.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Biopiracy ban stirs red-tape fears|year=2014|doi=10.1038/514014a|last1=Cressey|first1=Daniel|journal=Nature|volume=514|issue=7520|pages=14–15|pmid=25279894|bibcode=2014Natur.514...14C|s2cid=4457904|doi-access=free}}</ref> Non-commercial researchers and institutions such as natural history museums fear maintaining biological reference collections and exchanging material between institutions will become difficult,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit SharingInternational treaty poses challenges for biological collections|first=Myrna E.|last=Watanabe|date=1 June 2015|journal=BioScience|volume=65|issue=6|pages=543–550|doi=10.1093/biosci/biv056|doi-access=free}}</ref> and medical researchers have expressed alarm at plans to expand the protocol to make it illegal to publicly share genetic information, e.g. via GenBank.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau5229|title=Threats to timely sharing of pathogen sequence data|journal=Science|year=2018|doi=10.1126/science.aau5229|access-date=2018-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164731/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6413/404|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=live|last1=Dos s. Ribeiro|first1=Carolina|last2=Koopmans|first2=Marion P.|last3=Haringhuizen|first3=George B.|volume=362|issue=6413|pages=404–406|pmid=30361362|bibcode=2018Sci...362..404D|s2cid=53090678|hdl=1871.1/1c161f4d-7a48-4fd3-9faa-e6dcd64abc62|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

William Yancey Brown, when with the Brookings Institution, suggested that the Convention on Biological Diversity should include the preservation of intact genomes and viable cells for every known species and for new species as they are discovered.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Invest in a DNA bank for all species|first=William Y.|last=Brown|date=3 August 2011|journal=Nature|volume=476|issue=7361|pages=399|doi=10.1038/476399a|pmid=21866143|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Meetings of the Parties== A Conference of the Parties (COP) was held annually for three years after 1994, and thence biennially on even-numbered years. :{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="text-align:center" | COP ! style="text-align:center" | Year ! style="text-align:left" | Country ! style="text-align:center" | Begin ! style="text-align:center" | End ! style="text-align:center" | Days ! style="text-align:left" | City ! style="text-align:left" | Link |- | style="text-align:center"| 1 || style="text-align:center"| 1994 || {{Flag|Bahamas}} || style="text-align:center"| 28.11.1994 || style="text-align:center"| 09.12.1994 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Nassau || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-01 COP 1] |- | style="text-align:center"| 2 || style="text-align:center"| 1995 || {{Flag|Indonesia}} || style="text-align:center"| 06.11.1995 || style="text-align:center"| 17.11.1995 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Jakarta || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-02 COP 2] |- | style="text-align:center"| 3 || style="text-align:center"| 1996 || {{Flag|Argentina}} || style="text-align:center"| 04.11.1996 || style="text-align:center"| 15.11.1996 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Buenos Aires || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-03 COP 3] |- | style="text-align:center"| 4 || style="text-align:center"| 1998 || {{Flag|Slovakia}} || style="text-align:center"| 04.05.1998 || style="text-align:center"| 15.05.1998 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Bratislava || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-04 COP 4] |- | style="text-align:center"| 5 || style="text-align:center"| 2000 || {{Flag|Kenya}} || style="text-align:center"| 15.05.2000 || style="text-align:center"| 26.05.2000 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Nairobi || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-05 COP 5] |- | style="text-align:center"| 6 || style="text-align:center"| 2002 || {{Flag|Netherlands}} || style="text-align:center"| 07.04.2002 || style="text-align:center"| 19.04.2002 || style="text-align:center"| 13 || The Hague || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-06 COP 6] |- | style="text-align:center"| 7 || style="text-align:center"| 2004 || {{Flag|Malaysia}} || style="text-align:center"| 09.02.2004 || style="text-align:center"| 20.02.2004 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Kuala Lumpur || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-07 COP 7] |- | style="text-align:center"| 8 || style="text-align:center"| 2006 || {{Flag|Brazil}} || style="text-align:center"| 20.03.2006 || style="text-align:center"| 31.03.2006 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Curitiba || [https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-08 COP 8] |- | style="text-align:center"| 9 || style="text-align:center"| 2008 || {{Flag|Germany}} || style="text-align:center"| 19.05.2008 || style="text-align:center"| 30.05.2008 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Bonn || [https://www.cbd.int/cop9 COP 9] |- | style="text-align:center"| 10 || style="text-align:center"| 2010 || {{Flag|Japan}} || style="text-align:center"| 18.10.2010 || style="text-align:center"| 29.10.2010 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Nagoya || [https://www.cbd.int/cop10 COP 10] |- | style="text-align:center"| 11 || style="text-align:center"| 2012 || {{Flag|India}} || style="text-align:center"| 08.10.2012 || style="text-align:center"| 19.10.2012 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Hyderabad || [https://www.cbd.int/cop11 COP 11] |- | style="text-align:center"| 12 || style="text-align:center"| 2014 || {{Flag|South Korea}} || style="text-align:center"| 06.10.2014 || style="text-align:center"| 17.10.2014 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Pyeongchang || [https://www.cbd.int/cop12 COP 12] |- | style="text-align:center"| 13 || style="text-align:center"| 2016 || {{Flag|Mexico}} || style="text-align:center"| 04.12.2016 || style="text-align:center"| 17.12.2016 || style="text-align:center"| 14 || Cancún || [https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2016 COP 13] |- | style="text-align:center"| 14 || style="text-align:center"| 2018 || {{Flag|Egypt}} || style="text-align:center"| 13.11.2018 || style="text-align:center"| 29.11.2018 || style="text-align:center"| 17 || Sharm El Sheik || [https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2018 COP 14] |- | style="text-align:center"| 15 || style="text-align:center"| 2022 || {{Flag|Canada}} || style="text-align:center"| 07.12.2022 || style="text-align:center"| 19.12.2022 || style="text-align:center"| 13 || Montreal || [https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2021-2022 COP 15] |- | style="text-align:center"| 16 || style="text-align:center"| 2024 || {{Flag|Colombia}} || style="text-align:center"| 21.10.2024 || style="text-align:center"| 01.11.2024 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Cali || [https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2024 COP 16] |- | style="text-align:center"| 17 || style="text-align:center"| 2026 || {{Flag|Armenia}} || style="text-align:center"| 19.10.2026 || style="text-align:center"| 30.10.2026 || style="text-align:center"| 12 || Yerevan || [https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2026 COP 17]

|}

===1994 COP 1=== The first ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in November and December 1994, in Nassau, Bahamas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-01|title=Meeting Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204073947/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-01|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) was launched at this first COP for the Convention on Biological Diversity.

===1995 COP 2=== The second ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in November 1995, in Jakarta, Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-02|title=Meeting Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204070833/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-02|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1996 COP 3=== The third ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in November 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-03|title=Meeting Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204071100/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-03|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1998 COP 4=== The fourth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in May 1998, in Bratislava, Slovakia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-04|title=Meeting Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204073843/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-04|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1999 EX-COP 1 (Cartagena)=== The First Extraordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties took place in February 1999, in Cartagena, Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=excop-01|title=Meeting Documents: First Extraordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 22–23 February 1999 – Cartagena, Colombia|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204070447/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=excop-01|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> A series of meetings led to the adoption of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in January 2000, effective from 2003.<ref name="About the Protocol"/>

===2000 COP 5=== The fifth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in May 2000, in Nairobi, Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-05|title=Meeting Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204064900/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-05|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2002 COP 6=== The sixth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in April 2002, in The Hague, Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-06|title=Meeting Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204071123/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-06|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2004 COP 7=== The seventh ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in February 2004, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-07|title=Meeting Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204070722/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-07|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2006 COP 8=== The eighth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in March 2006, in Curitiba, Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-08|title=Eighth Ordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 8)|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217205149/http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-08|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2008 COP 9=== The ninth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in May 2008, in Bonn, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/cop9/default.shtml|title=Welcome to COP 9<!-- Bot generated title -->|date=20 January 2009|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204071922/http://www.cbd.int/cop9/default.shtml|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2010 COP 10 (Nagoya)=== {{See also|Nagoya Protocol}} The tenth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in October 2010, in Nagoya, Japan.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/cop10/|title=Welcome to COP 10<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204032237/http://www.cbd.int/cop10/|archive-date=4 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> It was at this meeting that the Nagoya Protocol was ratified.

2010 was the International Year of Biodiversity, which resulted in 110 reports on the loss of biodiversity in different countries, but little or no progress toward the goal of "significant reduction" in the problem.<ref name="w365">{{cite web|last=Zeller|first=Tom Jr.|title=Failed Efforts in Protecting Biodiversity|website=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/business/global/01green.html|access-date=May 13, 2024}}</ref> Following a recommendation of CBD signatories, the UN declared 2011 to 2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.<ref name="z281">{{cite news|title=Our health depends on nature's health: 20 Aichi targets to restore balance on Earth|website=India Today|date=May 22, 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&-current-affairs/story/our-health-depends-on-nature-s-health-20-aichi-targets-to-restore-balance-on-earth-1805704-2021-05-22|access-date=May 13, 2024}}</ref>

===2012 COP 11=== {{Main|2012 Hyderabad Biodiversity Conference}}

Leading up to the Conference of the Parties (COP 11) meeting on biodiversity in Hyderabad, India, 2012, preparations for a World Wide Views on Biodiversity has begun, involving old and new partners and building on the experiences from the World Wide Views on Global Warming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biodiversity.wwviews.org/|title=World Wide Views on Biodiversity|access-date=19 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151129/http://biodiversity.wwviews.org/|archive-date=11 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2014 COP 12=== Under the theme, "Biodiversity for Sustainable Development", thousands of representatives of governments, NGOs, indigenous peoples, scientists and the private sector gathered in Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea in October 2014 for the 12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 12).<ref>{{cite news|title=U.N. COP12 in Pyeongchang Calls for Scaling Up Action Plan to Stem Biodiversity Loss|url=https://www.spnl.org/u-n-cop12-in-pyeongchang-calls-for-scaling-up-action-plan-to-stem-biodiversity-loss/|access-date=17 May 2022|work=Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon|date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=COP 2014 Pyeongchang|url=http://www.cbd.int/cop2014|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|access-date=17 May 2022|language=en|date=23 October 2014}}</ref>

From 6–17 October 2014, Parties discussed the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, which are to be achieved by the end of this decade. The results of Global Biodiversity Outlook 4, the flagship assessment report of the CBD informed the discussions.

The conference gave a mid-term evaluation to the UN Decade on Biodiversity (2011–2020) initiative, which aims to promote the conservation and sustainable use of nature. The meeting achieved a total of 35 decisions,<ref>{{Cite web|title=COP Decisions|url=https://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop/?m=cop-12|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|language=en|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031153141/https://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop/?m=cop-12|url-status=live}}</ref> including a decision on "Mainstreaming gender considerations", to incorporate gender perspective to the analysis of biodiversity.

At the end of the meeting, the meeting adopted the "Pyeongchang Road Map", which addresses ways to achieve biodiversity through technology cooperation, funding and strengthening the capacity of developing countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Governments meet in Republic of Korea to assess progress in implementing global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/press/2014/pr-2014-10-06-cop-12-en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613022927/https://www.cbd.int/doc/press/2014/pr-2014-10-06-cop-12-en.pdf|archive-date=2015-06-13|url-status=live|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=6 October 2014|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

===2016 COP 13=== thumb|COP13 Mexico meeting The thirteenth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place between 2 and 17 December 2016 in Cancún, Mexico.

===2018 COP 14=== The 14th ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place on 17–29 November 2018, in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|last1=CBD Secretariat|title=COP 14 – Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity|url=https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2018/cop-14/documents|website=Conference of the Parties (COP)|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517065005/https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2018/cop-14/documents|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2018 UN Biodiversity Conference closed on 29 November 2018 with broad international agreement on reversing the global destruction of nature and biodiversity loss threatening all forms of life on Earth. Parties adopted the Voluntary Guidelines for the design and effective implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.<ref>[https://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop/?m=cop-14 CBD/COP/DEC/14/5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909013554/https://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop/?m=cop-14 |date=9 September 2019 }}, 30 November 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-93-en.pdf|title=Voluntary Guidelines|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904130639/https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-93-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Governments also agreed to accelerate action to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, agreed in 2010, until 2020. Work to achieve these targets would take place at the global, regional, national and subnational levels.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===2021/2022 COP 15=== {{Main|2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference}}

thumb|COP15 Canada meeting

The 15th meeting of the Parties was originally scheduled to take place in Kunming, China in 2020,<ref>{{cite news|last=Greenfield|first=Patrick|date=March 19, 2021|title=UN's Kunming biodiversity summit delayed a second time – Covid pandemic continues to hamper plans for key gathering to agree targets on protecting nature|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/19/cop15-kunming-un-biodiversity-summit-delayed-aoe|work=The Guardian|location=UK|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820004739/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/19/cop15-kunming-un-biodiversity-summit-delayed-aoe|url-status=live}}</ref> but was postponed several times due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-15|title=Meeting Documents: Fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Second quarter of 2021 – Kunming, China|website=CBD|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917091612/https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-15|url-status=live}}</ref> After the start date was delayed for a third time, the Convention was split into two sessions. A mostly online event took place in October 2021, where over 100 nations signed the Kunming declaration on biodiversity. The theme of the declaration was "Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/over-100-countries-sign-kunming-declaration-on-biodiversity-conservation-79685|title=Over 100 countries sign Kunming Declaration on biodiversity conservation|work=Down to Earth|author=Kiran Pandrey|date=13 October 2021|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020224026/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/over-100-countries-sign-kunming-declaration-on-biodiversity-conservation-79685|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Greenfield|first=Patrick|date=18 Aug 2021|title=Major UN biodiversity summit delayed for third time due to pandemic – Cop15 negotiations to set this decade's targets on nature to be split into two, with face-to-face meetings delayed until 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/18/cop15-un-biodiversity-summit-hit-by-third-delay-due-to-pandemic-aoe|work=The Guardian|location=UK|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820004740/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/18/cop15-un-biodiversity-summit-hit-by-third-delay-due-to-pandemic-aoe|url-status=live}}</ref> Twenty-one action-oriented draft targets were provisionally agreed in the October meeting, to be further discussed in the second session: an in-person event that was originally scheduled to start in April 2022, but was rescheduled to occur later in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Draft of Global Biodiversity Framework Identifies Four Goals for 2050|url=https://sdg.iisd.org/news/first-draft-of-global-biodiversity-framework-identifies-four-goals-for-2050/|website=SDG Knowledge Hub|date=15 July 2021|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/cop26-must-not-overshadow-kunming-we-need-joint-climate-and-biodiversity-goals-aoe|title=Cop26 must not overshadow Kunming: we need joint climate and biodiversity goals|work=The Guardian|author=Ma Jun|date=11 October 2021|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019021146/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/cop26-must-not-overshadow-kunming-we-need-joint-climate-and-biodiversity-goals-aoe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/14/climate/un-biodiversity-conference-climate-change.html|title=The Most Important Global Meeting You've Probably Never Heard Of Is Now|work=The New York Times|author=Catrin Einhorn|date=14 October 2021|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019073406/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/14/climate/un-biodiversity-conference-climate-change.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sdg.iisd.org/events/un-biodiversity-conference-cbd-cop-15-part-2/|title=UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 15) (Part 2)|work=International Institute for Sustainable Development|date=14 March 2022|access-date=8 April 2022|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019073406/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/14/climate/un-biodiversity-conference-climate-change.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB|url-status=live}}</ref> The second part of COP 15 ultimately took place in Montreal, Canada, from 5–17 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-21|title=Montreal to host delayed Cop15 summit to halt 'alarming' global biodiversity loss|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/21/montreal-to-host-delayed-cop15-summit-to-halt-alarming-global-biodiversity-loss|access-date=2022-06-23|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> At the meeting, the Parties to the Convention adopted a new action plan, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=COP15: Nations Adopt Four Goals, 23 Targets for 2030 In Landmark UN Biodiversity Agreement|url=https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-cbd-press-release-final-19dec2022|date=19 December 2022|access-date=2023-01-06|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|language=en}}</ref>

===2024 COP 16=== {{Main|2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference}} The 16th meeting of the Parties is scheduled to be held in Cali, Colombia in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colombia se postula para ser sede de la Cumbre de Biodiversidad más importante del mundo|url=https://www.minambiente.gov.co/colombia-se-postula-para-ser-sede-de-la-cumbre-de-biodiversidad-mas-importante-del-mundo/|access-date=17 December 2023|website=Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible|date=11 December 2023|publisher=Colombia|language=es}}</ref> Originally, Turkey was going to host it but after a series of earthquakes in February 2023 they had to withdraw.<ref>{{Cite web|title=@unbiodiversity|url=https://twitter.com/unbiodiversity/status/1448113287065792513|access-date=2023-01-16|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=David|title=Notification to Parties on 31 July 2023|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/notifications/2023/ntf-2023-082-cop16-en.pdf|access-date=17 December 2023|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|publisher=UNCBD|ref=SCBD/OES/DC/GT/91194}}</ref>

==See also== {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership * 2010 Biodiversity Target * 30 by 30 * Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) * Biodiversity banking * Biological Diversity Act, 2002 * Biopiracy * Bioprospecting * Biosphere Reserve * Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals * Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna * Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat * Ecotourism * Endangered species * Endangered Species Recovery Plan * Environmental agreements * Environmental Modification Convention, another ban on weather modification / climate engineering. * Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) * Green Development Initiative (GDI) * Holocene extinction * Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services * International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups * International Organization for Biological Control * International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture * International Day for Biological Diversity * International Year of Biodiversity * Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework * Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 * Red Data Book of Singapore * Red Data Book of the Russian Federation * Satoyama * Sustainable forest management * United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification * United Nations Decade on Biodiversity * United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change * World Conservation Monitoring Centre {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}} * {{CIA World Factbook|edition=2008}}

==Further reading== * Davis, K. 2008. A CBD manual for botanic gardens [http://www.bgci.org/files/cbd_manual.pdf English version], [http://www.bgci.org/files/cbd_manual_italian.pdf Italian version] Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)

==External links== * [https://www.cbd.int/ The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)] website * [https://www.cbd.int/convention/text/ Text of the Convention] from CBD website * [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-8&chapter=27&clang=_en Ratifications] at depositary * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101231072643/http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/1414/ Case studies on the implementation of the Convention] from BGCI website with links to relevant articles * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cpbcbd/cpbcbd.html Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''Convention on Biological Diversity'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law] {{Convention on Biological Diversity}}{{Sustainability}} {{Pollution}} {{Portal bar|Politics|Environment|Ecology}} {{Authority control}}

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