UGC 9684

{{Short description|Galaxy located in Boötes}} {{Infobox galaxy |name=UGC 9684 |image=File:A star forming factory (potw2419a).jpg |caption=UGC 9684 imaged by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] |constellation name=[[Boötes]] |ra={{RA|15|03|50.4823}}{{r|:0}} |dec={{DEC|+42|06|55.748}}{{r|:0}} |z=0.016866 |h_radial_v=5,056 [[kilometer per second|km/s]] |dist_ly=247 [[Mly]] (75.7 [[Megaparsecs|Mpc]]) |appmag_v=14.4 |type=SBab, Sab |size=90,000 ly |size_v=1.35 x 0.56 arcmin |names=[[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 53758, ECO 04872, [[Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies|CGCG]] 221-023, [[Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies|MCG]] +07-31-024, [[2MASX]] J15035050+4206556, [[2MASS]] J15035049+4206554, [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]] J150350.47+420655.5, [[IRAS]] F15020+4218, UZC J150350.5+420655, [[Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database|LEDA]] 53758 |epoch=[[J2000]] }}

'''UGC 9684''' is a [[barred spiral galaxy]] with a ring structure<ref>{{Cite web |title=HyperLeda -object description |url=http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/hyperleda/ledacat.cgi?o=UGC%209684 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=atlas.obs-hp.fr}}</ref> in the [[Boötes]] constellation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Dominic |title=UGC 9684 (Galaxy) |url=https://in-the-sky.org//data/object.php?id=UGC_9684 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=In-The-Sky.org |language=en}}</ref> It is located 250 million [[Light-year|light-years]] from the [[Solar System]] and has an approximate [[diameter]] of 90,000 light-years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= Results for object UGC 09684 |url= https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=UGC+09684 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref>

The [[Stellar classification|luminosity class]] of UGC 9684 is I–II<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference Lookup {{!}} NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/NED::Refcode/1991RC3.9.C...0000d |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and it is classified as an active [[star-forming galaxy]] according to a study published in 2022,<ref name=":4" /> in which produces one [[solar mass]] of [[Star|stars]] every few years, with levels of [[Star formation|stellar formation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A star forming factory |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw2419a/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.spacetelescope.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Studying of star formation rate for UGC 9684 == [[Scientist|Scientists]] who studied UGC 9684, have longed to find out the star-formation rate for UGC 9684.<ref name=":4" /> To do this, they used a Fitting and Assessment of Synthetic Templates code.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kriek |first1=Mariska |last2=Dokkum |first2=Pieter G. van |last3=Labbé |first3=Ivo |last4=Franx |first4=Marijn |last5=Illingworth |first5=Garth D. |last6=Marchesini |first6=Danilo |last7=Quadri |first7=Ryan F. |date=July 2009 |title=An Ultra-Deep Near-Infrared Spectrum of a Compact Quiescent Galaxy at z = 2.2 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=700 |issue=1 |pages=221 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/221 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=0905.1692 |bibcode=2009ApJ...700..221K }}</ref> The scientists used further [[Observation|observations]] via [[ultraviolet]], both [[Optics|optical]] and [[Infrared|near-infrared]] and from the luminosity measurements from different [[Database|databases]] from [[GALEX]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seibert |first1=Mark |last2=Wyder |first2=T. |last3=Neill |first3=J. |last4=Madore |first4=B. |last5=Bianchi |first5=L. |last6=Smith |first6=M. |last7=Shiao |first7=B. |last8=Schiminovich |first8=D. |last9=Rich |first9=R. M. |last10=Conrow |first10=T. |last11=Martin |first11=D. C. |last12=GALEX Catalog Team |date=2012-01-01 |title=The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Source Catalogs |journal=American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #219 |volume=219 |pages=340.01|bibcode=2012AAS...21934001S }}</ref> [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]] and from the final release of the [[Two-Micron All Sky Survey|MASS]] extended source catalog by Jarrett et al. 2000,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jarrett |first1=T. H. |last2=Chester |first2=T. |last3=Cutri |first3=R. |last4=Schneider |first4=S. |last5=Skrutskie |first5=M. |last6=Huchra |first6=J. P. |date=2000-05-01 |title=2MASS Extended Source Catalog: Overview and Algorithms |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=2498–2531 |doi=10.1086/301330 |arxiv=astro-ph/0004318 |bibcode=2000AJ....119.2498J |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> with all the data retrieved from [[NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database]].<ref name=":4" />

As for the star formation, they employed a [[Monotonic function|decreasing function]] of (SFR ∝ ''e''−''t'' ) and also a delayed function (SFR ∝ ''t'' × ''e''−''t'' ) as well as the stellar population libraries written from Bruzual & Charlot<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bruzual |first1=G. |last2=Charlot |first2=S. |date=October 1, 2003 |title=Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=344 |issue=4 |pages=1000–1028 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0309134 |bibcode=2003MNRAS.344.1000B }}</ref> and Convoy et al.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Conroy |first1=Charlie |last2=Gunn |first2=James E. |last3=White |first3=Martin |date=2009-06-12 |title=The Propagation of Uncertainties in Stellar Population Synthesis Modeling. I. The Relevance of Uncertain Aspects of Stellar Evolution and the Initial Mass Function to the Derived Physical Properties of Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=699 |issue=1 |pages=486–506 |doi=10.1088/0004-637x/699/1/486 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=0809.4261 |bibcode=2009ApJ...699..486C }}</ref> Several [[metallicity]] estimates, published by Prieto et al. 2008,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prieto |first1=Jose L. |last2=Stanek |first2=Krzysztof Z. |last3=Beacom |first3=John F. |date=February 2008 |title=Characterizing Supernova Progenitors via the Metallicities of their Host Galaxies, from Poor Dwarfs to Rich Spirals |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=673 |issue=2 |pages=999–1008 |doi=10.1086/524654 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=0707.0690 |bibcode=2008ApJ...673..999P }}</ref> Kelly & Kirshner from 2012,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Patrick L. |last2=Kirshner |first2=Robert P. |date=2012-10-26 |title=Core-Collapse Supernovae and Host Galaxy Stellar Populations |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=759 |issue=2 |pages=107 |doi=10.1088/0004-637x/759/2/107 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1110.1377 |bibcode=2012ApJ...759..107K }}</ref> whom the majority agreed, it is slightly above solar oxygen abundance 12+ log(O/H) ≈ 9.0 which corresponds to ~2 ''Z''⊙.<ref name=":4" />

Scientists therefore found that the [[Star formation|star-formation]] rate of UGC 9684 is 0.25–0.39 {{solar mass}} yr−1.<ref name=":4" /> Apart from that, they found the total [[stellar mass]] for the galaxy is ''M''⋆ = {{val|2.0|-|3.5|e=10|u={{solar mass}}}} which is a current specific rate sSFR ≈ 0.01 Gyr−1. This is higher compared to literature but compatible to large number of recent events in UGC 9684.<ref name=":4" />

== Supernovae == Three [[supernova]]e and one [[Time-domain_astronomy|astronomical transient]] have been discovered in UGC 9684, making it one of the most active supernova-producing [[Galaxy|galaxies]].<ref name=":1" />

* '''SN 2006ed''' ([[Type II supernova|Type II]], mag. 19.0) was discovered on September 18, 2006, via unfiltered CCD images, by N. Joubert, D. R. Madison, R. Mostardi, H. Khandrika and W. Li from [[University of California, Berkeley]] on behalf of [[Lick Observatory|Lick Observatory Supernova Search]] program (LOSS).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Joubert |first1=N. |last2=Li |first2=W. |date=2006-08-01 |title=Supernovae 2006ed, 2006ee, 2006ef |journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams |issue=597 |pages=1|bibcode=2006CBET..597....1J }}</ref> It was located 1".8 east and 7".2 south of the nucleus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2006. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2006/index.html#2006ed |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SN 2006ed {{!}} Transient Name Server |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006ed |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.wis-tns.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> * '''SN 2012ib''' ([[Type Ib and Ic supernovae|Type Ib/c]], mag. 16.0) was discovered on December 20, 2012, by amateur [[astronomer]], V. Shumkov from [[Sternberg Astronomical Institute]] (SAI), on four 60-sec unfiltered images from the MASTER-Amur [[robotic telescope]] via a 0.40-m f/2.5 [[Reflector sight|reflector]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lipunov |first1=V. |last2=Shumkov |first2=V. |last3=Denisenko |first3=D. |last4=Gorbovskoy |first4=E. |last5=Brimacombe |first5=J. |last6=Tomasella |first6=L. |last7=Benetti |first7=S. |last8=Cappellaro |first8=E. |last9=Ochner |first9=P. |last10=Pastorello |first10=A. |last11=Turatto |first11=M. |date=2012-12-01 |title=Supernova 2012ib in UGC 9684 = Psn J15035487+4206553 |journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams |issue=3359 |pages=1|bibcode=2012CBET.3359....1L }}</ref> The supernova was located at 48".7 [[east]] and 0".4 [[south]] of the nucleus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2012. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2012/index.html#2012ib |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SN 2012ib {{!}} Transient Name Server |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2012ib |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.wis-tns.org}}</ref> * '''AT 2017cgh''' (type unknown, mag. 17.74) was discovered on March 15, 2017, by [[Pan-STARRS]]1<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chambers |first1=K. C. |last2=Huber |first2=M. E. |last3=Flewelling |first3=H. |last4=Magnier |first4=E. A. |last5=Primak |first5=N. |last6=Schultz |first6=A. |last7=Smartt |first7=S. J. |last8=Smith |first8=K. W. |last9=Tonry |first9=J. |last10=Waters |first10=C. |last11=Wright |first11=D. E. |last12=Young |first12=D. R. |title=Pan-STARRS1 Transient Discovery Report for 2017-01-03 |journal=Transient Name Server Discovery Report |date=2017 |volume=14 |page=1 |bibcode=2017TNSTR..14....1C }}</ref> Science consortium.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2017. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2017/index.html#2017cgh |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref> It was located 0".0 east and 0".0 [[north]] of the nucleus.<ref name=":3" /> This astronomical transient was never officially classified as a supernova.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AT 2017cgh {{!}} Transient Name Server |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2017cgh |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.wis-tns.org}}</ref> * '''SN 2020pni''' (Type II, mag. 19.8044) was discovered on July 16, 2020, by a team of astronomers on behalf of the ALeRCE broker<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} ALeRCE |url=https://alerce.science/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=alerce.science}}</ref> via r-ZTF filters which was taken by a Palomar 1.2m Oachin [[telescope]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery certificate for object 2020pni {{!}} Transient Name Server |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2020pni/discovery-cert |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.wis-tns.org}}</ref> It was located 5".7 [[west]] and 5".0 [[south]] of the nucleus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2020. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2020/index.html#2020pni |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SN 2020pni {{!}} Transient Name Server |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2020pni |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.wis-tns.org}}</ref> Its progenitor, a [[Supergiant|massive star]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martinez |first1=L. |last2=Bersten |first2=M. C. |last3=Anderson |first3=J. P. |last4=González-Gaitán |first4=S. |last5=Förster |first5=F. |last6=Folatelli |first6=G. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Progenitor properties of type II supernovae: fitting to hydrodynamical models using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=642 |pages=A143 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202038393 |arxiv=2008.05572 |bibcode=2020A&A...642A.143M |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> was enriched in [[helium]] and [[nitrogen]] in relative abundances in mass fractions of 0.30–0.40 and {{val|8.2|e=−3}}, respectively.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Terreran |first1=G. |last2=Jacobson-Galán |first2=W. V. |last3=Groh |first3=J. H. |last4=Margutti |first4=R.|author4-link=Raffaella Margutti |last5=Coppejans |first5=D. L. |last6=Dimitriadis |first6=G. |last7=Kilpatrick |first7=C. D. |last8=Matthews |first8=D. J. |last9=Siebert |first9=M. R. |last10=Angus |first10=C. R. |last11=Brink |first11=T. G. |last12=Filippenko |first12=A. V. |last13=Foley |first13=R. J. |last14=Jones |first14=D. O. |last15=Tinyanont |first15=S. |date=February 2022 |title=The Early Phases of Supernova 2020pni: Shock Ionization of the Nitrogen-enriched Circumstellar Material |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |language=en |volume=926 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac3820 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2105.12296 |bibcode=2022ApJ...926...20T |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> A first study shows 1 day after the discovery, there was a significant He II emission which had [[Gamma ray|strong flash features]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bruch |first1=R. |last2=Nordin |first2=J. |last3=Schulze |first3=S. |last4=Yang |first4=Y. |last5=Irani |first5=I. |last6=Gal-Yam |first6=A. |last7=Yaron |first7=O. |last8=Perley |first8=D. |last9=Sollerman |first9=J. |date=2020-07-01 |title=ZTF early discovery and rapid follow-up of the infant SN ZTF20ablygyy/2020pni |journal=Transient Name Server AstroNote |volume=136 |pages=1|bibcode=2020TNSAN.136....1B }}</ref> Another study shows during the 4 days after, there was an increase in [[velocity]] of [[Hydrogen spectral series|hydrogen lines]] (from ~250 to ~1000 km/s) suggesting complex [[Circumstellar envelope|circumstellar medium]] (CSM).<ref name=":4" /> A presence of dense and confined CSM as well as its [[Inhomogeneous cosmology|inhomogeneous structure]], indicates a phrase of enhanced [[Stellar mass loss|mass loss]] of the SN 2020pni progenitor a year before the explosion.<ref name=":4" /> As of 2023, the supernova has since faded from view.<ref name=":1" />

== References == <references />

[[Category:UGC objects|9684]] [[Category:Boötes]] [[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|053758]] [[Category:LEDA objects|053758]] [[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]] [[Category:SDSS objects]] [[Category:IRAS catalogue objects|F15020+4218]] [[Category:Starburst galaxies]] [[Category:MCG objects|+07-31-024]]