Twin-boom aircraft

{{short description|Aircraft configuration utilizing two longitudinal booms for support of ancillary items}} {{Use British English|date=December 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} [[File:434th TCW Bakalar Air Force Base C-119.jpg|thumb|A [[Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar]], doing a parachute drop from the rear]] [[File:vampire t11 wz507 g-vtii cotswoldairshow 2010 arp.jpg|thumb|A [[de Havilland Vampire #DH.115 Vampire Trainers|de Havilland Vampire T.11]], whose booms keep the rear fuselage clear of the jet exhaust]] [[File:Caproni Ca.3 flying.PNG|thumb|A [[Caproni Ca.3]], whose booms provided clearance for a propeller - and a position for a gunner to fire to the rear]] A '''twin-boom aircraft''' has two [[wikt:Longitudinal|longitudinal]] auxiliary spars, or "auxiliary booms" {{Explain|date=January 2025|What's an "auxiliary boom"? Googling the term leads me straight back to the article!}}, that may contain ancillary components such as [[fuel tank|fuel tanks]] and/or provide a supporting structure for other items. Typically, twin tailbooms support the [[Empennage|tail surfaces]], although on some types such as the [[Rutan Grizzly|Rutan Model 72 Grizzly]] the booms run forward of the wing. The twin-boom configuration is distinct from [[Twin-fuselage aircraft|twin-fuselage]] designs in that it retains a central fuselage.

==Design==

The twin-boom configuration is distinct from the [[twin-fuselage aircraft|twin fuselage]] type in having a separate, short fuselage housing the pilot and payload. It has been adopted to resolve various design problems with the conventional [[empennage]] for aircraft in different roles.

===Engine mounting=== For a single engine with a propeller in the [[pusher configuration]] or a [[jet engine]], a conventional tail requires the propeller or exhaust to be moved far aft, requiring either a very long [[driveshaft]] or jet pipe and thus reducing propulsive efficiency. The twin-boom configuration allows a much shorter and more efficient installation.<ref>Martyn Chorlton and Tony Buttler; "De Havilland's First-Generation Interceptor", ''Vampire'', Aeroplane Icons, 2014. Page 6.</ref> The [[Saab 21]] was originally built as a pusher type and was later adapted to jet power as the [[Saab 21R|21R]].<ref>Green & Swanborough (1994), pp.512-3.</ref>

In these designs, the tailplane (horizontal stabilizer) is typically high-mounted on twin tail fins to keep it clear of the engine wake. The [[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne]] and [[SpaceShipTwo]] sub-orbital spaceplanes adopted twin booms with [[outboard tail]]s or outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) to keep the airframe clear of the more widely-spreading rocket engine exhaust.

Twin booms have also been adopted for twin-engined designs where the engine system includes bulky additional items such as turbochargers and heat exchangers, taking up a large volume of space. Examples include the [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]].

===Field of view=== For a rear observation or gunnery position to have an unobstructed field of view, placing it at the rear of a conventional tail moves it so far aft that problems arise with the centre of mass and balancing the aircraft. Getting rid of the conventional empennage allows the rear position to be located more forward, resolving the balance problem. An example is provided by the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 189]].

However the twin booms and bridging tailplane still obstruct the field of view to some extent and guns in this position are especially restricted in firing to the side.

===Transport access=== Loading and unloading large freight or cargo items such as vehicles and containers requires large access doors. In conventional designs these doors must be located at the nose or side of the fuselage, necessitating heavy reinforcement of the main structure. Side doors limit the length of an item to the width of the door and access may also be obstructed by engines or undercarriage. The twin-boom configuration allows a large door to be placed at the rear of the fuselage, free from obstruction by the tail assembly, as on the [[Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy]].

However access to the rear door remains limited, especially for trucks backing up to it, and a high-mounted conventional rear fuselage is often preferred.

===Efficiency=== Twin booms typically offer greater drag than a conventional arrangement. They are also typically shallower than the fuselage and thus inherently less stiff, requiring additional reinforcement to maintain a rigid tail position in pitch. On the other hand, tip effects on the tailplane are avoided and it is supported at both ends, allowing it to be made smaller and lighter. Moreover, span loading along the wing can reduce the structural forces between the booms and thus overall weight.

Some modern high-efficiency designs have twin booms which distribute the load along the wing span and/or stiffen the overall structure. Capable of flying non-stop round the world, the [[Rutan Voyager]] was a [[canard (aeronautics)|canard]] design with tractor propeller, in which the twin booms extended forwards to brace the foreplane as well as aft to support twin fins. The later [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer]] was jet propelled but with a similar range, still with large twin booms to accommodate the jet fuel in a lightweight span-loaded structure, but with a small conventional tail on each boom.

==History== [[File:Scaled Composites Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer ‘N277SF’ (51219806695).jpg|thumb|The [[Scaled Composites]] [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer]], a twin-boom aircraft which in 2005 flew the first solo nonstop airplane flight around the world.]] Twin boom designs can trace their history back to the lattices of booms used on many early boxkite aircraft. With the recognition of the tremendous drag these imposed, more compact structures covered in fabric were developed during the [[World War I]]. Prime examples include the [[Caproni Ca.3|Caproni series of trimotor bombers]]. Around the same time, the first wooden [[monocoque]] fuselages appeared, and it wasn't long before this technique was applied to provide twin booms. Possibly the first of these was the pre-war [[Nieuport pusher]], which used paper impregnated with [[Bakelite]] however the most successful were the [[AGO C.I]] and [[AGO C.II|C.II]] which used a more conventional wooden shell, built up from strips of wood glued over a form. With the development of [[aluminium]] stressed skin monocoques later in World War I, the same technique was extended to twin boom designs, beginning in the 1920s.

Most of the early designs used twin booms to clear a rear mounted propeller, however even in World War I, several larger aircraft used them to provide a gunner with the ability to cover the underside of the tail without having to have the weight at the very extreme end of the aircraft where it posed balance and control problems.

Only in World War II, with the increasing prevalence of transporting bulky items and vehicles by air was the utility of a rear door, in line with the cabin to ease loading realized, and with it, the utility of moving the rear fuselage structure to the sides to avoid excessive height in the rear fuselage as on the [[Gotha Go 242]] glider. With the beginning of the jet age, the need for clearance for the propeller was replaced with the need to provide a clear path for hot exhaust gases. Jet engine efficiency was hampered by long intake and exhaust trunks, as were used on many early designs, and one solution was to use twin booms to shorten the exhaust trunking to the minimum, such as de Havilland used on their successful [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampire]] and [[de Havilland Venom|Venom]] jet fighters.

A small number of designs used twin booms for other reasons, most notable being the [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]], whose booms contained the overly lengthy engine turbo-superchargers, which would have made for an unusually long nacelle. The final use for a twin boom to be developed was in tying together very high aspect ratio wings and canards as on the [[Rutan Voyager]], to reduce flexing, and the weight needed to otherwise constrain it. Also, by having the mass from most of the fuel mid-span, it reduces the forces on the wings considerably, much in the same manner mounting the engines mid-span on most jet transports does.

Despite these anticipated benefits, twin booms remain unusual. For most cases, the booms are less efficient structurally in providing pitch stiffness, and produce more drag. In the case of those using twin booms to improve the field of fire downwards, it severely reduces it laterally, and often directly astern. For transports, the booms may facilitate access to the fuselage, but trucks then have to be extremely careful to not hit parts of the aircraft that they are then getting closer to. As a result, the C-119 remained an anomaly, and most successful post-war transports, such as the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]], reverted to a single rear fuselage.

==List of twin-boom aircraft== {{avilisthead|general}} |- |[[AAI RQ-7 Shadow]]||US||UAV||UAV||1991|| || || |- |[[Abrams P-1 Explorer]]||US||Propeller||Survey||1937||Prototype||1|| |- |[[AD Seaplane Type 1000]]||UK||Propeller||Bomber||1916||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Adam A500]]||US||Propeller||Transport||2002||Prototype||7|| |- |[[Adam A700]]||US||Jet||Transport||2003 ||Prototype||2|| |- |[[ADI Condor]]||US||Propeller||Motor glider||1981 ||Prototype||1|| |- |[[AeroRIK Dingo]]||Russia||Propeller||Utility||1997||Prototype||1-5||<ref>{{cite web|last=Savine|first=Alexandre|url=http://ram-home.com/ram-old/dingo.html|title='Dingo' amphibian by NPP "AeroRIK" (Designer General Viktor Morozov)|website=Russian Aviation Museum|date=13 November 2000|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[AGO C.I]]||Germany||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1915 ||Production||64|| |- |[[AGO C.II]]||Germany||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1915 ||Production||15|| |- |[[AHRLAC Holdings Ahrlac]]||South Africa||Propeller||Attack||2014||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Air Utility AU-18]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1945||Prototype||1||<ref name="aerofiles_com">{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_ab.html |website=Aerofiles.com|title=American Airplanes: Ab-Ak|date=2 May 2009|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Airmaster Avalon 680]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1983||Prototype|||1||<ref name="aerofiles_com" /> |- |[[Airsport Song]]||Czech Republic ||Propeller||Ultralight||2009 ||Production|| || |- |[[AISA GN]]||Spain||Autogyro||Utility||1982||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Akaflieg Stuttgart fs28]] Avispa||Germany||Propeller||Utility||1972||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Alaparma Baldo]]||Italy||Propeller||Utility||1949||Production||35 ca.|| |- |[[Alenia Aermacchi Sky-Y]]||Italy||UAV||UAV||2007|| || || |- |[[American Gyro AG-4 Crusader]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1935||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Antonov LEM-2]]/OKA-33||USSR||Propeller||Transport||1937||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|last=Savine|first=Alexandre|title=LEM-2, OKA-33 by O.K.Antonov, L.P.Malinovskij|url=http://ram-home.com/ram-old/lem-2.html|website=Russian Aviation Museum|date=27 July 1998|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Anderson Greenwood AG-14]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1947||Prototype||5|| |- |[[ANTEX-M]]||Portugal||UAV||UAV||2002|| || || |- |[[Antonov A-40]]||USSR||Glider||Transport||1942||Prototype||1||Air towed gliding tank |- |[[Arado E.340]]||Germany||Propeller||Bomber||n/a||Project||0|| |- |[[Armstechno NITI]]||Bulgaria||UAV||UAV||2006|| || || |- |[[Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy]]||UK||Propeller||Transport||1959||Production||74|| |- |[[Arpin A-1]]||UK||Propeller||Utility||1938||Prototype||1|| |- |[[AVE Mizar]]||US||Propeller||Flying car||1973||Prototype||2|| |- |[[BAE Systems Phoenix]]||UK||UAV||UAV||1986|| || || |- |[[BAE Systems SkyEye]]||UK||UAV||UAV||1973|| || || |- |[[BAT Crow]]||UK||Propeller||Ultralight||1920||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Baykar Bayraktar TB2]]||Turkey||UAV||UAV||2014|| || || |- |[[Baykar Bayraktar TB3]]||Turkey||UAV||UAV||2022||Project|| || |- |[[Bell XP-52]]||US||Propeller||Fighter||1940||Project||0|| |- |[[Belyayev EOI]]||USSR||Propeller||Fighter||1939||Project||0|| |- |[[Bendix 51]] & 51A||US||Propeller||Utility||1945||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Bestetti BN.1]]||Italy||Propeller||Utility||1940||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brotzu|first1=Emilio|last2=Caso|first2=Michele|last3=Garello|first3=Giancarlo|title=Scuola-Collegamento Volume 2|series=Dimensione Cielo, Aerei Italiani nella 2ª Guerra Mondiale Vol.11|language=it|publisher=Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri|location=Rome|year=1977|pages=87–92}}</ref> |- |[[Blériot 125]]||France||Propeller||Transport||1931||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Blohm & Voss BV 138]]||Germany||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1937||Production||297|| |- |[[Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack]]||US||UAV||UAV||2012|| || || |- |[[Bryan Autoplane]]||US||Propeller||Flying car||1953||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Bryant Dole Racer]] Angel of Los Angeles||US||Propeller||Racer||1927||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_bo.html |website=Aerofiles.com|title=American Airplanes: Bo-Bu|date=2 May 2009|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Burnelli CBY-3]]||Canada||Propeller||Transport||1944||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Burnelli GX-3]]||US||Propeller||Experimental||1929||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Burnelli UB-14]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1934||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Burnelli UB-20]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1930||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_burnelli.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=Burnelli|date=13 October 2009|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Buscaylet-de Monge 7-4]]||France||Propeller||Experimental||1923||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Buscaylet-de Monge 7-5]]||France||Propeller||Transport||1925||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Campbell Model F]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1935||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_ca.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Ca - Ci|date=15 August 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Canaero Toucan]]||Canada||Propeller||Ultralight||1983||Production||41+|| |- |[[Caproni Ca.1 (1914)|Caproni Ca.1]]||Italy||Propeller||Bomber||1914||Production||162|| |- |[[Caproni Ca.2]]||Italy||Propeller||Bomber||1915||Production||9|| |- |[[Caproni Ca.3]]||Italy||Propeller||Bomber||1916||Production||269-383|| |- |[[Caproni Ca.4]]||Italy||Propeller||Bomber||1917||Production||44-53|| |- |[[Caproni Ca.5 (1917)|Caproni Ca.5]]||Italy||Propeller||Bomber||1917||Production||662|| |- |[[Caproni Ca.37]]||Italy||Propeller||Attack||1916||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Caproni Ca.61]]||Italy||Propeller||Bomber||1922||Prototype||1-2|| |- |[[CarterCopter]]||US||Autogyro||Transport||1998||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Celier Xenon 2]]||Poland||Autogyro||Utility||2005||Production||100+|| |- |[[Cessna Skymaster]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1961||Production||2,993|| |- |[[Cessna XMC]]||US||Propeller||Experimental||1971||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Commuter Craft Innovator]]||US||Propeller||Transport||2015||Prototype||1|| {{citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=redlinked}} |- |[[Conroy Stolifter]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1968||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Continental KB-1]]||US||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1916||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Convair 106 Skycoach]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1946||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Convair Model 48 Charger]]||US||Propeller||Attack||1964||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Creative Flight Aerocat]]||Canada||Propeller||Transport||2001||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Cunliffe-Owen OA-1]]||UK||Propeller||Transport||1939||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Curtis Wright 21]]<!--not THE Curtiss-Wright-->||US||Propeller||Utility||1947||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_cu.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Cu - Cy|date=3 August 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Curtiss Autoplane]]||US||Propeller||Flying car||1917||Project||1|| |- |[[Curtiss CT]]||US||Propeller||Bomber||1921||Prototype||1|| |- |[[De Havilland Sea Vixen]]||UK||Jet||Fighter||1951||Production||145|| |- |[[De Havilland Vampire]]||UK||Jet||Fighter||1943||Production||3,268|| |- |[[De Havilland Venom|De Havilland Venom & Sea Venom]]||UK||Jet||Fighter||1952||Production||1,431|| |- |[[De Schelde S.20]]||Netherlands||Propeller||Trainer||1940||Prototype||1|| |- |[[De Schelde S.21]]||Netherlands||Propeller||Fighter||1940||Project||1|| |- |[[Diemert Defender]]||Canada||Propeller||Counter-insurgency||1989||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web |last1=Axelrod |first1=Gavin |title=Famed Manitoba aviator Bob Diemert remembered as a pioneer who 'never stopped dreaming' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/famed-aviator-remembered-following-death-1.7087959 |website=CBC |access-date=12 July 2025 |date=19 January 2024}}</ref> |- |[[Difoga 421]]||Netherlands||Propeller||Utility||1946||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite book|last=Wesselink|first=Theo|title=Difoga 421 en Fokker F.25 Promotor|year=2019|publisher=Wesselink|location=Netherlands|language=nl|isbn=978-9491993145}}</ref> |- |[[Dyle et Bacalan DB-70]]||France||Propeller||Transport||1929||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Doblhoff WNF 342]]||Germany||Helicopter||Reconnaissance||1943||Prototype||3|| |- |[[DRDO Nishant]]||India||UAV||UAV||1996|| || || |- |[[Edgley Optica]]||UK||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1979||Production||22|| |- |[[Eldred Flyer's Dream]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1946||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_e.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Ea - Ew|date=16 October 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Emsco B-8 Flying Wing]]||US||Propeller||Record||1930||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Fairchild C-82 Packet]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1944||Production||223|| |- |[[Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1947||Production||1,183|| |- |[[Fairchild XC-120 Packplane]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1950||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Fieseler Fi 168]]||Germany||Propeller||Attack||1938||Project|| || |- |[[Focke-Wulf Fw 189]]||Germany||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1938||Production||864|| |- |[[Focke-Wulf Flitzer]]||Germany||Jet||Fighter||1944||Project||0|| |- |[[Focke-Wulf Project VIII]]||Germany||Propeller||Fighter||n/a||Project||0|| |- |[[Fokker D.XXIII]]||Netherlands||Propeller||Fighter||1939||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Fokker F.25]]||Netherlands||Propeller||Utility||1946||Production||20|| |- |[[Fokker G.I]]||Netherlands||Propeller||Fighter||1937||Production||63|| |- |[[Friedrichshafen FF.34]]||Germany||Propeller||Bomber||1916||Prototype||1|| |- |[[General Airborne Transport XCG-16|General Airborne XCG-16]]||US||Glider||Transport||1943||Prototype||2|| |- |[[General Aircraft Cagnet]]||UK||Propeller||Trainer||1939||Prototype||1|| |- |[[General Aircraft GAL.47]]||UK||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1940||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Ghods Mohajer]]||Iran||UAV||UAV||1981|| || || |- |[[Gotha Go 242]]||Germany||Glider||Transport||1941||Production||1,528|| |- |[[Gotha Go 244]]||Germany||Propeller||Transport||1942||Production||174|| |- |[[Gotha WD.3]]||Germany||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1915||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Grahame-White Ganymede]]||UK||Propeller||Bomber||1918||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Groen Hawk 4]]||US||Autogyro||Utility||1997||Prototype||3|| |- |[[Grokhovsky G-37]]||USSR||Propeller||Transport||1934||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maslov|first1=B.|last2=Kapustyan|first2=A.|last3=Komsomolsk on Amure|first3=G.|url=http://avia-museum.narod.ru/russia/groh_g-37.html |title=Гроховский Г-37 "УЛК" (Grokhovsky G-37 "ULK")|website=Avia Museum Narod|year=2003|access-date=16 December 2019}} </ref> |- |[[Grokhovsky G-38]]||USSR||Propeller||Fighter-bomber||1934||Project||0||<ref>{{cite web|last=Savine|first=Alexandre|title=G-38, LK-2 (Light Cruiser) multirole aircraft project by P.L.Grokhovskij, P.A.Ivensen|url=http://ram-home.com/ram-old/g-38.html|website=Russian Aviation Museum|date=2 January 2001|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Grokhovsky G-39 Cucaracha]]||USSR||Propeller||Fighter||1935||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|last=Savine|first=Alexandre|title=G-39 Cucaracha by P.I.Grokhovskij, V.F.Bolkhovitinov, S.G.Kozlov, A.E.Kaminov|url=http://ram-home.com/ram-old/g-39.html|website=Russian Aviation Museum|date=21 October 2000|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Häfeli DH-1]]||Switzerland||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1916||Production||6|| |- |[[Hanriot H.110]] & H.115||France||Propeller||Fighter||1933||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Harbin BZK-005]]||China||UAV||UAV||2006||Production||100+|| |- |[[Henderson H.S.F.1]]||UK||Propeller||Transport||1929||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Heston JC.6]]||UK||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1947||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Hughes D-2]]||US||Propeller||Fighter-bomber||1942||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Hughes XF-11]]||US||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1946||Prototype||2|| |- |[[HWL Pegaz]]||Poland||Propeller||Motor glider||1949||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Hydra Technologies Ehécatl]]||Mexico||UAV||UAV||2006|| || || |- |[[IAI Arava]]||Israel||Propeller||Transport||1969||Production||103|| |- |[[IAI Heron]]||Israel||UAV||UAV||1994|| || || |- |[[IAI Scout]]||Israel||UAV||UAV||1981|| || || |- |[[IAI Searcher]]||Israel||UAV||UAV||1992|| || || |- |[[Ikarus 452M]]||Yugoslavia||Jet||Experimental||1953||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Ion Aircraft Ion]]||US||Propeller||Utility||2007||Prototype||1|| |- |[[I.S.T. XL-15 Tagak]]||Philippines||Propeller||Utility||1954||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Johns Multiplane]]||US||Propeller||Bomber||1919||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Kalinin K-7]]||USSR||Propeller||Experimental||1933||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Kaman HH-43 Huskie]]||US||Helicopter||Utility||1947||Production||193|| |- |[[Kamov Ka-26]]||USSR||Helicopter||Utility||1965||Production||816|| |- |[[Kamov Ka-126]]||USSR||Helicopter||Utility||1988||Production||17|| |- |[[Kamov Ka-226]]||Russia||Helicopter||Utility||1997||Production||69|| |- |[[Kingsford Smith PL.7]]||Australia||Propeller||Agricultural||1956||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Kokusai Ki-105 Otori]]||Japan||Propeller||Transport||1945||Prototype||9|| |- |[[Kokusai Ku-7]]||Japan||Glider||Transport||1942||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Kortenbach & Rauh Kora 1]]||Germany||Propeller||Motor glider||1973||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Larkin Skylark]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1973||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Lawrence Special]]||US||Propeller||Racer||1949||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_la.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: La - Li|date=16 April 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Levasseur PL.200]]/201||France||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1935||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]]||US||Propeller||Fighter||1939||Production||10,037|| |- |[[Lockheed XP-49]]||US||Propeller||Fighter||1942||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning]]||US||Propeller||Fighter||1944||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Lloyd 40.08 Luftkreuzer]]||Germany||Propeller||Bomber||1916||Prototype||1|| |- |[[LWF model H Owl]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1919||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_lo.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Lo - Lu|date=2 September 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Maeda Ku-1]]||Japan||Glider||Trainer||1941||Production||100|| |- |[[Macchi M.12]]||Italy||Propeller||Bomber||1918||Production||10 ca.|| |- |[[Mansyū Ki-98]]||Japan||Propeller||Attack||1945||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite book |last=Francillon |first=René J. |title=Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=1979 |isbn=0-87021-313-X }}</ref> |- |[[McCulloch J-2]]||US||Autogyro||Utility||1962||Production||83+|| |- |[[McDonnell XV-1]]||US||Autogyro||Experimental||1954||Prototype||2|| |- |[[McGaffey Aviate]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1935||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_ma.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Ma - Me|date=2 April 2009|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Millet Lagarde ML-10]]||France||Propeller||Utility||1949||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Mikoyan MiG-110]]||Russia||Propeller||Transport||1995||Project||0|| |- |[[Mirach 26]]||Italy||UAV||UAV||1992|| || || |- |[[Mitsubishi J4M]]||Japan||Propeller||Fighter||n/a||Project||0|| |- |[[Moskalyev SAM-13]]||USSR||Propeller||Fighter||1940||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Moskalyev SAM-23]]||USSR||Propeller||Fighter||1943||Project||0|| {{citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=redlinked}} |- |[[Myasishchev M-55|Myasishchev M-17 and M-55]]||USSR||Jet||Reconnaissance||1978||Production||8+|| |- |[[New Era Model A]]||US||Propeller||Civil||n/a||Prototype||1|| |- |[[NASA Mini-Sniffer]] (II and III)||US||Propeller||UAV||n/a||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Nieuport seaplane pusher]]||France||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1913||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanger|first=Ray|title=Nieuport Aircraft of World War I|url=https://archive.org/details/nieuportaircraft00sang|url-access=limited|publisher=Crowood Press|location=Wiltshire|year=2002|isbn=978-1861264473|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nieuportaircraft00sang/page/n28 28]–29}}</ref> |- |[[Nord Noratlas]]||France||Propeller||Transport||1949||Production||425|| |- |[[North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco|North American OV-10 Bronco]]||US||Propeller||Attack||1965||Production||360|| |- |[[Northrop F-15 Reporter]]||US||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1945||Production||36|| |- |[[Northrop Flying Wing]]||US||Propeller||Experimental||1929||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_north.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=Northrop|date=8 August 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Northrop Grumman Firebird]]||US||Propeller||Reconnaissance||2010||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Northrop P-61 Black Widow]]||US||Propeller||Fighter||1942||Production||706|| |- |[[NPO Molniya Molniya-1]]||Russia||Propeller||Utility||1992||Prototype||2|| |- |[[OMA SUD Skycar]]||Italy||Propeller||Utility||2007||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Otto C.I]]||Germany||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1915||Production||25|| |- |[[PAL-V]]||Netherlands||Helicopter||Flying car||2012||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Piper PA-7]] Skycoupe||US||Propeller||Utility||1944||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Pitcairn XO-61]]||US||Autogyro||Reconnaissance||1943||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Pocino PJ.1A]]||France||Propeller||Ultralight||1989||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Portsmouth Aerocar]]||UK||Propeller||Utility||1947||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Potez 75]]||France||Propeller||Attack||1953||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Praga E-51]]||Czechoslovakia||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1938||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite book|last=Němeček|first=V.|title=Československá letadla 1918-1945 (Czechoslovak aircraft 1918-1945)|publisher=Naše Vojsko (Our Troops)|location=Prague|year=1983|language=cs}}</ref> |- |[[Puget Pacific Wheelair]] III-A||US||Propeller||Utility||1947||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_wh.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Wh - Wy|date=18 November 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[PZL M-15 Belphegor]]||Poland||Jet||Agricultural||1973||Production||175|| |- |[[PZL M-17]]||Poland||Propeller||Trainer||1973||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Raybird-3]]||Ukraine||UAV||UAV||2014||In service|| || |- |[[Rice Knowlton Volante]]<!--name per FAA records-->||US||Propeller||Flying Car||1981||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_uv.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: U - V|date=17 April 2009|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Rutan Grizzly]]||US||Propeller||Experimental||1982||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Rocheville Arctic Tern]]||US||Propeller||Record||1932||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_ro.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Ro - Ry|date=12 October 2008|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Rotor Flight Dynamics LFINO]]||US||Autogyro||Experimental||2006||Prototype||1|| |- |[[RTAF-5]]||Thailand||Propeller||Trainer||1984||Prototype||1|| |- |[[RUAG Ranger]]||Switzerland / Israel||UAV||UAV||1999|| || || |- |[[Rutan Voyager]]||US||Propeller||Record||1984||Production||1|| |- |[[S-TEC Sentry]]||US||UAV||UAV||1986|| || || |- |[[Saab 21]]||Sweden||Propeller||Fighter||1943||Production||298|| |- |[[Saab 21R]]||Sweden||Jet||Fighter||1947||Production||64|| |- |[[SAB AB-20]] & 21||France||Propeller||Bomber||1932||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Sadler Vampire]]||US||Propeller||Ultralight||1982||Production|| || |- |[[SAIMAN LB.2]]||Italy||Propeller||Utility||1937||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Savoia-Marchetti S.64]]||Italy||Propeller||Record||1928||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Savoia-Marchetti S.65]]||Italy||Propeller||Racer||1929||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Savoia-Marchetti SM.88]]||Italy||Propeller||Fighter||1939||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Savoia-Marchetti SM.91]]||Italy||Propeller||Fighter-bomber|| 1943||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Scaled Composites ARES]]||US||Jet||Attack||1990||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Scaled Composites ATTT]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1986||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Scaled Composites Pond Racer]]||US||Propeller||Racer||1991||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Scaled Composites Proteus]]||US||Jet||Experimental||1991||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne]]||US||Rocket||Spaceplane||2003||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo]]||US||Rocket||Spaceplane||2010||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Scaled Composites White Knight]]||US||Jet||Transport||2002||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Schneider Sch-10M]]||France||Propeller||Bomber||1925||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Schwade Kampfeinsitzer Nr 2]]||Germany||Propeller||Fighter||1916||Prototype||1||<ref>Green & Swanborough (1994), Page 521.</ref> |- |[[Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor]]||US||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1995||Prototype||5|| |- |[[SECAN Courlis]]||France||Propeller||Utility||1946||Production||144|| |- |[[Selex ES Falco]]||Italy||UAV||UAV||2003|| || || |- |[[SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera]]||Italy||Propeller||Utility||1952||Production||29|| |- |[[Siemens-Schuckert L.I]]||Germany||Propeller||Bomber||1918||Prototype||3|| |- |[[Siemens-Schuckert R.I]]||Germany||Propeller||Bomber||1915||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Sikorsky S-38]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1928||Production||101|| |- |[[Sikorsky S-39]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1929||Production||23+|| |- |[[Sikorsky S-40]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1931||Production||3|| |- |[[Sikorsky S-41]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1930||Production||7|| |- |[[SIPA S.200 Minijet]]||France||Jet||Trainer||1952||Prototype||7|| |- |[[Škoda Kauba Sk V6]]||Czechoslovakia||Propeller||Experimental||1944||Prototype||1||<ref>{{cite book|last=Němeček|first=Václav|title=Československá letadla 1918-1945|series=Československá letadla|language=cs|publisher=Naše vojsko|location=Prague|year=1983}}</ref> |- |[[SNCAC NC.1070]]||France||Propeller||Attack||1947||Prototype||1|| |- |[[SNCAC NC.1071]]||France||Jet||Attack||1948||Prototype||1|| |- |[[SNCASO SO.8000 Narval]]||France||Propeller||Fighter||1949||Prototype||2|| |- |[[SPCA 30]]||France||Propeller||Bomber||1931||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Spectrum SA-550]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1983||Prototype||2+|| |- |[[Stearman-Hammond Y-1]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1931||Production||20 ca.|| |- |[[Stout Skycar]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1941||Prototype||4|| |- |[[Sukhoi Su-12]]||USSR||Propeller||Reconnaissance||1947||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Sukhoi Su-80]]||Russia||Propeller||Transport||2001||Prototype||8|| |- |[[Tachikawa Ki-94]]-I||Japan||Propeller||Fighter||n/a||Project||0|| |- |[[TAI Baykuş]]||Turkey||UAV||UAV||2003|| || || |- |[[Teledyne Ryan Model 410]]||US||UAV||UAV||1988|| || || |- |[[Tengden TB-001]]||China||UAV||UAV||2017||Production|| || |- |[[Terrafugia Transition]]||US||Propeller||Flying car||2009||Prototype||2|| |- |[[THK-11]]||Turkey||Propeller||Utility||1947||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Thomas-Morse MB-4]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1920||Prototype||4|| |- |[[Transavia PL-12 Airtruk]]||Australia||Propeller||Agricultural||1965||Production||118|| |- |[[Trella T-106]]||US||Propeller||Utility||1949||Prototype||1|| <ref name="aerofiles_com_1">{{cite web|author=Various|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_ti.html|website=Aerofiles.com|title=American airplanes: Ti - Ty|date=2 May 2009|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Trella T-107]]||US||Propeller||Transport||1954||Project||0||<ref name="aerofiles_com_1" /> |- |[[Tupolev I-12]]/ANT-23||USSR||Propeller||Fighter||1931||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Vance Viking]]||US||Propeller||Racer||1932||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer]]||US||Jet||Record||2005||Production||1|| |- |[[Voisin E.28]]||France||Propeller||Bomber||1919||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Voisin Triplane]]||France||Propeller||Bomber||1915||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Vultee XP-54]]||US||Propeller||Fighter||1943||Prototype||2|| |- |[[Vultee XP-68 Tornado]]||US||Propeller||Fighter||n/a||Project||0|| |- |[[Wagner Aerocar]]||Germany||Helicopter||Flying car||1965||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Weick W-1]]||US||Propeller||Experimental||1934||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Weymann 66]]||France||Propeller||Transport||1933||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Willoughby Delta 8]]||UK||Propeller||Experimental||1939||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Willoughby Delta 8|Willoughby Delta 9]]||UK||Propeller||Transport||1939||Project||0|| |- |[[WLT Sparrow]]||Czech Republic||Propeller||Ultralight||2010||Production||13|| |- |[[WNF Wn 16]]||Austria||Propeller||Experimental||1939||Prototype||1|| |- |[[Yakovlev Yak-58]]||Russia||Propeller||Utility||1993||Prototype||7|| |- |[[Yakovlev Yak-141]]||Russia||Jet||Fighter||1987||Prototype||4|| |}

==See also== * [[Twin tail]]

==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}}

===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Twin boom aircraft}} *Green, W. and Swanborough, G.; ''The complete book of fighters'', Salamander, 1994.

[[Category:Twin-boom aircraft| ]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]]