{{Short description|Ethnic enclaves in Cyprus (1963–1974)}} [[File:Cyprus 1973 ethnic neutral.svg|thumb|320px|Ethnic map of Cyprus in 1973<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/cyprus_ethnic_1973.jpg|title=Cyprus Ethnic 1973}}</ref> {{legend|#ebb94c|Greek Cypriots}} {{legend|#6d4d84|Turkish Cypriot enclaves}} {{legend|#c03434|[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|British military bases]]}}]] The '''Turkish Cypriot''' [[enclave]]s were inhabited by [[Turkish Cypriots]] between the [[Cypriot intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence]] of 1963–64 and the 1974 [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]].
==Events leading to the creation of the enclaves== {{Main|Cyprus crisis of 1963–64}} {{See also|Cyprus conflict|List of massacres in Cyprus}}
In December 1963 the [[Presidents of Cyprus|President]] of the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]], [[Makarios III|Archbishop Makarios]], citing Turkish Cypriot tactics aimed at obstructing the normal functioning of government, proposed [[Thirteen Points|several amendments]] to the post-colonial constitution of 1960. This precipitated a crisis between the [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]] majority and the [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] minority, and Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended. The nature of this event is controversial. Greek Cypriots claim that Turkish Cypriots voluntarily withdrew from the institutions of the Republic of Cyprus, while the Turkish Cypriot narrative has it that the Turkish Cypriots were forcibly excluded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199757169|pages=35–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC}}</ref>
After the rejection of the constitutional amendments by the Turkish Cypriot community the situation escalated into island-wide intercommunal violence. 103 to 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages were attacked and 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots became refugees.<ref>John Terence O'Neill, Nicholas Rees. ''United Nations peacekeeping in the post-Cold War era'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=agjfb622gOIC&dq=The+majority+of+the+casualties+were+Turkish+Cypriots.+Also%2C+1+03+Turkish+Cypriot+villages+were+attacked+and+30000&pg=RA1-PA81 p.81]</ref><ref name=hoff>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC | pages = 17–20 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed.<ref name=oberling120>Oberling, Pierre. ''The road to Bellapais'' (1982), Social Science Monographs, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records%2C+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis. p.120]: "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis."</ref> Turkish Cypriots consequently started living in enclaves; the republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the [[Green Line (Cyprus)|Green Line]], with the deployment of [[UNFICYP]] troops.<ref name=hoff/>
==Situation in the enclaves== The enclaves were scattered all over the island. The enclaves were deprived of many necessities. Refuge camps at the British Sovereign Bases hosted the elder, the women and the children, many of them had to flee to the UK and Australia.Greek Cypriots didn't abandoned their original residences, neither they were forced to flee at the time, each side's liabilities were taken care of by the far right National-Extremists from 1963-64. The damages on the properties were recorded by the UNFICYP and only Turkish Cypriots houses were damaged in the mixed villages, looted or "confiscated", and solely Turkish Cypriot villages were totally abandoned since 1963-64 (62 years refugees) with more than 50% of their population became refugees, or were forced to flee. Restrictions on the enclaves began to be eased after 1967 because Cyprus Government that was also Cyprus Church~the Archery, had the control of the airport & overmilitarised the island with Greek military personnel. They also had control over the commercial Harbour of Limassol and the money & power to import heavyweight war artillery, including many tanks from the Soviet union. [The ethnic cleansing plann was going great, Turkish Cypriot refugees never returned to their original residences, 62 years refugees and still counting]. In the meantime airforce, land and naval military forces were trained and Greek intervention in case of "threat" was agreed. *** The information was deliberately insufficient and/or false since March 2015.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}
=== Ban on goods === The Greek Cypriot-run Republic of Cyprus banned the possession of certain items by Turkish Cypriots and the entrance of these items to the enclaves. The restrictions were aimed not only at restricting the military activities of Turkish Cypriots, but also to prevent their return to economic normality. As for fuels, all kinds of fuels including [[kerosene]] were initially banned, but the ban on kerosene was lifted by October 1964. The ban on petrol and diesel did remain in force until that time and hindered food supply to the enclaves. Ban on building materials prevented the restoration of houses damaged by fighting when winter approached, and the ban on woolen clothing affected the supply of clothing to Turkish Cypriots, especially putting the displaced in a concerning situation. The restriction on tent materials further blocked the construction of temporary places of residence for the displaced. Below is a list of banned items as of 7 October 1964, according to a report by the [[United Nations Secretary-General]]:<ref name=unsgr1>{{cite web|title=REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS (For the period 10 September to 12 December 1964) – Annex II. Doc S/6103|url=http://dag.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/80188/S_6102-EN.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 August 2015}}</ref> {{Col-begin}} {{col-3}} * [[Accumulator (energy)|Accumulators]] * [[Ammonium nitrate]] * [[Structural steel|Angle iron]] * Automobile spare parts * Bags * Cables * [[Camouflage netting]] * Cartridges, shotgun * [[Cement]] * Crushed metal * Crushed stone {{col-3}} * Electrical detonators * Exploders and explosives * Fuel, in large amounts * [[Galvanometer]]s * Iron pickets * Iron poles and rods * Khaki-colored cloth * Mine detectors * Radio sets * [[Safety fuse]]s * Sand {{col-3}} * Studs for boots * [[Sulfur]] * Telephones * Tents and tent material * Thick steel plates * Timber * Tires * Wire, including [[barbed wire]] * Wire-cutters * Woollen clothing (if it can be used militarily) {{Col-end}}
=== Travel restrictions === The freedom of movement of Turkish Cypriots were restricted in this period. The Greek Cypriot police committed what was called by the UN Secretary-General "excessive checks and searches and apparently unnecessary obstructions", which instilled fear in Turkish Cypriots who had to travel.<ref name=unsgr1/> Turkish Cypriots suffered the harassment of nationalist Greek Cypriot officers at control points, airports and government offices.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asmussen|first1=Jan|editor1-last=Ker-Lindsay|editor1-first=James|title=Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution|date=2014|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781784530006|page=35|chapter=Escaping the Tyranny of History}}</ref> The Secretary-General also noted his concerns about [[arbitrary arrest and detention]]. Greek Cypriot police imposed restrictions on Turkish Cypriot travel outside the enclave of [[North Nicosia]]. Initially, the movement of Turkish Cypriots in and out of [[Lefka]] was not allowed at all, the restriction was relaxed by October 1964 to allow them to travel eastwards, but not westwards towards [[Limnitis]]. Turkish Cypriot doctors were also not allowed to travel freely to carry out their profession, the Greek Cypriots insisted that they should be searched.<ref name=unsgr1/>
=== Economic situation === The period of 1963–74 saw widening economic disparities between the two communities. Whilst the Greek Cypriot economy benefited from flourishing tourism and finance sectors, Turkish Cypriots grew increasingly poor and unemployment increased.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ker-Lindsay|editor1-first=James|title=Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution|date=2014|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0857736017|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HZmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref> The enclaves were put under an economic embargo by the Greek Cypriot administration of the Republic of Cyprus, trade between communities was blocked. Due to travel restrictions, a large number of Turkish Cypriots had to leave their previous jobs. Refugees, meanwhile, had been uprooted from their old sources of income. The period thus saw the beginning of aid from the Turkish government, as by 1968, Turkey had started to give about £8,000,000 a year to Turkish Cypriots.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Navaro-Yashin|first1=Yael|title=The Make-Believe Space: Affective Geography in a Postwar Polity|date=2012|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822352044|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7TcS_wW11wC&pg=PA87}}</ref>
==List of Turkish Cypriot enclaves== {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2016}} *[[Kazivera]] (Gaziveren) *[[Kokkina]] (Erenköy) *[[Limnitis]] (Yeşilırmak) *[[Lefka]] (Lefke) *[[Nicosia]]-[[Agirda]] (Lefkoşa-Ağırdağ) *[[Chatos]] (Çatoz/Serdarlı) *[[Galinoporni]] (Kaleburnu) *[[Kofinou]] (Geçitkale) * [[Louroujina]] (Akincilar) * [[Angolemi]] (Taşpınar) * [[Pergamos, Cyprus|Pergamos]] (Beyarmudu)
Smaller enclaves within the main cities: *[[Paphos]] (Mouttalos/Kasaba) *[[Larnaca]] (İskele) *[[Famagusta]] (Mağusa/Suriçi)
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==See also== *[[History of Cyprus]] *[[Cyprus dispute]] *[[Modern history of Cyprus]] *[[Enclave]]
{{Cyprus dispute}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkish Cypriot Enclaves}} [[Category:Cyprus dispute]] [[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]]