{{Short description|Chinese ballistic missile submarine class}} {{Use American English|date=March 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}} {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=Jin class SSBN.svg |image_caption=Profile of the Type 094 }}
|section2={{Infobox ship/image |image=Jin (Type 094) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine.JPG |image_caption= Type 094 submarine }}
|section3={{Infobox ship/class overview |name= Type 094 |builders=Bohai Shipyard, Huludao, China<ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |operators={{navy|CHN}} |class_before=Type 092 submarine |class_after=Type 096 |subclasses= |cost= $750 million per unit<ref>Till, G. (Ed.), Chan, J. (Ed.). (2014). Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia. London: Routledge. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 Page 23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA23 |date=4 August 2018 }}.</ref> |built_range= |in_service_range= |in_commission_range= 2007–present<ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |total_ships_building=2<ref name="iiss_boom_times">{{cite web |last1=Boyd |first1=Henry |last2=Waldwyn |first2=Tom |date=16 February 2026 |title=Boomtime at Bohai: China ramps up submarine production |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2026/02/boomtime-at-bohai-china-ramps-up-submarine-production |website=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> |total_ships_planned= |total_ships_completed= |total_ships_canceled= |total_ships_active=6{{sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=309}} |total_ships_laid_up= |total_ships_lost= |total_ships_preserved= }}
|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= |type=Ballistic missile submarine |displacement=*{{convert|8000|t|LT}} surfaced<ref name="scmp_2025-05">{{cite web |author1=Liu Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3308686/chinas-military-reveals-details-type-094-nuclear-submarine-first-time |title=China's military reveals details of Type 094 nuclear submarine for first time|website=South China Morning Post|date=2 May 2025|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> *11,000 tons submerged.<ref name="scmp_2025-05"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.usni.org/2014/06/09/chinese-weapons-worry-pentagon |title=Chinese Weapons That Worry the Pentagon |last1=LaGrone |first1=Sam |last2=Majumdar |first2=Dave |website=usni.org |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626083046/https://news.usni.org/2014/06/09/chinese-weapons-worry-pentagon |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |length={{convert|137|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="scmp_2025-05"/> |beam={{convert|13|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="scmp_2025-05"/> |height= |draught= |draft= |depth= |hold_depth= |decks= |deck_clearance= |ramps= |ice_class= |power= |propulsion=Nuclear, 1 shaft<ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |speed= *{{convert|30|kn}} submerged (official)<ref name="scmp_2025-05"/> |range=Unlimited |endurance= |test_depth= 400 m<ref name="scmp_2025-05"/> |complement=140<ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |crew= |time_to_activate= |sensors= |EW= |armament= Missiles: 12 JL-2 or JL-3 SLBM |armour= |armor= |aircraft= |aircraft_facilities= |notes= }} }}
The '''Type 094''' ({{zh|c=09-IV型核潜艇}}; Chinese designation: 09-IV; NATO reporting name: '''Jin class''') is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines developed by China for the People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force. The Type 094 succeeds the Type 092 submarine and precedes the Type 096 submarine, which is under development.
==Description== thumb|left|JL-1 and JL-2 missiles The Type 094's chief designer was Zhang Jinlin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=周劼 (Zhou, Jie) |date=2023-01-09 |title=张金麟院士在汉逝世，花甲之年挑起核潜艇研制工作重担 |trans-title=Zhang Jinlin passed away in Wuhan, ...... |url=http://news.cjn.cn/whpd/yw_19947/202301/t4409198.htm |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=news.cjn.cn |publisher=Yangtze Daily |language=zh |publication-place=Wuhan, China}}</ref> This type is likely based on the Type 093 nuclear-powered attack submarine.<ref name="janes_2015_128"/>
The Type 094 is China's "first credible sea-based nuclear deterrent" according to the United States Department of Defense.{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2022|p=53}} They were initially armed with 12 JL-2 SLBMs;<ref name="janes_2015_128">{{cite book |last1=Saunders |first1=Stephen |title=IHS Jane's Fighting Ships 2015-2016 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7106-3143-5 |page=128}}</ref> each missile had one warhead<ref name="nasic">{{cite report |author=United States National Air and Space Intelligence Center |author-link=National Air and Space Intelligence Center |date=June 2017 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |id=NASIC-1031-0985-17 |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/Portals/19/images/Fact%20Sheet%20Images/2017%20Ballistic%20and%20Cruise%20Missile%20Threat_Final_small.pdf?ver=2017-07-21-083234-343 |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222937/https://www.nasic.af.mil/Portals/19/images/Fact%20Sheet%20Images/2017%20Ballistic%20and%20Cruise%20Missile%20Threat_Final_small.pdf?ver=2017-07-21-083234-343 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and a {{convert|7200|km|mi|abbr=on}} range capable of reaching parts of Alaska launched from near China. By late 2022, they may have been rearmed with JL-3 SLBMs able to reach the continental United States from the South China Sea;{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2022|p=96}} ranges of over {{convert|10,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} have been reported.<ref name="bloomberg_2022-11">{{cite web |last1=Capaccio |first1=Anthony |date=18 November 2022 |title=China Has Put Longer-Range ICBMs on Its Nuclear Subs, US Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-18/us-says-china-s-subs-armed-with-longer-range-ballistic-missiles |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>
Starting with the third boat, the sail was streamlined with a small cusp or fillet at the bottom of leading edge and a slight round down at the top of the sail.{{sfn|Carlson|Wang|2023|p=18}} This was similar to the streamlining refitted to one of the first Type 093 submarines{{sfn|Carlson|Wang|2023|p=9}} and likely did little to reduce overall drag.{{sfn|Carlson|Wang|2023|p=18}}
The fifth and sixth boats reduced the number of limber holes to reduce noise at high speeds.{{sfn|Carlson|Wang|2023|p=18}}
Popular reporting sometimes uses the designation "Type 094A" for boats starting with the third one; the designation appears not to be officially used by the PLAN.{{sfn|Carlson|Wang|2023|p=18}}
=== Noise === The Type 094 is noisier than contemporary submarines. In 2004,{{sfn|Erickson|Goldstein|2007|p=19}} a Chinese researcher reported that the Type 094 had an acoustic signature of 120 decibels, comparable to the {{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine}}.{{sfn|Erickson|Goldstein|2007|p=14}} In 2009, the Office of Naval Intelligence of the United States Navy listed the Type 094 as noisier than Soviet/Russian SSBNs from the late 1970s.<ref name="oni_2009">{{Cite report |url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/oni/pla-navy.pdf |title=The People's Liberation Army Navy, A Modern Navy with Chinese Characteristics |publisher=Office of Naval Intelligence |date=August 2009 |page=22 (pp25 of PDF) |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909231931/http://fas.org/irp/agency/oni/pla-navy.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Thomas-noone-2015-09"/> In 2015, Australian researchers Brendan Thomas-Noone and Rorey Medcalf noted that noisiness and the range of the JL-2 limited the submarine's effectiveness in attacks on the contiguous United States, but not on India.<ref name="Thomas-noone-2015-09">{{Cite report |url=http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/nuclear-armed-submarines-in-indo-pacific-asia-stabiliser-or-menace_0.pdf |title=Nuclear-armed submarines in Indo-Pacific Asia: Stabiliser or menace? |last1=Thomas-Noone |first1=Brendan |last2=Medcalf |first2=Rory |date=September 2015 |publisher=Lowy Institute for International Policy |page=6 (pp8 of PDF) |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909003141/http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/nuclear-armed-submarines-in-indo-pacific-asia-stabiliser-or-menace_0.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
== Operational history ==
A Type 094 was photographed by commercial satellites in late 2006 at the Xiaopingdao Submarine Base.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |date=4 October 2007 |title=Two More Chinese SSBNs Spotted |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2007/10/two_more_chinese_ssbns_spotted/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422231607/http://fas.org/blogs/security/2007/10/two_more_chinese_ssbns_spotted/ |archive-date=22 April 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The first commissioned in 2007<ref name="janes_2015_128"/> and six were in commission in 2020.<ref name="crs_orourke_2020_p8">{{Cite report |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Ronald |date=21 May 2020 |title=China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress |publisher=Congressional Research Service |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33153/236 |page=8|access-date=10 June 2020 }}</ref> They began nuclear deterrence patrols in December 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=16 December 2015 |title=China advances sea- and land-based nuclear deterrent capabilities |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |location=Surrey, UK |publisher=Jane's Information Group |volume=53 |issue=6 |issn=0265-3818}}</ref>
Type 094 boats have surfaced unexpectedly in public view without official explanation. In October 2017, a boat surfaced amidst a Vietnamese fishing fleet near the Paracel Islands, possibly due to a technical issue.{{sfn|Kirchberger|2023|p=15}} Boats have also surfaced in the Taiwan Strait in 2020, 2021, and 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=Lawrence |title=Why did a Chinese nuclear-powered submarine suddenly surface in the Taiwan Strait? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3267228/why-did-chinese-nuclear-powered-submarine-suddenly-surface-taiwan-strait |website=South China Morning Post |date=19 Jun 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619123708/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3267228/why-did-chinese-nuclear-powered-submarine-suddenly-surface-taiwan-strait |archive-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>
== Boats == <!-- Data for the fourth and fifth from JFS 2015-2016 are partially omitted. JFS data included projected dates. It also seems likely the hull numbers ("414" and "415") were extrapolated rather than known. --> {| class="wikitable" !Name !Hull no. !Builder !Laid down !Launched !Commissioned !Status |- | |411 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> | rowspan="4" |Bohai Shipyard, Huludao<ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |2001 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |28 July 2004 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |March 2007 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |Active |- |''Changzheng 10''<ref name="parade">{{Cite web |title=《新闻联播》曝光中国海上大阅兵独家画面(图) |url=https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2019-04-23/doc-ihvhiqax4677733.shtml |agency=观察者网 |date=23 April 2019 |publisher=sina.com.cn |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> |412 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |2003 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |2006 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |2010 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |Active |- |''Changzheng 11''<ref name="parade"/> |413 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |2004 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |December 2009 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |2012 <ref name="janes_2015_128"/> |Active |- | | |2006 <ref name="JFS 2023-24">''Jane's Fighting Ships'', 2023-24 Edition, ISBN 978-0-7106-3428 3, page 132.</ref> |2011 <ref name="JFS 2023-24"/> |2015 <ref name="JFS 2023-24"/> |Active |- | | | rowspan="4" |Bohai Shipyard, Huludao<ref name="JFS 2023-24"/> | | 2017 <ref name="JFS 2023-24"/> | April 2020 <ref name="JFS 2023-24"/> |Active |- | ''Changzheng 18''<ref name="janes_2021-04-27">{{cite web |last=Tate |first=Andrew |title=China commissions three major naval vessels on PLAN's 72nd anniversary |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-commissions-three-major-naval-vessels-on-plans-72nd-anniversary |website=Janes |date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021 }}</ref> | 421<ref name="cz18_comm">{{Cite web |editor=赵文涵 |title=习近平出席海军三型主战舰艇集中交接入列活动 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2021-04/24/c_1127370401.htm |website=Xinhua News Agency |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> | | |23 April 2021<ref name="janes_2021-04-27"/> |Active |- | | | |2024<ref name="iiss_boom_times"/> | | |- | | | |2025<ref name="iiss_boom_times"/> | | |}
==See also== * List of submarine classes in service
==References== {{commons category|Type 09IV submarines}} {{Reflist|35em}}
==Sources== * {{cite journal |last1=Carlson |first1=Christopher P. |last2=Wang |first2=Howard |date=August 2023 |title=A Brief Technical History of PLAN Nuclear Submarines |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-maritime-reports/30/ |journal=China Maritime Report |number=30 |publisher=China Maritime Studies Institute }} * {{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=Andrew S. |last2=Goldstein |first2=Lyle J. |date=2007 |title=China's Future Nuclear Submarine Force |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol60/iss1/6 |journal=Naval War College Review |volume=60 |number=1 |pages= |doi= }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kirchberger |first1=Sarah |date=September 2023 |title=China's Submarine Industrial Base: State-Led Innovation with Chinese Characteristics |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-maritime-reports/31/ |journal=China Maritime Report |number=31 |publisher=China Maritime Studies Institute }} * {{Cite book |author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-041-04967-8 }} * {{Cite book |title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China |date=2022 |url=https://media.defense.gov/2022/Nov/29/2003122279/-1/-1/1/2022-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF |publisher=United States Department of Defense |location=Arlington, VA |ref={{sfnref|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2022}} }}
{{Ship classes of the Chinese Navy|state=collapsed}} {{SSBN classes in service|state=collapsed}}
Category:Submarine classes Category:Ballistic missile submarines Category:Submarines of the People's Liberation Army Navy Category:Nuclear-powered submarines Category:Nuclear submarines of the Chinese Navy