United States Immigration and Naturalization Service

{{Short description|U.S. federal government agency (1933–2003)}} {{Use American English|date=January 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox government agency | agency_name = United States Immigration and Naturalization Service | logo = Flag of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service.svg{{!}}border | logo_width = 170px | logo_caption = Flag of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service | seal = Seal of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service.svg | seal_width = 170px | seal_caption = Seal of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service | formed = {{start date and age|1933|6|10}}<ref name="1933establishment">{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/085.html|title=Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service|date=1995|access-date=April 21, 2017|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|quote=Established: In the Department of Labor by EO 6166, June 10, 1933.)|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126064818/https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/085.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | preceding1 = | dissolved = {{end date|2003}} | superseding = USCIS, ICE, CBP | jurisdiction = U.S. federal government | headquarters = Washington, D.C., U.S.  | employees = | budget = | minister1_name = | minister1_pfo = | minister2_name = | minister2_pfo = | chief1_name = | chief1_position = | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | parent_agency = Department of Justice | child1_agency = | website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20000816041408/http://www.ins.gov/graphics/index.htm|ins.gov (archived)}} | footnotes = }}{{About|the former agency handling immigration in the United States|the succeeding agency|United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}[[File:Oldinsseattle.jpg|thumb|Old INS building in Seattle]] The '''United States Immigration and Naturalizatiom Service''' ('''INS''') was a United States federal government agency under the United States Department of Labor from 1933 to 1940 and under the United States Department of Justice from 1940 to 2003.

Referred to by some as '''former INS''' and by others as '''legacy INS''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/United_States._Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service.aspx|title=What's correct, the term ''legacy INS'' or the term ''the former INS''?|date=21 May 2018|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> the agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003, when most of its functions were transferred to three new entities – United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) – within the newly created United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), as part of a major government reorganization following the September 11 attacks of 2001.

Prior to 1933, there were separate offices administering immigration and naturalization matters, known as the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization, respectively. The INS was established on June 10, 1933, merging these previously separate areas of administration. In 1890, the federal government, rather than the individual states, regulated immigration into the United States,<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/elis/historyculture/index.htm Ellis Island], National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, 8 May 2018</ref> and the Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department. Reflecting changing governmental concerns, immigration was transferred to the purview of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913.<ref>Darrell Hevenor Smith and H. Guy Herring, ''The Bureau of Immigration: Its History, Activities, and Organization'' (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1924).</ref> In 1940, with increasing concern about national security, immigration and naturalization was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice.<ref>Sharon D. Masanz, ''History of the Immigration and Naturalization Service: A Congressional Research Service Report'' (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1980)</ref>

In 2003 the administration of immigration services, including permanent residence, naturalization, asylum, and other functions, became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed under that name only for a short time before changing to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The investigative and enforcement functions of the INS (including investigations, deportation, and intelligence) were combined with the U.S. Customs investigators to create U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The border functions of the INS, which included the Border Patrol and INS Inspectors, were combined with U.S. Customs Inspectors to create U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

==Mission==

The INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) administered federal immigration laws and regulations including the Immigration and Nationality Act (Title 8, United States Code). Its officers inspected foreigners arriving at an official Port of Entry (POE), detecting and deterring illegal entry between the ports (with the assistance of the Border Patrol, a component of the INS) and by sea, and conducting investigations of criminal and administrative violations of the Act. The INS also adjudicated applications for permanent residency ("green cards"), change of status, naturalization (the process by which an alien [foreign-born person] becomes a citizen), and similar matters.

==Structure==

At the head of the INS was a commissioner appointed by the President who reported to the Attorney General in the Department of Justice. The INS worked closely with the United Nations, the Department of State, and the Department of Health and Human Services. The INS was a very large and complex organization that had four main divisions—Programs, Field Operations, Policy and Planning, and Management—that were responsible for operations and management.

The operational functions of the INS included the Programs and Field Operations divisions. The Programs division was responsible for handling all the functions involved with enforcement and examinations, including the arrest, detaining, and deportation of illegal immigrants as well as controlling illegal and legal entry.

The Field Operations division was responsible for overseeing INS' many offices operating throughout the country and the world. The Field Operations division implemented policies and handled tasks for its three regional offices, which in turn oversaw 33 districts and 21 border areas throughout the country. Internationally, the Field Operations division oversaw the Headquarters Office of International Affairs which in turn oversaw 16 offices outside the country.

Managerial functions of the INS included the Policy and Planning and Management divisions. The Office of Policy and Planning coordinated all information for the INS and communicated with other cooperating government agencies and the public. The office was divided into three areas: the Policy Division; the Planning Division; and the Evaluation and Research Center. The second managerial division, called the Management division, was responsible for maintaining the overall mission of the INS throughout its many offices and providing administrative services to these offices. These duties were handled by the offices of Information Resources Management, Finance, Human Resources and Administration, and Equal Employment Opportunity.

==History==

Shortly after the U.S. Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1876 that immigration was a federal responsibility. The Immigration Act of 1891 established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the Treasury Department.<ref name="na">[https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/085.html Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126064818/https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/085.html |date=January 26, 2021 }}, National Archives. Accessed July 15, 2010,</ref> This office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy. 'Immigrant Inspectors', as they were called then, were stationed at major U.S. ports of entry collecting manifests of arriving passengers. Its largest station was located on Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Among other things, a 'head tax' of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant.

Paralleling some contemporary immigration concerns, in the early 1900s Congress's primary interest in immigration was to protect American workers and wages: the reason it had become a federal concern in the first place. This made immigration more a matter of commerce than revenue. In 1903, Congress transferred the Bureau of Immigration to the newly created (now-defunct) Department of Commerce and Labor, and on June 10, 1933, the agency was established as the ''Immigration and Naturalizatiom Service''.<ref name="1933establishment"/>

After World War I, Congress attempted to stem the flow of immigrants, still mainly coming from Europe, by passing a law in 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924 limiting the number of newcomers by assigning a quota to each nationality based upon its representation in previous U.S. census figures. Each year, the U.S. State Department issued a limited number of visas; only those immigrants who could present valid visas were permitted entry.

There were a number of predecessor agencies to INS between 1891 and 1933. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was formed in 1933 by a merger of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalizatiom.<ref name="na"/>

Both those bureaus, as well as the newly created INS, were controlled by the Department of Labor. President Franklin Roosevelt moved the INS from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice in 1940,<ref name="na"/> citing a need for "more effective control over aliens" as the United States moved closer to joining World War II.<ref>"The President Presents Plan No. V to Carry Out the Provisions of the Reorganization Act", ''The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1940 Volume'' (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941) pp 223-29.</ref>

By July 1941, Justice Department officials had decided that the INS would oversee the internment of enemy aliens arrested by the FBI should the U.S. enter the war, and immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor these plans went into effect. By December 10, three days after the attack, the INS had 1,291 Japanese, 857 German, and 147 Italian nationals in custody.<ref name=Mak>{{cite web |last=Mak |first=Stephen |url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Immigration%20and%20Naturalization%20Service/ |title=Immigration and Naturalization Service |publisher=Densho Encyclopedia |date=June 10, 2020 |access-date=October 30, 2014 |archive-date=October 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029055255/http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Immigration%20and%20Naturalization%20Service/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These "enemy aliens," many of whom had resided in the United States for decades, were arrested without warrants or formal charges. They were held in immigration stations and various requisitioned sites, often for months, before receiving a hearing (without the benefit of legal counsel or defense witnesses) and being released, paroled, or transferred to a Department of Justice internment camp.<ref name=Mak/> Starting in 1942, the INS also interned German, Italian, and Japanese Latin Americans deported from Peru and other countries. It is estimated that 17,477 persons of Japanese ancestry, 11,507 of German ancestry, 2,730 of Italian ancestry, and 185 others were interned by the Immigration and Naturalizatiom Service during the war.<ref>Kashima, Tetsuden. ''Judgement Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment During World War II'' (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003), pp 124-25.</ref>

In November 1979, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti announced that INS raids would only take place at places of work, not at residences where suspected illegal immigrants were suspected of living.<ref name="'70s 271">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|author-link= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/271 271]|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/271|url-access= registration}}</ref>

===Agency succession=== The agency names and overseeing departments are listed below.<ref name="USCIS History">{{Cite web |url=https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/our-history/explore-agency-history/commissioners-and-directors |title=Commissioners and Directors |website=uscis.gov |access-date=2026-05-16}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" !Agency !Department !Start !End |- |Office of Immigration |Treasury |1891 |1903 |- |Bureau of Immigration |rowspan=2 |Commerce and Labor |1903 |1906 |- |Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization |1906 |1913 |- |Bureau of Immigration |rowspan=3 |Labor |rowspan=2 |1913 |rowspan=2 |1933 |- |Bureau of Naturalization |- |rowspan=2 |Immigration and Naturalization Service |1933 |1940 |- |Justice |1940 |2003 |- |Citizenship and Immigration Services |rowspan=3 |Homeland Security |rowspan=3 |2003 |rowspan=3 |present |- |Customs and Border Protection |- |Immigration and Customs Enforcement |}

==List of commissioners== A list of former INS commissioners and its predecessors is below.<ref name="USCIS History"/>

{|class="toccolours" |{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting capacity.}} |}

;Superintendents of Immigration (1891–1895) {|class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Start !End !colspan=2 |President |- |{{sortname|William|Owen|William D. Owen}} |{{dts|July 1, 1891}} |{{dts|April 7, 1893}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Benjamin|Harrison}} (1889–1893) |- |{{sortname|Herman|Stump}} |{{dts|April 8, 1893}} |{{dts|March 1, 1895}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Grover|Cleveland}} (1893–1897) |}

;Commissioners General of Immigration (1895–1933) {|class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Start !End !colspan=2 |President |- |{{sortname|Herman|Stump}} |{{dts|March 2, 1895}} |{{dts|June 30, 1897}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Grover|Cleveland}} (1893–1897) |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Terence|Powderly}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|July 1, 1897}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|June 24, 1902}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|William|McKinley}} (1897–1901) |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Theodore|Roosevelt}} (1901–1909) |- |{{sortname|Frank|Sargent|Frank P. Sargent}} |{{dts|June 25, 1902}} |{{dts|September 4, 1908}} |- |{{sortname|Daniel|Keefe}} |{{dts|July 1, 1909}} |{{dts|May 31, 1913}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|William|Taft|William Howard Taft}} (1909–1913) |- |{{sortname|Anthony|Caminetti}} |{{dts|June 1, 1913}} |{{dts|March 13, 1921}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Woodrow|Wilson}} (1913–1921) |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|William|Husband|dab=government official}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|March 15, 1921}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|May 15, 1925}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Warren|Harding|Warren G. Harding}} (1921–1923) |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Calvin|Coolidge}} (1923–1929) |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Harry|Hull}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|May 16, 1925}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|April 26, 1933}} |- |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Herbert|Hoover}} (1929–1933) |- |{{sortname|Daniel|MacCormack}} |{{dts|April 27, 1933}} |{{dts|August 9, 1933}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Franklin|Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt}} (1933–1945) |}

;Commissioners of Naturalization (1913–1933) {|class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Start !End !colspan=2 |President |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Richard|Campbell|dab=immigration official}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|March 4, 1913}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|December 21, 1922}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Woodrow|Wilson}} (1913–1921) |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Warren|Harding|Warren G. Harding}} (1921–1923) |- |rowspan=4 |{{sortname|Raymond|Crist}} |rowspan=4 |{{dts|January 1, 1923}} |rowspan=4 |{{dts|August 9, 1933}} |- |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Calvin|Coolidge}} (1923–1929) |- |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Herbert|Hoover}} (1929–1933) |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Franklin|Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt}} (1933–1945) |}

;Commissioners of Immigration and Naturalizatiom Services (1933–2003) {|class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Start !End !colspan=2 |President |- |{{sortname|Daniel|MacCormack}} |{{dts|August 10, 1933}} |{{dts|January 1, 1937}} |rowspan=5 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=5 |{{sortname|Franklin|Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt}} (1933–1945) |- |{{sortname|James|Houghteling}} |{{dts|August 26, 1937}} |{{dts|July 31, 1940}} |- |{{sortname|Lemuel|Schofield|Lemuel Braddock Schofield}} |{{dts|October 1, 1940}} |{{dts|July 19, 1942}} |- |{{sortname|Earl|Harrison|Earl G. Harrison}} |{{dts|July 20, 1942}} |{{dts|July 20, 1944}} |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Ugo|Carusi}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|January 9, 1945}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|August 26, 1947}} |- |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Harry|Truman|Harry S. Truman}} (1945–1953) |- |{{sortname|Watson|Miller}} |{{dts|August 27, 1947}} |{{dts|June 9, 1950}} |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Argyle|Mackey}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|April 23, 1951}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|May 23, 1954}} |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Dwight|Eisenhower|Dwight D. Eisenhower}} (1953–1961) |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Joe|Swing|Joseph May Swing}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|May 24, 1954}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|January 5, 1962}} |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|John F.|Kennedy}} (1961–1963) |- |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Raymond|Farrell}} |rowspan=3 |{{dts|February 5, 1962}} |rowspan=3 |{{dts|March 31, 1973}} |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Lyndon|Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson}} (1963–1969) |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Richard|Nixon}} (1969–1974) |- |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Leonard|Chapman|Leonard F. Chapman Jr.}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|November 29, 1973}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|May 12, 1977}} |- |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Gerald|Ford}} (1974–1977) |- |{{sortname|Leonel|Castillo}} |{{dts|May 13, 1977}} |{{dts|October 1, 1979}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Jimmy|Carter}} (1977–1981) |- |{{sortname|Alan|Nelson|Alan C. Nelson}} |{{dts|February 22, 1982}} |{{dts|June 16, 1989}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Ronald|Reagan}} (1981–1989) |- |{{sortname|Gene|McNary}} |{{dts|October 26, 1989}} |{{dts|January 20, 1993}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|George H. W.|Bush}} (1989–1993) |- |{{sortname|Doris|Meissner}} |{{dts|October 18, 1993}} |{{dts|November 18, 2000}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Bill|Clinton}} (1993–2001) |- |{{sortname|James|Ziglar}} |{{dts|August 6, 2001}} |{{dts|November 30, 2002}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|George W.|Bush}} (2001–2009) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |{{sortname|Michael|Garcia|Michael J. Garcia}} Acting |{{dts|November 30, 2002}} |{{dts|March 1, 2003}} |}

==Films==

The work of the immigration service has been dramatized or depicted in literature, music, art, and theatre. Films using its work as a theme include ''The Immigrant'' (1917), ''The Strong Man'' (1926), ''Ellis Island'' (1936), ''Paddy O'Day'' (1936), ''Gateway'' (1938), ''Secret Service of the Air'' (1939), ''Exile Express'' (1939), ''Five Came Back'' (1939), ''Illegal Entry'' (1949), ''Deported'' (1950), ''Gambling House'' (1951), ''Born in East L.A.'' (1987), ''Die Hard'' (1988), ''Coneheads'' (1993), ''My Fellow Americans'' (1996), ''Men in Black'' (1997), ''Fun with Dick and Jane'' (2005) and ''Ip Man 4: The Finale'' (2019).

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.ins.gov Official Site] (2000–2003) (Archive) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105823/http://findfederalagency.com/immigration-naturalization-service-ins History site] * [http://www.dhs.gov Department of Homeland Security (DHS)] * [http://www.uscis.gov U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) of the DHS] * [http://www.ice.gov U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) of the DHS] * [http://www.cbp.gov U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) of the DHS]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Immigration And Naturalization Service}} Category:Immigration to the United States Category:Defunct federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Category:History of immigration to the United States Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2003 Category:Government agencies established in 1933 Category:1933 establishments in the United States Category:2003 disestablishments in the United States