{{Short description|Dutch family name affix}} {{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{italic title}} In a [[Dutch name]], a '''{{Lang|nl|tussenvoegsel}}''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈtʏsə(ɱ)ˌvuxsəl|-|nl-tussenvoegsel.ogg}}; {{lit|intersertion|that which is interserted}}) is a [[family name affix]] positioned between a person's [[given name]] and the main part of their [[family name]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Hoitink|first = Y.|date = 2005-04-10|title = Prefixes in surnames|url = https://www.dutchgenealogy.nl/prefixes-in-surnames|publisher = Dutch Genealogy|access-date = 2019-08-15|df = dmy-all}}</ref> There are similar concepts in many languages, such as [[Celtic onomastics#Surname prefixes|Celtic family name prefixes]], [[French name#Particles|French particles]], and the [[von|German ''von'']].
The most common {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} are {{lang|nl|[[van (Dutch)|van]]}}, e.g. [[Vincent van Gogh]] meaning "from"; and {{lang|nl|de}}, e.g. [[Greg de Vries]], meaning "the". A {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsel}} forms an integral part of one's surname; it distinguishes it from similar Dutch surnames, e.g. Jan [[de Boer]] compared to Albert [[Boer (surname)|Boer]]; Frits [[de Kok]] compared to Wim [[Kok (surname)|Kok]].
== History == {{lang|nl|Tussenvoegsels}} originate from the time that Dutch surnames officially came into use. Many of the names are place names, which refer to cities, e.g. Van Coevorden ("from [[Coevorden]]"), or geographical locations, e.g. [[Van de Velde]] ("of the field"). The list of {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} mentioned below includes approximate translations, some of which have maintained their earlier meaning more than others.
== Usage == {{See also|Van (Dutch)#Spelling conventions}}
=== Netherlands === In the Netherlands, these {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} are not included when [[alphabetical order|sorting alphabetically]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Hoitink|first = Y.|date = 2013-08-13|title = Dutch term: tussenvoegsel|url = https://www.dutchgenealogy.nl/tussenvoegsel|publisher = Dutch Genealogy|access-date = 2019-08-15|df = dmy-all}}</ref> For example, in the Dutch [[telephone directory]], "[[de Vries]]" is listed under "V", not "D". Therefore, {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} in Dutch databases are recorded as a separate data field so as to simplify the process of locating it. Sorting by {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsel}} would result in many names being listed under "D" and "V".
In [[Dutch grammar]], the {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsel}} in a surname is written with a capital letter only when it starts a sentence or is not preceded by a first name or initial.<ref>{{cite web|title = Nynke van der Sluis / Nynke Van der Sluis|url = https://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/hoofdletters-namen-nederland|language = nl|work = [[Onze Taal]]|date = 2011-05-11|access-date = 2019-08-15|df = dmy-all}}</ref> So referring to a professor named Peter whose surname is "de Vries", one writes "Professor De Vries", but when preceded by a first name or initial it is written using lower case, such as in "Peter de Vries" or "P. de Vries".
=== Belgium === In [[Dutch in Belgium|Belgian Dutch]], or [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]], surnames are collated with the full surname including {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}}.<ref>{{cite web |title = Patsy Van der Meeren / Patsy van der Meeren |url = https://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/hoofdletters-namen-belgie |language = nl |work = [[Onze Taal]] |date = 2011-05-11 |access-date = 2019-08-15 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> "[[De Smet (surname)|De Smet]]" comes before "Desmet" in a telephone book. Although [[French name#Surnames|French family names]] commonly also use {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}}, those are frequently contracted into the surname, e.g. turning Le Roc into Leroc, or La Roche into [[LaRoche (surname)|Laroche]], and thus explaining the collation preference.
In contrast to [[Dutch orthography]], Belgian {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} always keep their original orthography, e.g. {{lang|nl|meneer Van Der Velde}}, {{lang|nl|meneer P. Van Der Velde}}, or {{lang|nl|Peter Van Der Velde}}.<ref>{{cite web |title = ''Voorvoegsel / tussenvoegsel'' |url = https://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/voorvoegsel-tussenvoegsel |language = nl |work = [[Onze Taal]] |date = 2011-05-07 |access-date = 2019-08-15|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
=== Other areas === In areas outside the [[Low Countries]], {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} are typically capitalized and used in sorting (as in Belgium). In areas where multi-word surnames are unfamiliar, to avoid confusion the {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} are often [[Concatenation|concatenate]]d to the name proper to form single-word surnames, as in "[[Emile Vandervelde|Vandervelde]]", "Vandenberg", and "Dewitte". Sometimes a surname of this sort will retain capital letters for each of the component words, such as "DeJong", "[[Glen D. VanHerck|VanHerck]]", or even "[[Sara VanDerBeek|VanDerBeek]]".<ref name=brians>{{cite web |url=https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/25/multipart-names/ |title=multipart names |last=Brians |first=Paul |date=25 May 2016 |publisher=[[Washington State University]] |access-date=11 June 2018 }}</ref> Dutch family names in [[South Africa]], e.g. [[Van der Merwe]], follow Dutch rules.
== Common {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}}== {{ill|Rijksdienst voor Identiteitsgegevens|nl}} provides a list of {{lang|nl|tussenvoegsels}} coming from various languages (e.g., 'della', 'Unter', etc).<ref> [https://publicaties.rvig.nl/media/13287/download Tabel 36 Voorvoegsels]</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * {{lang|nl|af}} – "off", "from" * {{lang|nl|aan}} – "at" * {{lang|nl|bij}} – "near" * {{lang|nl|de}} – "the" (but ''de'' can also be [[French language|French]] for "of".) * {{lang|nl|den, der, d'}} – "of the" * {{lang|nl|het, [['t]]}} – "the" * {{lang|nl|in}} – "in" * {{lang|nl|onder}} – "under", "below" * {{lang|nl|op}} – "on", "at" * {{lang|nl|over}} – "over", "beyond" * {{lang|nl|{{'}}s}} – "of the", "from" ([[genitive case|genitive]]) * {{lang|nl|{{'}}t, te, ten, ter}} – "at" * {{lang|nl|tot}} – "until", "to", "at" * {{lang|nl|uit, uijt}} – "from", "out of" * {{lang|nl|[[van (Dutch)|van]]}} – "from" * {{lang|nl|voor}} – "to"
{{col-break}} Combinations are also common: * {{lang|nl|aan de, aan den, aan der, aan het, aan 't}} * {{lang|nl|bij de, bij den, bij het, bij 't}} * {{lang|nl|in de, in den, in der, in het, in 't}} * {{lang|nl|onder de, onder den, onder het, onder 't}} * {{lang|nl|over de, over den, over het, over 't}} * {{lang|nl|op de, op den, op der, op het, op 't, op ten}} * {{lang|nl|van de, van den, van der, van het, van 't, van ter, ver}} * {{lang|nl|uit de, uit den, uit het, uit 't, uit ten}} * {{lang|nl|voor de, voor den, voor in 't}} {{col-end}}
== See also == * [[List of Dutch family names]]
== References == {{reflist}}
== External links == * {{wiktionary-inline}}
{{Personal names|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Dutch-language surnames| ]] [[Category:Dutch words and phrases]] [[Category:Family name affixes]]