Israel–Turkey relations

{{Short description|Bilateral relations between Israel and Turkey}} {{protection padlock|small=yes}} {{Expand Hebrew|topic=gov|date=March 2026}} <!--About the history of the relationship--> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox bilateral relations|Israel–Turkey|Israel|Turkey|map=Israel Turkey Locator.svg|mission1=Embassy of Israel, Ankara|mission2=Embassy of Turkey, Tel Aviv|envoytitle1=Ambassador Irit Lillian|envoytitle2=Ambassador Şakir Özkan Torunlar}} 250px|thumb|President Isaac Herzog during his state visit to Turkey with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, March 2022 The State of Israel and Turkey formally established diplomatic relations in March 1949.<ref name="abadi6">Abadi, pg. 6</ref> Less than a year after the Israeli Declaration of Independence, Turkey recognized Israeli sovereignty, making it the world's first Muslim-majority country to do so.<ref name="washingtoninstitute1">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/documents/44edf1a5d337f.pdf |title=Timeline of Turkish-Israeli Relations, 1949–2006 |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319134207/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/documents/44edf1a5d337f.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hawas.html|title=Turkey and Israel|publisher=SMI|access-date=6 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222112048/http://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hawas.html|archive-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> Both countries gave high priority to bilateral cooperation in the areas of diplomacy and military/strategic ties, while sharing concerns with respect to the regional instabilities in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/281909.stm|title=Analysis: Middle East's 'phantom alliance'|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=5 June 2010|date=18 February 1999|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526091052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/281909.stm|archive-date=26 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?subjectid=18367&missionid=65&languageid=0&statusi |title=Israeli Missions Around The World |publisher=Turkish Foreign Ministry |date=26 March 2012 |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220132330/http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?subjectid=18367&missionid=65&languageid=0&statusi |archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

In recent decades, particularly under Turkey's Erdoğan administration, the two countries' relationship with each other has deteriorated considerably. However, diplomatic ties were reinstated after a normalization initiative in mid-2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestinians welcome Turkey-Israel normalization, Ankara says |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-715407 |access-date=2022-08-26 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Relations soured again after the October 7 attacks and Gaza war, with Turkey condemning Israel and backing Hamas.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gumrukcu |first1=Tuvan |last2=Hayatsever |first2=Huseyin |date=25 October 2023 |title=Turkey's Erdogan says Hamas is not terrorist organisation, cancels trip to Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-hamas-is-not-terrorist-organisation-2023-10-25/ |website=reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-02 |title=What is behind Turkey's staunch support for Hamas in Gaza? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67861266 |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Turkey hosted Hamas leader amid growing criticism over inaction in Gaza |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/turkey-hosted-hamas-leader-amid-growing-criticism-over-inaction-in-gaza/7581045.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Mediator no more: Erdoğan takes aim at Israel, backing Hamas 'freedom' fighters |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan-israel-hamas-war-freedom-fighters/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 13 November 2024, Erdoğan announced his intention to sever Turkey's diplomatic relations with Israel.<ref name="turkey-sever-me-eye">{{Cite news|title=Turkey severs all relations with Israel, says Erdogan|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-severs-all-relations-israel-says-erdogan|date=2024-11-13|website=Middle East Eye|first=Ragip|last=Soylu|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref>

==Overview== In 1999, the ''New York Times'' reported that the strategic partnership between Turkey and Israel had the potential to alter Middle East politics: Trade and tourism were booming, the Israel Air Force practiced maneuvers in Turkish airspace and Israeli technicians were modernizing Turkish combat jets. There were also plans for high-tech cooperation and water sharing.<ref name="relief">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/28/world/quake-relief-shows-israel-feels-deeply-for-turkey.html|title=Quake Relief Shows Israel Feels Deeply For Turkey|date=28 August 1999|work=The New York Times|first=Stephen|last=Kinzer|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306020429/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/28/world/quake-relief-shows-israel-feels-deeply-for-turkey.html|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> [[File:Battle of Beersheba 90 anniversaryM178.JPG|thumb|Ceremony at the Turkish Soldiers Monument in Beersheba commemorating fallen Ottoman soldiers]] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan paid an official visit to Israel in 2005 and said he hoped to play a role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Relations deteriorated after the 2008–09 Gaza War and the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid. In March 2013, Israel apologized for the raid, opening a path for normalized relations.<ref name="CNN220313">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/22/world/meast/israel-turkey-apology/|title=Israel to Turkey: We apologize for deadly raid on Gaza-bound flotilla|last=Sidner|first=Sara|author2=Watson, Ivan|author3=Sterling, Joe|date=22 March 2013|newspaper=CNN|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325030325/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/22/world/meast/israel-turkey-apology|archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="wp220313"/> Alleged Turkish involvement in exposure of Israeli special agents in Iran in October 2013 created further tension.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/17/world/meast/turkey-israeli-intelligence-leak/ |work=CNN |title=Turkey rejects claims it blew Israeli agents' cover - CNN.com |date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017223238/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/17/world/meast/turkey-israeli-intelligence-leak/ |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> In December 2015, Turkey and Israel held a secret meeting to negotiate restoration of diplomatic relations.<ref name="La Times"/><ref name="Haaretz 2015"/> They reached an agreement on 27 June 2016 to start normalizing ties.<ref name=BarakHaaretz27june/>

In December 2017, Erdoğan threatened to break off ties again, this time due to United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Turkeys-Erdogan-threatens-cutting-ties-with-Israel-over-Jerusalem-issue-517042 |title=Turkey's Erdogan threatens ties with Israel over Jerusalem issue|date=5 December 2017|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>

==History== {{see also|Aliyah and Yishuv during World War I}}

=== Ottoman policy towards Jews === Under Sultan Bayezid II, the Ottoman Empire was welcoming and supportive of Jewish refugees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/when-the-sultan-took-in-jewish-refugees/|title=When the Sultan took in Jewish refugees|work=+972 Magazine|first=Tom|last=Pessah|date=25 January 2018|access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> As a result, the Jews were fiercely loyal to the Ottoman Empire during the anti-Ottoman rebellions in the Balkans and fled to regions under its jurisdiction when persecution intensified against Jews in Russian Empire and Western Europe. Zionist leader Theodor Herzl even asked then-Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid II, to acquire Palestine and fulfil the promise of returning to Zion.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cemot_0764-9878_1999_num_28_1_1476|issue=1|doi=10.3406/cemot.1999.1476|title=Herzl and the Ottoman Empire|year=1999|last1=Mayorek|first1=Yoram|journal=Cemoti|volume=28|pages=13–18 | issn=0764-9878 }}</ref>

However, with the rise of Turkish nationalism in late 19th century, Jews started to bear pressure, as the Young Turks government were determined to Turkify all non-Turk subjects, including Jews.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13531048608575900?journalCode=fjih19|doi = 10.1080/13531048608575900|title = Young Turks, freemasons, Jews and the question of Zionism in the Ottoman empire (1908–1913)|year = 1986|last1 = Öke|first1 = Mim Ketnâl|journal = Studies in Zionism|volume = 7|issue = 2|pages = 199–218|url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishstudies.washington.edu/jewish-history-and-thought/jews-muslims-limits-of-tolerance/|title = Jews, Muslims, and the Limits of Tolerance|date = 21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2016.1246944?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=ftur20|doi=10.1080/14683849.2016.1246944|title=Ethnic Turkification and homogenization from Ottoman empire to the Turkish republic: Critical investigations into the historiography of non-Muslims in Turkey|year=2017|last1=Boyraz|first1=Cemil|journal=Turkish Studies|volume=18|issue=2|pages=378–389|s2cid=152043476|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11739648.pdf | title=Strong as Steel, Fragile as a Rose: A Turkish Jewish Witness to the Twentieth Century }}</ref> Eventually, with the outbreak of World War I, the Ottoman Empire had begun losing its tolerance toward Jews, and openly demonstrated systematic oppression and deportation on the Jewish subjects, accusing them of collaborating with the British Empire.<ref name="McCune2005">{{cite book|author=Mary McCune|title=The Whole Wide World, Without Limits: International relief, gender politics, and American Jewish women, 1893-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpiESIwzpjwC&pg=PA46|access-date=November 26, 2010|date=July 2005|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0-8143-3229-0|page=46}}</ref> Many Jews were also either suspected to be Russian agents, since most Jews migrated to Palestine were from Russia at the time, despite various figures like David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi sought to ally with Turkey, eventually led to deportation and repression on Jews intensified. The hostility against Ottoman Empire among Jews increased leading to the establishment of Nili, a Jewish espionage spy network fighting the Ottomans, but they were exposed in 1917 and only escaped from the genocide that Ottoman Armenians, Greeks and Assyrians endured due to political intervention from Germany and Vatican.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israeldailypicture.com/2011/12/did-german-officer-prevent-massacre-of.html |title=Reply by historian Michael Hesemann |work=Did a German Officer Prevent the Massacre of the Jews of Eretz Yisrael during World War I? |publisher=IsraelDailyPicture.com |date=9 December 2011 |access-date=4 September 2015 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818234541/http://www.israeldailypicture.com/2011/12/did-german-officer-prevent-massacre-of.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich |series=Beitrage zur Militargeschichte |author=Holger Afflerbach |year=1994 |location=Munich |publisher=R. Oldenbourg Verlag |page=485 |isbn=9783486559729 }}</ref> Despite this, the Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation, issued by Djemal Pasha in 1917 in retaliation to the Jewish spy ring, was the final string of this hostility, during which thousands of Jews were killed, has continued to weigh influence on the modern Israeli–Turkish relations as well as Israel's relations with Turkic world.<ref name="Green">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235255/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1917-jews-expelled-from-tel-aviv-1.5244091 This Day in Jewish History 1917: Ottoman Authority Orders Jews to Evacuate Tel Aviv], Ha'aretz, David B. Green, 6 April 2014</ref><ref>Friedman, Isaiah (1971). German Intervention on Behalf of the "Yishuv", 1917, ''Jewish Social Studies'', Vol. 33, pp. 23–43.</ref><ref name="GenocideBasics">[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZSQBAAAQBAJ&dq=tel-aviv+deportation+muslim+1917&pg=PA36 Genocide: The Basics], Paul R. Bartrop, page 36</ref><ref name="Shragai">{{cite news |author=Nadav Shragai |date=September 12, 2007 |script-title=he:מדוע לא מנציחה עיריית תל אביב את נספי גירוש 1917? |language=he |trans-title=Why doesn't the municipality commemorate the deportation victims of 1917? |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1441554 |access-date=August 14, 2014}}</ref>

== Diplomacy timeline == ===Initial contact=== thumb|Chaim Weizmann, Seyfullah Esin and Moshe Sharett, 1950 [[File:מתחם תחנת הרכבת הטורקית בבאר שבע.jpg|thumb|The Turkish Soldiers Monument and Atatürk memorial in the Beersheba Turkish railway station]] [[File:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Memorial next to the Turkish Soldiers Monument in Beersheba.jpg|thumb|Atatürk memorial next to the Turkish Soldiers Monument in Beersheba]] Although it had voted against the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Turkey recognized the State of Israel in 1949. Turkey's first diplomatic mission in Israel was a "Legation" and was officially inaugurated on 7 January 1950 and the first Turkish Chief of Mission, Seyfullah Esin presented his credentials to Chaim Weizmann, President of Israel. However, the Turkish Legation was downgraded to the level of "Charge d’Affaires" after the Suez Canal Crisis on 26 November 1956.

In 1958, Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion and Turkish prime minister Adnan Menderes met secretly to discuss a "peripheral pact" which included public-relations campaigns, exchange of intelligence information and military support.<ref name="washingtoninstitute.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/rise-uae-and-meaning-mbz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319134207/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/documents/44edf1a5d337f.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The Rise of the UAE and the Meaning of MbZ|archivedate=19 March 2009|website=The Washington Institute}}</ref> In 1967, Turkey joined the Arab condemnation of Israel after the Six-Day War and called for Israel's withdrawal from the occupied territories but abstained from voting in favor of a clause referring to Israel as an "aggressor state." At a meeting of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in Rabat, Morocco, Turkey opposed a resolution calling for severing diplomatic relations with Israel.<ref name="washingtoninstitute.org"/>

As a result of positive developments in bilateral ties, the Turkish mission in Tel-Aviv was upgraded back to the level of "Legation" in July 1963 and further upgraded to the level of "Embassy" as of January 1980.

Upon Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem and enunciation of Jerusalem as its eternal capital, the representation was relegated to the level of "Second Secretary" on 30 November 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sub.en.mfa?3be23940-2ce6-4541-bcf2-66e4a2bb5ea5|title=Israel / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publisher=Turkish Foreign Ministry|access-date=23 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602195959/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sub.en.mfa?3be23940-2ce6-4541-bcf2-66e4a2bb5ea5|archive-date=2 June 2014}}</ref>

===During the 1990s=== The positive atmosphere in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process in the early 1990s made it possible to raise the mutual diplomatic relations once again to Ambassadorial level and a Turkish Ambassador presented his credentials to President Chaim Herzog, on 23 March 1992, in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-israel.en.mfa|title=Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publisher=Turkish Foreign Ministry|access-date=23 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214215648/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-israel.en.mfa|archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref><ref>Efraim Inbar, "Israeli-Turkish Tensions and Beyond," ''The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs'' Vol. 4 No. 1 (2010), 28</ref>

Israel has maintained two diplomatic missions in Turkey: its embassy is located in the capital city of Ankara, and its Consulate General is located in Turkey's largest city, Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/about%20the%20ministry/diplomatic%20missions/Web%20Sites%20of%20Israeli%20Missions%20Abroad|title=Web Sites of Israeli Missions Abroad|publisher=Israel-mfa.gov.il|access-date=5 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620083826/http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/about%20the%20ministry/diplomatic%20missions/Web%20Sites%20of%20Israeli%20Missions%20Abroad|archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> Until the recent downgrading in relations, the Israeli ambassador to Turkey was Gabby Levy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=1010&MissionID=65&LanguageID=0&StatusID=1&DocumentID=-1|title=The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publisher=Foreign Ministry|access-date=5 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141253/http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=1010&MissionID=65&LanguageID=0&StatusID=1&DocumentID=-1|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> and the Israeli consul-general was Mordechai Amihai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://istanbul.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=15851&MissionID=66&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1 |title=Israeli Missions Around The World |publisher=Foreign Ministry|date=26 March 2012|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> These missions are responsible for Israeli consular affairs for the Marmara, Aegean, Eastern Thrace and western part of the Black Sea regions of Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://istanbul.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=1010&MissionID=66&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|title=The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publisher=Foreign Ministry|access-date=5 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141208/http://istanbul.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=1010&MissionID=66&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

===Post-AKP ascendancy=== In Turkey's 2002 election, the Justice and Development Party, also known as AKP, won a landslide victory. Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Israel in 2005 offering to serve as a Middle East peace mediator and looking to build up trade and military ties. Erdoğan brought a large group of businessmen on his two-day trip, which included talks with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and President Moshe Katsav. Erdoğan also laid a wreath at the Holocaust memorial, Yad Vashem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Turkish-leader-visits-Israel-offers-to-help-with-2675960.php|title=Turkish leader visits Israel, offers to help with peace process|author=Greg Myre, New York Times|date=2 May 2005|work=SFGate|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/international/middleeast/02mideast.html|title=Turkish Leader Visits Israel, Restoring Friendly Ties|date=2 May 2005|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820093323/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/international/middleeast/02mideast.html|archive-date=20 August 2014}}</ref> Erdoğan told Sharon that his Justice and Development Party regarded anti-Semitism as "a crime against humanity". He added that Iran's nuclear ambitions were a threat not just to Israel but to "the entire world".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2005/05/05/erdogans-travels|title=Erdogan's travels|newspaper=The Economist|date=5 May 2005|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425125820/http://www.economist.com/node/3941568|archive-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

In early 2006, the Israeli Foreign Ministry described its country's relations with Turkey as "perfect".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=139576&tarih=07/01/2005 |title=News |publisher=Radikal |date=1 July 2005|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021185652/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=139576&tarih=07%2F01%2F2005 |archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> A joint Israeli-Palestinian industrial park was being developed under Turkey's aegis. Israeli President Shimon Peres and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas addressed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey a day apart. Peres described Turkey as an "important player in the Middle East in relation to the United States, Syria and the Palestinians, as well as us".<ref name=JPostarrow/> According to a report in the ''Jerusalem Post'', a spokeswoman for the Syrian Foreign Ministry said that Turkey was serving as a "channel of communication" between Syria and Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Damascus-confirms-channel-with-Israel|title=Damascus confirms channel with Israel|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=30 March 2008|access-date=30 March 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070720/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Damascus-confirms-channel-with-Israel|archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>

On a three-day visit to Ankara in November 2007, Peres met with Turkish President Abdullah Gül and addressed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Gül promised to help free three abducted Israeli soldiers: Gilad Shalit, Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev.<ref name=JPostarrow/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Peres-Gul-at-odds-over-Iran-nuke-threat|title=Peres, Gul at odds over Iran nuke threat|first=Yaakov|last=Katz|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=13 November 2007|access-date=12 November 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208012008/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Peres-Gul-at-odds-over-Iran-nuke-threat|archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>

====Diplomatic spats==== The Turkish government's condemnation of the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict strained relations between the two countries.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/01/20091291976879610.html Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130214140/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/01/20091291976879610.html |date=30 January 2009 }} Al Jazeera English (29 January 2009)</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aR0w12J2KtyI&refer=home Erdogan Clashes With Peres, Storms Out of Davos Panel (Update1) ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626150616/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aR0w12J2KtyI&refer=home |date=26 June 2009 }} Bloomberg</ref> In December 1987, Turkey had already declared support for the Palestinians' right to self-determination. In 2004, Turkey had denounced Israeli assassination of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. It described Israeli policy in the Gaza Strip as "state-sponsored terrorism".<ref name="washingtoninstitute1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name=turkeygaza>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7831496.stm "Turkey rallies to Gaza's plight"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119003056/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7831496.stm |date=19 January 2009 }} BBC News by Sarah Rainsford (BBC Istanbul), Friday, 16 January 2009</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Turkeys-drift-away-from-the-West "Turkey's drift away from the West"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070643/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Turkeys-drift-away-from-the-West |date=8 December 2017 }}. ''Jerusalem Post'' (14 January 2009). Retrieved on 4 February 2009</ref> There were demonstrations across Turkey against Israeli actions in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=10695842|title=Hundreds of thousands protest in Turkey against Israeli offensive|author=Hurriyet DN Online with wires|date=4 January 2009|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214170754/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=10695842|archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=10687787|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707231321/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=10687787|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|title=Thousands protest Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip in Turkey|author=Hurriyet DN Online with wires|date=2 January 2009|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>

On 5 March 2009, the Israeli daily newspaper ''Haaretz'' reported that "secret reconciliation talks at the highest level" had been held to get the Israeli-Turkish relations back on track.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/livni-turkish-fm-hold-secret-reconciliation-talks-1.271516 "Livni, Turkish FM hold secret reconciliation talks"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211104947/https://www.haaretz.com/news/livni-turkish-fm-hold-secret-reconciliation-talks-1.271516 |date=11 December 2017 }}, Haaretz, 5 March 2009</ref> This report was cited in the Turkish press.<ref>[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/world/11141603.asp?gid=244 "Turkey, Israel in secret talks for swift end to diplomatic crisis – report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113005216/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/world/11141603.asp?gid=244 |date=13 January 2015 }}, Hurriyet Daily News</ref><ref>"[https://archive.today/20120913191207/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=168860 Haaretz; Israel and Turkey in quiet talks"], Today's Zaman</ref>

On 11 October 2009, a military aerial exercise was to consist of Turkey, Israel, the United States, and Italy. However, Turkey barred Israel from the Anatolian Eagle military exercise.<ref name="Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-hits-back-at-turkey-over-scuppered-air-force-drill-1.6319|title=Israel hits back at Turkey over scuppered air force drill|newspaper=Haaretz|date=10 November 2009|access-date=24 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105164215/http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-hits-back-at-turkey-over-scuppered-air-force-drill-1.6319|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>

In October 2009, following Turkey's banning Israel's participation in the Anatolian Eagle military exercise, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu objected to Turkey as a mediator, stating "Turkey can't be [an] honest broker", between Syria and Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1121723.html|title=Netanyahu: Turkey can't be 'honest broker' in Syria talks|newspaper=Haaretz|date=18 October 2009|access-date=18 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019145138/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1121723.html|archive-date=19 October 2009}}</ref>

[[File:WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING 2009 - Recep Tayyip Erdogan.jpg|thumb|Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticizes Israeli policy and leaves the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland]] Erdoğan harshly criticized Israel's conduct in Gaza at the World Economic Forum conference in Davos, Switzerland in January 2009.<ref name="Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/01/20091291976879610.html|title=Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza|newspaper=Al Jazeera English|date=30 January 2009|access-date=1 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130214140/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/01/20091291976879610.html|archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> After the assembled audience applauded Peres, Erdoğan said: "I find it very sad that people applaud what you said. You killed people. And I think that it is very wrong." The moderator, ''Washington Post'' columnist David Ignatius asked Erdoğan to finish, saying that people needed to go to dinner.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm "Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630013226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm |date=30 June 2009 }}, BBC News</ref> Erdoğan complained about the fact, that he was given 12 minutes to talk, whereas Peres talked for a duration of 25 minutes. Erdoğan then proceeded to leave the stage.<ref>[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/world/10887282.asp?gid=244 "Turkish PM storms out of Davos' Gaza session, slams moderator"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522151658/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/world/10887282.asp?gid=244 |date=22 May 2011 }} Hurriyet Daily News</ref><ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/01/20091291976879610.html "Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130214140/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/01/20091291976879610.html |date=30 January 2009 }} ''Al Jazeera English'' (Thursday, 29 January 2009)</ref>

In October 2009, ''Ayrılık'', a prime-time serial on Turkish state television channel TRT 1 featured fictionalized scenes of Israeli soldiers shooting Palestinian children and mistreating elderly Arabs.<ref>[https://jta.org/news/article/2009/10/28/1008789/lay-off-irans-nukes-turkish-pm-says#When:14:02:00Z "Lay off Iran's nukes, Turkish leader says."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030141957/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/10/28/1008789/lay-off-irans-nukes-turkish-pm-says |date=30 October 2009 }} ''JTA''. 28 October 2009</ref> Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman criticized the program,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3790178,00.html|title=Turkish TV show has IDF soldiers 'killing' Palestinian kids|newspaper=Ynetnews|first=Daniel|last=Edelson|access-date=5 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105223007/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3790178,00.html|archive-date=5 January 2010}}</ref> and rebuked the Turkish Ambassador in front of assembled media.<ref name="afp">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hcbzmJwY7Lih2X7w2iJVkMqXHvVQ|title=Israeli media slam govt handling of row with Turkey|last=Renaudie|first=Jean-Luc|date=14 January 2010|publisher=AFP|access-date=21 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121210119/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hcbzmJwY7Lih2X7w2iJVkMqXHvVQ|archive-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> Lieberman subsequently apologized after Turkey threatened to withdraw its ambassador.<ref name="afp"/>

After Hamas leader Khaled Mashal paid an official visit to Turkey, relations began to cool off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/vest20020823|title=Turkey, Israel and the US|publisher=Thenation.com|access-date=5 June 2010|archive-date=18 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218134953/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/vest20020823|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2010, Israel protested when an episode ("Ambush") of the Turkish soap opera ''Valley of the Wolves'' depicted Israeli intelligence spying inside Turkey and kidnapping Turkish babies. The series depicted a fictional Mossad attack on the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in which the ambassador and his family are taken hostage. On 11 January 2010, Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon met with Turkish ambassador Ahmet Oğuz Çelikkol, who was seated on a stool that was lower than Ayalon's. Ayalon allegedly turned to his aide and quipped, "The main thing is that you see that he is seated low and that we are high ... that there is one flag on the table (the Israeli flag) and that we are not smiling."<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3833669,00.html "Ayalon to 'behave diplomatically' in future"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116020228/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3833669,00.html |date=16 January 2010 }}, Ynetnews, 13 January 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/12/turkey.israel/index.html|title=Israel-Turkey tensions high over TV series|newspaper=CNN|date=12 January 2010|access-date=5 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523130114/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/12/turkey.israel/index.html|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

Moshe Ya'alon, Israel's Minister of Strategic Affairs, accused Turkey of cooperating with Hamas and Iran. According to the Shin Bet, Hamas established a command post in Turkey and has used it to recruit operatives and oversee operations in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=237108|title=Shin Bet: Hamas operating in Turkey, China|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Yaakov|last=Katz|date=8 September 2011|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024225349/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=237108|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> David Ignatius has reported that in 2012, Turkey revealed the names of Mossad agents to Iran.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/david-ignatius-turkey-blows-israels-cover-for-iranian-spy-ring/2013/10/16/7d9c1eb2-3686-11e3-be86-6aeaa439845b_story.html |title=Turkey blows Israel's cover for Iranian spy ring |last1=Ignatius |first1=David |date=16 October 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017023758/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/david-ignatius-turkey-blows-israels-cover-for-iranian-spy-ring/2013/10/16/7d9c1eb2-3686-11e3-be86-6aeaa439845b_story.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref>

====2010 Gaza flotilla raid==== {{further information|2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla}} [[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Mavi Marmara Passengers Attack IDF Soldiers with Metal Rods.jpg|thumb|IDF photo-Pro-Palestinian activists aboard the MV Mavi Marmara; nine of them were killed by the IDF.]] On 31 May 2010, nine activists (eight Turkish citizens and one Turkish-American with dual citizenship) were killed and many more wounded by Israeli troops and seven Israeli soldiers were injured on the ''Mavi Marmara'', part of the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla",<ref name=ibhsguardqa53>{{Cite news|first=Ian|last=Black|author2=Haroon Siddique|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla|title=Q&A: The Gaza Freedom flotilla|newspaper=The Guardian|date=31 May 2010|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603133507/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla|archive-date=3 June 2010}}</ref> a convoy of six ships carrying 663 people from 37 nations, including pro-Palestinian activists.<ref name="setsail">{{cite news|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-pro-palestinian-aid-flotilla-sets-sail-for-gaza-2010may30-story.html|title=Pro-Palestinian aid flotilla sets sail for Gaza|agency=Associated Press|author=Tia Goldenberg|date=31 May 2010|access-date=4 June 2010|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015722/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-pro-palestinian-aid-flotilla-sets-sail-for-gaza-2010may30-story.html|archive-date=10 December 2017}}</ref> Following the raid, which took place in the Mediterranean Sea in international waters,<ref name=haaretzdeport>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-to-deport-all-activists-seized-on-gaza-flotilla-1.293634|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604193120/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-transfers-hundreds-of-gaza-flotilla-activists-to-airport-for-deportation-1.293634|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2010|title=Israel transfers hundreds of Gaza flotilla activists to airport for deportation|author=Noah Kosharek |author2=Liel Kyzer |author3=Barak Ravid |agency=The Associated Press and DPA |date=2 June 2010|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=2 June 2010}}</ref> tension between the two countries mounted. One of the ships taking part was flying a Turkish flag. Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan described the raid as "state terrorism". Turkey recalled its ambassador from Israel, and summoned the Israeli ambassador to demand an explanation. The Turkish Foreign Ministry stated that the incident could lead to irreparable consequences in bilateral relations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/7789077/Turkey-condemns-Israel-over-deadly-attack-on-Gaza-aid-flotilla.html|title=Turkey condemns Israel over deadly attack on Gaza aid flotilla|work=Telegraph|date=31 May 2010|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603183656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/7789077/Turkey-condemns-Israel-over-deadly-attack-on-Gaza-aid-flotilla.html|archive-date=3 June 2010}}</ref>

On 2 September 2011, Turkey downgraded diplomatic ties with Israel and suspended military co-operation after the UN released its report of the Mavi Marmara raid. A statement from the Israeli prime minister's office said, "Israel hopes to find a way to overcome the dispute and will continue to work towards this goal". Turkey demanded an Israeli apology and compensation over 31 May 2010 incident aboard the Mavi Marmara in which eight Turkish nationals and an American man of Turkish descent died when the vessel was stormed by Israeli commandos. The Israeli government refused to give one.<ref name="Turkey downgrades ties with Israel">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011927226423902.html |title=Breaking News, World News and Video from al Jazeera |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008040946/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011927226423902.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}, "Turkey downgrades ties with Israel"</ref>

In September 2011, Turkey expelled Israel's ambassador after a UN report found that the blockade of Gaza was legal according to international law although excessive force was used when boarding the ship.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/world/middleeast/03turkey.html?_r=1&ref=middleeast|title=Turkey Expels Israeli Envoy in Dispute Over Raid|access-date=4 September 2011|work=The New York Times|first1=Sebnem|last1=Arsu|first2=Alan|last2=Cowell|date=2 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219095531/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/world/middleeast/03turkey.html?_r=1&ref=middleeast|archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> Israeli officials stated that they hoped to restore ties but reiterated that they would not apologize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ivpressonline.com/news/la-fg-israel-turkey-20110903,0,2685743.story|title=Israel refuses to apologize or pay compensation regarding the 2009 Gaza flotilla raid}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Israel hopes to mend ties with Turkey-govt official|author=Maayan Lubell|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/israel-hopes-to-mend-ties-with-turkey-govt-official|newspaper=Reuters|date=2 September 2011|access-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612045138/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/israel-hopes-to-mend-ties-with-turkey-govt-official|archive-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> Hamas praised Turkey's decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN chief tells Turkey, Israel to improve ties for sake of Middle East|author=Darren Mara|author2=Chuck Penfold|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15360189,00.html|newspaper=Deutsche Welle|date=3 September 2011|access-date=3 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903095402/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15360189,00.html|archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hamas welcomes Turkey move to expel Israeli envoy|url=http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=20742|newspaper=The Egyptian Gazette|date=2 September 2011|access-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327093031/http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=20742|archive-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Turkey's opposition leader, condemned the downgrade in relations with Israel, stating "No good can come of it and there is no need for us to risk our interest with petty action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4117626,00.html |title='Erdogan painted himself into a corner' ��� Israel News, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327042513/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4117626,00.html |archive-date=27 March 2013 }}</ref> Faruk Logoglu, a deputy chairman of the opposition Republican People's Party, criticized Erdoğan, stating that "The probability that (Turkey's ruling) party has carried Turkey to the brink of a hot conflict is saddening and unacceptable." Alon Liel, a former Israeli ambassador to Turkey, stated that it was unlikely that Turkish forces would penetrate Israeli waters, but speculated that Turkey might to disrupt future Israeli gas exports to Cyprus and warned of a new Turkish-Egyptian alliance that could isolate Israel in the Mediterranean.<ref name=TurkeyIsraelPossibly>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/turkey-israel-sanctions_n_950017.html Turkey: Israel possibly target of more sanctions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908044700/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/turkey-israel-sanctions_n_950017.html |date=8 September 2011 }} by Selcan Hacaoglu and Aron Heller, ''Huffington Post'', 6 September 2011.</ref>

Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak predicted that the rift would pass in time.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4119539,00.html "Barak on Turkey: This wave will pass."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009062950/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4119539,00.html |date=9 October 2011 }} ''Ynetnews''. 8 September 2011. 8 September 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Keinon |first=Herb |url=https://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=237269 |title=Erdogan threatens to send gunboats with next flotilla |work=The Jerusalem Post|date=8 September 2011 |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024233124/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=237269 |archive-date=24 October 2012 }}</ref> At the U.N. General Assembly in September 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama asked Erdoğan to resolve the crisis with Israel.<ref>Benhorin, Yitzhak. [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4125187,00.html "Obama urges Erdogan to resolve crisis with Israel."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172853/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4125187,00.html |date=23 September 2011 }} ''Ynetnews''. 21 September 2011. 21 September 2011.</ref>

==== Deterioration of ties ==== The Turkish Foreign Ministry called on the international community and the United Nations to take the necessary initiatives to stop Israel's military operation in Gaza on late 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.trend.az/regions/met/turkey/2088102.html |title=Foreign Ministry: Turkey condemns Israeli military operation in Gaza Strip |publisher=En.trend.az |date=15 November 2012 |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117120113/http://en.trend.az/regions/met/turkey/2088102.html |archive-date=17 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/xeber_turkey_condemns_israeli_attack_on_gaza___182563.html|title=APA – Turkey condemns Israeli attack on Gaza, demands halt|publisher=apa.az|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419012503/http://en.apa.az/xeber_turkey_condemns_israeli_attack_on_gaza___182563.html|archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> which it described as another example of Israel's hostile policies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2088855.html |title=PM: Turkey does not intend to negotiate with Israel on Gaza situation |publisher=En.trend.az |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119082021/http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2088855.html |archive-date=19 November 2012 }}</ref> Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu see in this attack another of Israel's "crimes of humanity".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/144847/turkish-fm-defines-israeli-attack-on-gaza-as-a-crime-of-humanity.html |title=Turkish FM defines Israeli attack on Gaza as a crime of humanity |publisher=Turkish Weekly |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118072721/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/144847/turkish-fm-defines-israeli-attack-on-gaza-as-a-crime-of-humanity.html |archive-date=18 November 2012 }}</ref> Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the United Nations on 19 November of failing to act over the deadly Israeli air bombardments of Gaza, calling Israel a "terrorist state" that "massacres innocent children".<ref>{{cite news |last=Peker |first=Emre |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323353204578128880612421650 |title=Turkey's Erdogan Labels Israel a 'Terrorist State' |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718083843/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323353204578128880612421650 |archive-date=18 July 2015 }}</ref>

During his speech in Vienna on 1 March 2013 at a United Nations event, Turkish Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan devoted to dialogue between the West and Islam, decrying the rising racism in Europe and the fact that many Muslims "who live in countries other than their own" often face harsh discrimination. Erdoğan described Zionism as "a crime against humanity" saying, "It is necessary that we must consider—just like Zionism, or anti-Semitism, or fascism—Islamophobia."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/01/world/meast/turkey-israel/index.html?iref=allsearch |work=CNN|first1=Joe|last1=Sterling|first2=Jill |last2=Dougherty |title=Kerry calls Turkish prime minister's remark about Zionism 'objectionable' |date=1 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020185214/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/01/world/meast/turkey-israel/index.html?iref=allsearch |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1167697/kerry-says-turkish-pm-zionism-remarks-objectionable|title=US rebukes Erdogan for comments on Zionism|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=13 March 2013|access-date=23 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130304035747/http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1167697/kerry-says-turkish-pm-zionism-remarks-objectionable|archive-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/341877/turkish-pm-erdogan-zionism-crime-against-humanity-anti-semitism-or-fascism-nathaniel-b|title=Turkish PM Erdogan: Zionism Is 'a Crime Against Humanity' Like 'Anti-Semitism or Fascism'|first=Nathaniel|last=Botwinick|work=National Review Online|date=28 February 2013|access-date=23 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304031055/http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/341877/turkish-pm-erdogan-zionism-crime-against-humanity-anti-semitism-or-fascism-nathaniel-b|archive-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=304857|title=Erdogan says Zionism crime against humanity|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|date=28 February 2013|access-date=23 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323150545/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=304857|archive-date=23 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/world/middleeast/israel-turks-remarks-criticized.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |title=Israel: Turk's Remarks Criticized |date=28 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722031433/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/world/middleeast/israel-turks-remarks-criticized.html?_r=0 |archive-date=22 July 2016 }}</ref> In an interview to the Euronews, Shimon Peres argued that Erdoğan's statements are based on ignorance and they raise the flames of hatred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/eastern_europe/65279|title=EJP|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020131613/http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/eastern_europe/65279|archive-date=20 October 2013|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> On 20 March, Erdoğan began an official visit to Denmark with an effort to clarify his remarks he made on 27 February at a UN conference in Vienna referring to Zionism as a crime against humanity. "Let no one misunderstand what I said. Everyone knows that my criticism [of Israel] focuses on some critical issues. It's directed especially toward Israeli policies on Gaza," Erdoğan said in an interview with ''Politiken'', a Danish newspaper. Erdoğan claimed his February comments were not anti-Semitic but rather a criticism of Israel's policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/turkish-pm-says-zionism-comments-misinterpreted/|title=Turkish PM says Zionism comments misinterpreted|work=The Times of Israel|first=Gavriel|last=Fiske|date=20 March 2013 |access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225910/http://www.timesofisrael.com/turkish-pm-says-zionism-comments-misinterpreted/|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

====Reconciliation attempts==== [[File:Erdogan waving flag of Palestine to get simpathy of his voters while keep Turkey's ties with Israel & US.gif|thumb|Carlos Latuff's caricature on Erdoğan's Israel and Palestine policy]] On 22 March 2013, Netanyahu called Erdoğan and apologized for the Gaza Flotilla incident. In an official statement the Israeli government expressed regret over deterioration in bilateral relations and described the incident as unintentional, regretful and marred by "operational errors".<ref name="wp220313" /> Erdoğan later issued a statement accepting the apology on behalf of the Turkish people.<ref name="wp220313" /> Israel also said it would compensate the victims' families.<ref name="CNN220313" /> Israel initially declared that the countries had agreed to restore normal diplomatic relations, including the return of ambassadors and cancellation of Turkish legal proceedings ''in absentia'' against Israeli troops involved in the raid,<ref name="wp220313">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/obama-ends-israel-visit-by-honoring-historic-figures/2013/03/22/7a489fc4-92e9-11e2-ba5b-550c7abf6384_story.html|title=Obama ends Israel visit by bringing together two estranged powers|last=Greenberg|first=Joel|author2=Wilson, Scott|date=22 March 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322160229/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/obama-ends-israel-visit-by-honoring-historic-figures/2013/03/22/7a489fc4-92e9-11e2-ba5b-550c7abf6384_story.html|archive-date=22 March 2013}}</ref> but this statement was later omitted.<ref name="CNN220313" />

U.S. President Barack Obama, whose visit to Israel coincided with these events and was credited with brokering the reconciliation, said that the U.S. "attached great importance to the restoration of positive relations between [Israel and Turkey] in order to advance regional peace and security".<ref name="CNN220313" /><ref name="wp220313" />

====Further tension==== In August 2013, Erdoğan told AKP's provincial chairs that Israel was responsible for the July 2013 overthrow of Mohamed Morsi in Egypt. He based this claim on a video posted by Tzipi Livni speaking to French intellectual Bernard-Henri Levy during which Levy said: "The Muslim Brotherhood will not be in power even if they win the elections, because democracy is not the ballot box." However, according to ''Hürriyet'', Levy actually said: "If the Muslim Brotherhood arrives in Egypt, I will not say democracy wants it, so let democracy progress. Democracy is not only elections, it is also values...I will urge the prevention of [the Muslim Brotherhood] coming to power, but by all sorts of means."<ref name=Israelbehind>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-has-evidence-that-israel-was-behind-egypt-coup-erdogan.aspx?pageID=517&nID=52876&NewsCatID=338 Israel behind coup to oust Morsi, Turkish PM Erdoğan says] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104110633/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-has-evidence-that-israel-was-behind-egypt-coup-erdogan.aspx?pageID=517&nID=52876&NewsCatID=338 |date=4 November 2014 }}, ''Hürriyet''</ref>

The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that Erdoğan's accusation was "a statement well worth not commenting on". Egypt's interim government rejected Erdoğan's claim, describing it as "baseless", "very bewildering", and charged that "its purpose [was] to strike at the unity of Egyptians".<ref name=Israelbehind/><ref>[https://www.jta.org/2013/08/20/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/turkeys-pm-claims-israel-responsible-for-egypts-coup Turkey's Erdogan claims Israel responsible for Egypt coup] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824194241/http://www.jta.org/2013/08/20/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/turkeys-pm-claims-israel-responsible-for-egypts-coup |date=24 August 2013 }}, ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency'' (JTA), 20 August 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/154587/turkey-has-evidence-that-israel-was-behind-egypt-coup-erdogan.html Turkey has evidence that Israel was behind Egypt coup: Erdoğan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021023932/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/154587/turkey-has-evidence-that-israel-was-behind-egypt-coup-erdogan.html |date=21 October 2013 }}, ''Journal of Turkish Weekly'', 20 August 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-pans-turkish-pm-for-saying-israel-ousted-morsi/|title=US, Egypt pan Turkish PM for saying Israel ousted Morsi|work=The Times of Israel|first1=Gavriel|last1=Fiske|first2=Stuart|last2=Winer|date=20 August 2013|access-date=20 August 2013|archive-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820200616/http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-pans-turkish-pm-for-saying-israel-ousted-morsi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the scandal over alleged Turkish involvement in exposure of Israeli special agents in Iran in October 2013, the relations between Israel and Turkey declined further.<ref name="edition.cnn.com"/>

====Renormalization (2015–present)==== In December 2015, Turkey and Israel began talks to restore diplomatic ties;<ref name="La Times">[https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-turkey-israel-talks-20151222-story.html Turkey and Israel are in talks to restore diplomatic ties] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224020351/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-turkey-israel-talks-20151222-story.html |date=24 December 2015 }} ''LA Times'', 23 December 2013.</ref> however disagreements between the sides continue.<ref name="Haaretz 2015">[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2015-12-26/ty-article/.premium/turkey-demands-unrestricted-access-for-gaza-aid/0000017f-f962-d460-afff-fb663b810000 Turkey Conditions Normalized Ties With Israel on 'Unrestricted Access' to Gaza] ''Haaretz'', 26 December 2015.</ref>

==== Reconciliation agreement ==== [[File:שגריר טורקיה בישראל כאמל אוקום מגיש את כתב האמנתו (1).jpg|250px|thumb| Turkish ambassador to Israel Kemal Ökem presents his letter of credence to the president of Israel Reuven Rivlin on 12 December 2016]] A reconciliation agreement was announced on 27 June 2016 to end the six-year rift in the relation between both countries. *The Turkish Parliament will pass a law canceling all appeals against Israeli soldiers involved in the killing of nine Turkish citizens during the Gaza flotilla raid and will also block any future claims. *Commitment to stop terrorist or military activity against Israel on Turkish soil including funding and aid to such activities from Turkey. Palestinian movement Hamas will be allowed to operate on Turkish soil but only as a political movement. *Turkey will accept to send all aid to the Gaza Strip through Israel and then from Israel to Gaza on land.<ref>Lerman, Eran. The Turkish-Israeli Reconciliation: A Balance Sheet. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2016. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04626. Accessed 2 Jan. 2024.</ref> *Israel will allow Turkey to advance humanitarian projects in the Gaza Strip, such as building an hospital, power station and a desalination station, all subjected to Israeli security considerations *Israel will give $20 million as compensation for the families of those who died and were injured in the raid. The money will be transferred through a humanitarian fund in Turkey. An Israel official said the money will be transferred only after the Turkish parliament will pass the law renouncing all appealings against Israeli soldiers involved in the incident. *The two countries will start a process of renormalizing their relations, reappointing ambassadors to Ankara and Tel Aviv and ending all sanctions between the two.<ref name=BarakHaaretz27june>{{cite news|last1=Ravid|first1=Barak|title=Israel and Turkey Officially Announce Rapprochement Deal, Ending Diplomatic Crisis|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.727369|access-date=27 June 2016|work=Haaretz|date=27 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627110528/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.727369|archive-date=27 June 2016}}</ref>

The agreement was approved by the Israeli security cabinet by a vote of 7–3 on 29 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.727780?v=D4689F681679FC6644C47E2E7E7406BB|title=Israeli security cabinet approves Turkey reconciliation agreement|first=Barak|last=Ravid|work=Haaretz|date=29 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816195656/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.727780?v=D4689F681679FC6644C47E2E7E7406BB|archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>

The agreement was then approved by the Turkish parliament on 20 August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-israel-idUSKCN10V09Z|title=Turkish parliament approves deal ending rift with Israel|author=Humeyra Pamuk and Dasha Afanasieva|publisher=Reuters|date=20 August 2016|access-date=21 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923014449/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-israel-idUSKCN10V09Z|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan then signed the agreement on 31 August.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eblnews.com/news/world/erdogan-signs-deal-repair-turkeys-broken-ties-israel-35211|title=Erdogan signs deal to repair Turkey's broken ties with Israel|author=DPA|publisher=EBL News|date=31 August 2016|access-date=21 September 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133839/https://eblnews.com/news/world/erdogan-signs-deal-repair-turkeys-broken-ties-israel-35211|archive-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

On 7 October, Turkey named foreign policy expert Kemal Ökem as ambassador to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/turkey-taps-israel-envoy-in-final-stage-of-reconciliation-deal/|title=Turkey chooses envoy to Israel, in final stage of reconciliation deal|website=The Times of Israel|date=7 October 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012082315/http://www.timesofisrael.com/turkey-taps-israel-envoy-in-final-stage-of-reconciliation-deal/|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> Israel's decision to name an ambassador was later postponed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-postpones-choosing-new-ambassador-to-turkey/|title=Israel postpones choosing new ambassador to Turkey|work=The Times of Israel|date=25 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027145645/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-postpones-choosing-new-ambassador-to-turkey/|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>

On 15 November, Israel named Eitan Na'eh as ambassador to Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/ties-on-the-mend-israel-names-new-ambassador-to-turkey/|title=Ties on the mend, Israel names new ambassador to Turkey|website=The Times of Israel|date=15 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117141808/http://www.timesofisrael.com/ties-on-the-mend-israel-names-new-ambassador-to-turkey/|archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> In a reciprocal move, Erdoğan confirmed on 16 November the nomination of Kemal Ökem as Turkish ambassador to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/turkey-appoints-pm-advisor-ambassador-israel-erdogan-085023016.html|title=Turkey appoints PM advisor as ambassador to Israel: Erdogan|agency=AFP|date=16 November 2016|access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Na'eh arrived in Ankara on 31 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/israeli-envoy-arrives-turkey-rapprochement-161202083315668.html|title=New Israeli envoy arrives in Turkey after rapprochement|work=Al Jazeera|date=2 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204015957/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/israeli-envoy-arrives-turkey-rapprochement-161202083315668.html|archive-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> Turkey also agreed to drop charges against four Israeli soldiers on 8 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-drops-court-case-against-israeli-raid-gaza-flotilla-1487028334|title=Turkey drops court case against Israeli raid on Gaza flotilla|work=Middle East Eye|date=10 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212141325/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-drops-court-case-against-israeli-raid-gaza-flotilla-1487028334|archive-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> On 12 December, Ökem arrived in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.758478|title=New Turkish Ambassador to Israel Hopes Reconciliation Will Also Benefit Palestinian Lives|first=Barak|last=Ravid|date=12 December 2016|newspaper=Haaretz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213134456/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.758478|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

====Libya–Turkey maritime deal, EastMed pipeline, and ''Bat Galim'' incident==== {{main|Libya–Turkey maritime deal}} Following the December 2019 deal between the Tripoli faction in the Second Libyan Civil War and Turkey that allowed for the deployment of Turkish ground troops in Libya and the declared Turkey's sea borders to stretch from Anatolia all the way to the shores of Derna and Tobruk, foreign minister Israel Katz announced Israel's opposition to the maritime border accord between Ankara and Tripoli, and confirmed that the deal was "illegal" according to the Israeli official position, while at the same time noting that Israel does not want a conflict with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-turkey-greece/israel-opposes-turkey-libya-maritime-border-accord-idUSKBN1YR1VN|title=Israel opposes Turkey-Libya maritime border accord|work=Reuters|date=23 December 2019}}</ref>

Earlier in the month, the Turkish navy had driven out an Israeli oceanographic research vessel that had been operating with the consent of the Cypriot government in Cypriot waters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/turkish-ships-said-to-force-israeli-research-vessel-out-of-cypriot-waters/|title=Turkish ships said to force Israeli research vessel out of Cypriot waters|work=The Times of Israel|date=14 December 2019|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> This act, in the context of the deal with the GNA, led to Israeli fears that Turkey aimed to "create a sea border the width of the entire Mediterranean" and cut off Israeli access international waters via the Mediterranean sea, the channel of 99% of Israeli exports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ryg47F1yI|title=Turkey maneuver could block Israel's access to the sea|work=Ynetnews|date=28 December 2019|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> Energy expert Brenda Schaffer interprets the EastMed pipeline between Israel, Cyprus, and Greece (forecasted to be able to cater to 10% of Europe's gas needs, and decrease reliance on Russia) as a joint attempt to exclude Turkey from the "Club Med" gas club,<ref name=FPJohnson>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/23/turkey-libya-alliance-aggressive-mideterranean/|title=Newly Aggressive Turkey Forges Alliance With Libya|work=Foreign Policy|date=23 December 2019|first=Keith|last=Johnson|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> but the decision to sign the deal was stated to be a response to the Turkish-Libyan deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/b1d346b8e360f9ab85e08e460c8bb089|title=Cyprus, Greece, Israel to sign pipeline deal on Jan. 2|work=AP News|first=Demitris|last=Nellas|date=23 December 2019|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

====Yossi Cohen's remark, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and rise of anti-Turkish coalition==== In August 2020, Mossad's chief Yossi Cohen had openly named Turkey as a new threat for the peace of the region, and even further single out a number of allies Turkey would gain potential support like Azerbaijan and Qatar, the former has strong relations with Israel since 1990s.<ref name=thetimescohen>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/loose-cannon-turkey-is-rattling-its-neighbours-72032kp0z|title = Mossad thinks Turkey is a bigger menace than Iran|last1 = Boyes|first1 = Roger|work=The Times|date=18 August 2020|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> His remark was considered as a major move by Israel to openly confront the Turkish government.

Israel's decision to normalize relations with Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates via Abraham Accords had further worsened its relations with Turkey, as Ankara openly accused the two Arab nations of complicit on supporting Israel against Palestinians. In response, Turkey hosted two Hamas leaders, a move which triggered condemnation from Israel and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dayan.org/content/how-abraham-accords-affected-turkish-foreign-policy|title=How the Abraham Accords affected the Turkish Foreign Policy?|website=Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies|date=15 October 2020 }}</ref>

During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Israel openly supported Azerbaijan, an ally of Turkey and Israel. However, after Turkey blamed Israel for destabilization in the Caucasus, Israeli Defense Minister Benny Gantz accused Turkey of inflaming war in the region.<ref name="news24">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=Azerbaijan–Armenia war: Saudi Arabia calls for boycott of Turkish goods, Israel urges NATO action against Turkey|url=https://news24online.com/news/world/azerbaijan-armenia-war-saudi-arabia-calls-boycott-turkish-goods-israel-urges-nato-action-against-turkey-2248ea3f|access-date=2020-10-07|website=News24 English|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015082454/https://news24online.com/news/world/azerbaijan-armenia-war-saudi-arabia-calls-boycott-turkish-goods-israel-urges-nato-action-against-turkey-2248ea3f|url-status=dead}}</ref> Israel had also considered suspending support for Azerbaijan as a retaliation.<ref name=jerusalempostsisraelazerbaijan>{{Cite web|title=Israel may halt its weapons sale to Azerbaijan, Armenian ambassador says|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/israel-may-halt-its-weapons-sale-to-azerbaijan-armenian-ambassador-says-644602|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Jerusalem Post|first=Tovah|last=Lazaroff|date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

Following the end of Karabakh conflict, Yaakov Amidror, a retired major general who spent more than 30 years in senior positions in the Israel Defense Forces and government, for the first time stated that Turkish political influence in Azerbaijan is now representing as a threat to Israel due to Turkey's recent open opposition to Azerbaijan's good relations with Israel and Turkey's strong political, economic and cultural tie with Azerbaijan. He also stated that Israel has no intention on who is to control Karabakh, but rather only wish to express better relations with Baku since Azerbaijan is one of the only few Muslim nations to recognize Israel. Previously, Turkish ambassador in 2011 had urged Azerbaijan to sever relations with Israel.<ref name=aspiarmeniaazerbaijanturkeyisrael>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/war-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan-highlights-turkey-israel-tensions/|title = War between Armenia and Azerbaijan highlights Turkey–Israel tensions|work=The Strategist|first=Oved|last=Lobel|date = 26 November 2020|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

====France–Muslim world tensions==== Turkish President Erdoğan, following French President Emmanuel Macron's statement about Islam, has compared the situation of Muslims in Europe today to the Jews in World War II. This statement was condemned in Israel, who pointed out the Turkish government's absence on voicing solidarity following the murder of French teacher Samuel Paty, as well as accusing Turkish government of hyping the situation and signal the differences between Nazi policy in World War II and French struggle against Islamic extremism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/10/28/israel-blasts-erdogans-disgusting-comparison-of-muslims-in-france-to-jews-in-wwii/|title=Israel blasts Erdogan's 'disgusting' comparison of Muslims in France to Jews in WWII|work=Israel Hayom|first1=Ariel|last1=Kahana|first2=Neta|last2=Bar|date=28 October 2020|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> A Pakistani journalist working for ''Haaretz'', Kunwar Khuldune Shahid, has pointed out that the Turkish government is openly glorifying mass killings on non-Muslims while trying to create blasphemy and hypocrisies throughout abusing the Holocaust for its political gains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2020-11-01/ty-article-opinion/.premium/body-count-rises-in-turkey-and-pakistans-hypocritical-war-on-anti-muslim-offense/0000017f-da81-d432-a77f-df9b02fd0000|title=Erdogan and Imran Khan's hypocritical war on 'anti-Muslim' France &#124; Opinion|newspaper=Haaretz|date=1 November 2020|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>

====Turkish support for Hamas==== {{main|Turkish support for Hamas}} Hamas is receiving diplomatic support from Turkey and the Hamas delegations in 2019 and 2020 hosted in Turkey. In addition, according to reports Saleh al-Arouri, a top Hamas official, is living in Turkey for many years. Israeli media also reported that Hamas planned attacks against Israel from Turkey, including kidnappings in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/turkey-calls-israel-terrorist-state-seeks-to-save-jerusalem-analysis-667623|title=Turkey calls Israel 'terrorist' state, seeks to 'save Jerusalem' - analysis|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Seth T.|last=Franzman|date=9 May 2021|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> In 2020, according to Israeli diplomats Turkey gave passports and identity cards to Hamas members in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-israel-hamas-idUSKBN25M1XW|title=Turkey gave Hamas members passports, Israel says|work=Reuters|first=Tuvan|last=Gumrukcu|date=26 August 2020|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>

====2021 Israel–Palestine crisis==== During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, Turkey accused Israel for the violence. The Turkish president called Israel a terror state and said that Turkey took initiatives to make international institutions to take action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-accuses-israel-terror-over-palestinian-clashes-al-aqsa-2021-05-08/|title=Turkey's Erdogan calls Israel "terror state" over Palestinian clashes at Al-Aqsa|work=Reuters|date=8 May 2021|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> In addition, the Turkish Foreign Minister said during his speech at the United Nations General Assembly that Israel is the sole responsible for the violence and must held accountable for its crimes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/israel-alone-is-responsible-for-palestine-violence-turkish-fm-tells-unga-164896|title=Israel alone is responsible for Palestine violence, Turkish FM tells UNGA|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=21 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> In another speech at the United Nations Human Rights Council, he said that Israel's actions are "crimes against humanity".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/israels-actions-amount-to-crimes-against-humanity-turkish-fm-3573233|title=Israel's actions amount to 'crimes against humanity': Turkish FM|work=Yeni Şafak|date=27 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> In an emergency meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Turkey proposed an "international protection mechanism", including the deploy of a military force, for the protection of the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-proposes-protection-force-for-palestine-in-emergency-oic-meet-46749|title=Turkey proposes 'protection force' for Palestine in emergency OIC meet|work=TRT World|date=16 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> The Turkey's vice president Fuat Oktay said that the Muslim countries should act and take a clear stance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/turkey-calls-on-muslims-to-take-clear-stance-over-gaza-668029|title=Turkey calls on Muslims to take clear stance over Gaza|work=The Jerusalem Post|agency=Reuters|date=13 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> During a phone call with the Russian President Vladimir Putin, the Turkish President told him that the international community should “give Israel a strong and deterrent lesson.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/12/israel-must-be-taught-a-lesson-erdogan-tells-putin|title=Israel must be taught a 'lesson', Erdogan tells Putin|work=Al Jazeera|date=12 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> In another call, the Turkish President asked the Pope Francis to support sanctions against Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/latest-turkey-urges-pope-back-sanctions-israel-77732287|title=The Latest: Turkey urges Pope to back sanctions on Israel|work=ABC News|agency=Associated Press|date=17 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> The Turkish president also talked with King Abdullah of Jordan, and called for Turkey and Jordan to work together to stop Israel's attacks on Palestine.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-protests-against-israel-over-surge-violence-2021-05-10/|title=In Turkey, protests against Israel over surge in violence|work=Reuters|date=10 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> Furthermore, Erdoğan spoke to the phone with the Emir of Kuwait Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and the Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh.<ref name="reuters"/> While the Turkish Foreign Minister talked in the phone with his counterparts from Iran, Algeria, Pakistan and Russia.<ref name="reuters"/> Thousands of protesters demonstrated in Turkish cities against Israel, despite a full lock down in the country due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2021/05/11/Thousands-protest-in-Turkey-against-Israel-over-surge-in-violence|title=Thousands protest in Turkey against Israel over surge in violence|work=Al Arabiya News|agency=Reuters|date=11 May 2021|access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> The Turkish National Security Council condemned the occupation of Palestinian lands by Israel and attacks against Palestinians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/national-security-council-calls-for-just-solution-to-palestinian-issue-165226|title=National Security Council calls for just solution to Palestinian issue|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=3 June 2021|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

====Rapprochement==== In a sign of warming ties, Israeli President Isaac Herzog visited Turkey to meet with Erdoğan in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/herzog-meets-erdogan-in-landmark-visit-as-israel-and-turkey-attempt-detente/|title=Hosting Herzog in landmark visit, Erdogan lauds 'turning point' in relations|work=The Times of Israel|date=9 March 2022|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> On 17 August 2022, the office of Israeli Prime Minister Yair Lapid announced that Israel and Turkey had decided to restore full diplomatic ties and will return ambassadors to each other's country.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=James|last1=Mackenzie|first2=Ece|last2=Toksabay|date=2022-08-17 |title=Israel to restore full diplomatic relations with Turkey |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-restore-full-diplomatic-relations-with-turkey-2022-08-17/ |access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Israel, Turkey to exchange ambassadors in diplomatic reset|work=Israel Hayom | date=2022-08-17|access-date=2024-11-19 | url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2022/08/17/israel-turkey-to-exchange-ambassadors-in-diplomatic-reset/}}</ref> In September 2022, Lapid and Turkish President Erdoğan met in the United Nations General Assembly in New York. It was the first meeting between Israel's prime minister and Turkey's president in 14 years, meaning a sign of warming ties between the countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli, Turkish leaders hold first meeting since 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-turkish-leaders-hold-first-meeting-since-2008-2022-09-21/ |work=Reuters |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

====2023 Gaza war and spillover====

Following the start of the Gaza war, at an AK Party congress in Ankara, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called on Israelis and Palestinians to act with restraint and refrain from hostile acts that could exacerbate the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Turkey's Erdogan calls on Israelis, Palestinians to act with restraint |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-762085 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007110518/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-762085 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref> On 11 October, Erdoğan called the Israeli blockade and bombing of Gaza as a massacre and offered Turkish mediation in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israeli-response-hamas-gaza-massacre-2023-10-11/|title=Turkey's Erdogan calls Israeli response to Hamas in Gaza a 'massacre'|work=Reuters|first1=Tuvan|last1=Gumrukcu|first2=Ece|last2=Toksabay|date=11 October 2023|access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> On 25 October, he condemned the civilian deaths caused by Hamas's attack, but he also mentioned that Hamas is not a terrorist organization but a liberation group fighting to protect its lands and people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-hamas-is-not-terrorist-organisation-2023-10-25/|title=Turkey's Erdogan says Hamas is not terrorist organisation, cancels trip to Israel|website=Reuters |date=25 October 2023|access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> Nationalist Movement Party's leader Devlet Bahçeli called for a trial at the International Court of Justice against Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/mhp-leader-calls-for-netanyahus-trial-at-the-hague-187829|title=MHP leader calls for Netanyahu's trial at The Hague|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=14 November 2023|access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

In November 2023, the Turkish President called Israel a "terrorist state" and accused it of committing genocide against the Palestinians,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-labels-israel-a-terrorist-state-187862|title=Erdoğan labels Israel a 'terrorist state'|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=15 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> adding that Turkey will take steps to ensure that the Israeli settlers will be recognised as terrorists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-terror-state-slams-west-2023-11-15/|title=Turkey's Erdogan labels Israel a 'terror state', slams its backers in West|website=Reuters |date=15 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> In return, Netanyahu and Israeli Foreign Minister Eli Cohen responded that Turkey hosts and encourages terrorist organizations, such as Hamas, and that Turkish forces have "shelled villages in Turkey" and shouldn't preach Israel. Turkey, in an official response, dismissed the accusations as unfounded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-rejects-israeli-accusations-amid-verbal-spat-187890/|title=Ankara rejects Israeli accusations amid verbal spat|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=16 November 2023|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> Some days later, Erdogan said that Israel is committing a crime against humanity and genocide, adding that Turkey, along with the support of over 2,000 lawyers, will file a legal complaint against Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-to-lodge-legal-complaint-over-israels-genocide-in-gaza-erdogan-187950|title=Türkiye to lodge legal complaint over 'Israel's genocide in Gaza'|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> In addition, he said that due to Turkey's efforts, during the Riyadh summit, there were important steps towards the designation of the Israeli settlers as terrorists, and that Turkey will keep Israel's nuclear weapons issue on the world's agenda. Furthermore, he added that Israel's operation in Gaza is as brutal as the crusader's occupation and World War II<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-vows-to-keep-israels-nuclear-weapons-on-worlds-agenda-188003|title=Erdoğan vows to keep Israel's nuclear weapons on world's agenda|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=21 November 2023|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref> and that Israel is "openly committing war crimes".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-slams-israel-over-journalist-killings-amid-conflict-188086|title=Erdoğan slams Israel over journalist killings amid conflict|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=24 November 2023|access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

In a phone call with Iran's president, Ebrahim Raisi, Erdoğan talked about the importance of a unified stance from the Islamic world against the Israeli brutality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-raisi-hold-gaza-talks-over-phone-188155|title=Unity against 'Israeli brutality' a must, says Erdoğan|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=27 November 2023|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> On 28 October 2023, Israel withdrew its diplomats from Turkey to reassess the relations between the two countries, according to a statement by Israel's foreign minister Eli Cohen. This move came in the aftermath of comments by Erdoğan, accusing Israel of war crimes in the occupied Palestinian Territories.<ref name="Berman 2023">{{cite web | last=Berman | first=Lazar | title=Israel pulls diplomats from Turkey to reassess ties as Erdogan blasts its 'war crimes' | website=The Times of Israel | date=28 Oct 2023 | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pulls-diplomats-from-turkey-to-reassess-ties-as-erdogan-blasts-its-war-crimes/amp/ | access-date=30 Nov 2023}}</ref> Turkish and Israeli politicians were arguing and "fighting" on social media throughout this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-israel-trade-barbs-on-social-media-in-hamas-row-188306|title=Türkiye, Israel trade barbs on social media in Hamas row|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=3 December 2023|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

In February 2024, the Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said that Israel seeks more land and not security and also condemned Israel, while also criticized the international community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/fm-says-israel-seeks-more-land-not-security-190405|title=FM says Israel 'seeks more land not security'|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=5 February 2024|access-date=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205110629/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/fm-says-israel-seeks-more-land-not-security-190405}}</ref> In late February, Turkey also gave an oral presentation at the International Court of Justice against Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-to-present-oral-arguments-at-icj-on-israels-actions-191050|title=Türkiye to present oral arguments at ICJ on Israel's actions|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=25 February 2024|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225131251/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-to-present-oral-arguments-at-icj-on-israels-actions-191050}}</ref> In March 2024, in a joint news conference in Turkey with the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, the Turkish President accused Israel of committing a genocide and one of the greatest barbarities of the century, with the support of the West.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/netanyahu-committing-genocide-in-gaza-with-western-support-erdogan-191353|title=Netanyahu committing genocide in Gaza with Western support: Erdoğan|date=6 March 2024|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=6 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306132912/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/netanyahu-committing-genocide-in-gaza-with-western-support-erdogan-191353}}</ref> On 22 March 2024, Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz instructed the Israeli Foreign Ministry to summon Turkey's envoy to Israel after Erdoğan vowed to "send Netanyahu to Allah" during an election rally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2024 |title='Be quiet:' Israel summons Turkish envoy after Erdogan threatens Netanyahu |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/be-quiet-israel-summons-turkish-envoy-after-erdogan-threatens-netanyahu/amp/ |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

In April 2024, Turkish high officials, including the President, Foreign Minister and National Intelligence Agency chief, met with the Hamas chief in Istanbul. While before this meeting, the Turkish Foreign Minister met the Hamas leader also in Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-meets-hamas-chief-in-istanbul-192678|title=Erdoğan meets Hamas chief in Istanbul|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=20 April 2024|access-date=20 April 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420174054/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-meets-hamas-chief-in-istanbul-192678}}</ref> Devlet Bahçeli, the leader of the Nationalist Movement Party, criticised Israel and the United Nations and also said that for regional and global peace a Palestinian state must be established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/palestinian-state-crucial-for-global-peace-mhp-leader-192974|title=Palestinian state crucial for global peace: MHP leader|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=30 April 2024|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430125821/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/palestinian-state-crucial-for-global-peace-mhp-leader-192974}}</ref>

In May 2024, Turkey announced that it stopped all trade with Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-halts-all-trade-with-israel-over-military-actions-in-gaza-193095|title=Türkiye halts all trade with Israel over military actions in Gaza|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=3 May 2024|access-date=3 May 2024|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503082510/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-halts-all-trade-with-israel-over-military-actions-in-gaza-193095}}</ref> and also joined South Africa's legal lawsuit against Israel before the International Court of Justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-to-provide-evidence-to-icc-over-israel-193105|title=Ankara to provide evidence to ICC over Israel|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=3 May 2024|access-date=3 May 2024|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503092720/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-to-provide-evidence-to-icc-over-israel-193105}}</ref> In addition, the Turkish President said that more than 1,000 Hamas members have received treatment in hospitals in Turkey. Later, a Turkish official claimed that the President meant Gazans and not Hamas members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/erdogan-defends-hamas-says-members-are-being-treated-turkish-hospitals-2024-05-13/|title=Erdogan defends Hamas, says members are being treated in Turkish hospitals|website=Reuters |date=13 May 2024|access-date=13 May 2024|archive-date=13 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513201420/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/erdogan-defends-hamas-says-members-are-being-treated-turkish-hospitals-2024-05-13/}}</ref> Furthermore, the Turkish Foreign Minister stated during a press conference with Pakistan's Foreign Minister that the two nations are working together to recognise the Palestinian state and put an end to Israel's "crimes against humanity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-pakistan-to-continue-to-work-together-for-gaza-193725|title=Türkiye, Pakistan to continue to work together for Gaza|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=20 May 2024|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520095915/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-pakistan-to-continue-to-work-together-for-gaza-193725}}</ref>

In an official statement issued in July 2024, Turkey's National Security Council urged the international community to take action to stop Israel's "atrocities violating all legal and humanitarian principles",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-urges-global-action-to-halt-israeli-atrocities-198903|title=Türkiye urges global action to halt 'Israeli atrocities'|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=26 July 2024|access-date=26 July 2024|archive-date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726174429/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-urges-global-action-to-halt-israeli-atrocities-198903}}</ref> while in a speech, the Turkish president called the Israeli prime minister, Hitler<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-calls-netanyahu-the-hitler-of-our-time-198915|title=Erdoğan calls Netanyahu the 'Hitler of our time'|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=26 July 2024|access-date=26 July 2024|archive-date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726174601/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-calls-netanyahu-the-hitler-of-our-time-198915}}</ref> and in another speech said that Turkey can enter Israel as she did in Libya and Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasiabusinessnews.com/2024/07/28/erdogan-turkey-can-enter-israel-just-as-it-entered-libya-and-karabakh/|title=Erdogan: Turkey can enter Israel, just as it entered Libya and Karabakh|work=Eurasia Business News|date=28 July 2024|access-date=28 July 2024|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729184031/https://eurasiabusinessnews.com/2024/07/28/erdogan-turkey-can-enter-israel-just-as-it-entered-libya-and-karabakh/}}</ref> At the same time, the Turkish parliament denounced the Israeli Prime Minister's statement to the US Congress and also labelled him as a war criminal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-parliament-condemns-war-criminal-netanyahu-198948|title=Turkish parliament condemns 'war criminal' Netanyahu|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=28 July 2024|access-date=28 July 2024|archive-date=28 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728163225/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-parliament-condemns-war-criminal-netanyahu-198948}}</ref>

In September 2024, at a joint press conference with the chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Turkish President compared the ongoing Israeli operation with the Srebrenica massacre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-pledges-legal-action-over-gaza-draws-parallel-to-srebrenica-200560|title=Turkish parliament condemns 'war criminal' Netanyahu|date=15 September 2024|access-date=15 September 2024|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915093050/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-pledges-legal-action-over-gaza-draws-parallel-to-srebrenica-200560}}</ref> In addition, the Turkey's National Intelligence Organization chief had a meeting in Ankara with Hamas leaders regarding the ongoing ceasefire negotiations with Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiyes-intel-chief-hamas-leaders-discuss-gaza-ceasefire-in-ankara-200556|title=Türkiye's intel chief, Hamas leaders discuss Gaza ceasefire in Ankara|date=15 September 2024|access-date=15 September 2024|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915093231/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiyes-intel-chief-hamas-leaders-discuss-gaza-ceasefire-in-ankara-200556}}</ref>

After the October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran, the Turkish President said that Israel, with the help of West, is trying to ignite a regional conflict. In addition, he gave his support to the Iranian government and people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/with-western-powers-backing-israel-trying-to-ignite-regional-conflict-erdogan-201963|title=With Western powers backing, Israel trying to ignite regional conflict: Erdoğan|date=27 October 2024|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

On 13 November 2024, Erdoğan announced that Turkey was severing all its diplomatic relations with Israel due to Israel's reluctance to end the war in Gaza.<ref name="turkey-sever-me-eye" />

Relations continued to deteriorate throughout 2025. In June, Israeli foreign minister Israel Katz told Erdoğan that "a little self-awareness could be helpful" regarding his criticism of Israel's actions in Gaza; he said Erdoğan's comments were hypocritical given the Turkish occupation of Cyprus and invasion of Syria. The Turkish Foreign Ministry described Katz's comments as "vile lies and slander" and said Israeli leaders would be held accountable for war crimes in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel accuses Turkey of occupying Cyprus amid war of words |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/politics/foreign-policy/1272752/israel-accuses-turkey-of-occupying-cyprus-amid-war-of-words/ |website=Kathimerini |access-date=September 17, 2025 |date=June 18, 2025}}</ref> In August, Netanyahu said he personally recognized the Armenian genocide, though his statement did not constitute formal recognition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lis |first1=Jonathan |title=For First Time, Netanyahu Explicitly Says He Recognizes the Armenian Genocide |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-08-27/ty-article/.premium/for-first-time-netanyahu-explicitly-says-he-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide/00000198-e843-d181-a99b-ed5b1f400000 |work=Haaretz |date=27 August 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250826215203/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-08-27/ty-article/.premium/for-first-time-netanyahu-explicitly-says-he-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide/00000198-e843-d181-a99b-ed5b1f400000 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |quote=Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Tuesday that he recognizes the Armenian genocide – although his statement, made during an interview with conservative American businessman and podcaster Patrick Bet-David, does not constitute formal Israeli recognition.}}</ref> Turkey retaliated by closing its airspace to Israeli aircraft and cutting off economic relations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ben Ari |first1=Lior |last2=Lifshitz-Klieger |first2=Iris |last3=Ettinger |first3=Amir |title=Turkey says it closed skies to Israeli flights, cut trade ties |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sjb6yqy9lx |website=Yedioth Ahronoth |access-date=4 September 2025 |date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

In November 2025, Turkey announced that it has issued arrest warrants against Benjamin Netanyahu and other senior officials in his government, accusing them of "genocide and crimes against humanity" that Israel has "perpetrated systematically" in Gaza since October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2025|title= Turkiye issues arrest warrant for Israel's Netanyahu over Gaza genocide|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/7/turkiye-issues-arrest-warrant-for-israels-netanyahu-over-gaza-genocide|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 November 2025|title= Turkey issues arrest warrants for Netanyahu, other Israeli leaders over 'genocide' in Gaza|url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/turkey-issues-arrest-warrants-for-netanyahu-other-israeli-leaders-over-genocide-in-gaza/|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> The list contained 37 officials, including Israel Katz, Eyal Zamir, and Itamar Ben-Gvir.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2025|title= Turkey issues genocide arrest warrant against Benjamin Netanyahu|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/07/turkey-issues-genocide-arrest-warrant-against-benjamin-netanyahu|website=The Guardian|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

=====Intelligence agencies===== Under Erdoğan's leadership, Turkey has expanded its military influence in the region. Israeli and Western officials have accused Ankara of allowing Hamas operatives to operate in Turkey, including allegations involving financial and logistical support as well as the granting of Turkish citizenship to some members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=ToI |date=2020-08-26 |title=Israeli diplomat confirms Turkey giving citizenship to Hamas members |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-diplomat-confirms-turkey-giving-citizenship-to-hamas-members/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> At the same time Turkish intelligence and police have intensified operations on Israeli intelligence networks tracking Hamas activities in Turkey, while largely overlooking the presence of jihadist groups and Iranian services operating on Turkish soil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-20 |title=Turkey has been quietly preparing for a war, with Israel the primary target - Nordic Monitor |url=https://nordicmonitor.com/2026/04/turkey-has-quietly-preparing-a-war-with-israel-primary-target/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=nordicmonitor.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Turkish justice minister says 15 suspects jailed ahead of trial for spying for Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-turkey-spying-gaza-palestinians-tunc-35227a4766895710b5b385cc496dca25 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> After Ronen Bar, the head of Shin Bet, said that Israel plans to hunt Hamas members outside of Palestinian territories, including Turkey, Turkish intelligence warned Israel against targeting Hamas members outside of Palestine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-warns-israel-over-plan-against-hamas-on-turkish-soil-188377|title=Türkiye warns Israel over plan against Hamas on Turkish soil|date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205193218/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-warns-israel-over-plan-against-hamas-on-turkish-soil-188377}}</ref>

The next months after this warning, the Turkish authorities arrested a lot of suspects with the accusation of working for Israel, including:

* In early January 2024, Turkish authorities arrested 33 people with the accusation of spying for Israel. According to Turkey, they were planning to carry out different activities including reconnaissance, pursuing, assaulting and kidnapping foreign nationals living in Turkey. Turkish Interior Minister Ali Yerlikaya said: "We will never allow espionage activities to be conducted against the national unity and solidarity of our country".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-security-forces-nab-33-accused-of-spying-for-israel-189275|title=Turkish security forces nab 33 accused of spying for Israel|date=2 January 2024|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102115954/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-security-forces-nab-33-accused-of-spying-for-israel-189275}}</ref> * In early February, Turkish authorities arrested 7 people, according to media the suspects accused of gathering information on Palestinians with Hamas connections who lived in Turkey and seemed dangerous to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-police-nab-7-over-selling-intel-to-mossad-190323|title=Turkish police nab 7 over selling intel to Mossad|date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202113602/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-police-nab-7-over-selling-intel-to-mossad-190323}}</ref> * In early March 2024, Turkish authorities arrested 7 suspects accused of working for Mossad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-intel-police-nab-7-over-spying-for-mossad-191327|title=Turkish intel, police nab 7 over spying for Mossad|date=5 March 2024|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305095924/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-intel-police-nab-7-over-spying-for-mossad-191327}}</ref> * In early April 2024, Turkish authorities arrested 8 suspects accused of working for Mossad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-authorities-expose-another-mossad-linked-spy-network-192213|title=Turkish authorities expose another Mossad-linked spy network|date=5 April 2024|access-date=5 April 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405125616/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-authorities-expose-another-mossad-linked-spy-network-192213}}</ref> * In early July 2024, a prosecutor has asked prison sentences for 57 defendants, while the court has released 18 of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/prosecutor-seeks-prison-terms-in-mossad-trial-18-released-198125|title=Prosecutor seeks prison terms in Mossad trial, 18 released|date=4 July 2024|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704184302/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/prosecutor-seeks-prison-terms-in-mossad-trial-18-released-198125}}</ref> * In February 2026, Turkish authorities dismantled an operative cell controlled by Israeli intelligence that was trying to spy on Palestinian targets and break into supply chains.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Turkey busts Israeli plot mimicking Hezbollah pager attack tactics|url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-links-israeli-spy-cell-hezbollah-pager-attack-style-supply-chain-infiltration|work=Middle East Eye|date=6 February 2026|last=Soylu|first=Ragip|access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> Two people, who were suspected of working and provided information to Mossad were later arrested.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 February 2026|title= Turkey arrests two on charges of spying for Israel|url= https://www.newarab.com/news/turkey-arrests-two-charges-spying-israel|work=The New Arab|access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

==Armenian genocide== {{see also|Armenian genocide recognition|Armenian genocide denial}}

Israel has maintained an ambivalent stance towards the Armenian genocide, officially not endorsing or against it, due to the issue in relations with Turkey and its long-standing ally Azerbaijan, which has been in good terms with Israel.

According to historians Rıfat Bali and Marc David Baer, Armenian genocide denial was the most important factor in the normalization of relations.{{sfn|Baer|2020|p=145}} The 1982 International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide, which took place in Tel Aviv, included six presentations on the Armenian genocide. Turkey threatened that if the conference was held, it would close its borders to Jewish refugees from Iran and Syria, putting their lives in danger. As a result, the Israeli Foreign Ministry joined the ultimately unsuccessful effort to cancel the conference.{{sfn|Ben Aharon|2015|pp=646–648|ps=. "From Charny's testimony and Arazi's statements in document 404, it is clear that the lives of Iranian and Syrian Jews were at stake; the Turkish Foreign Ministry did not hesitate to use this sensitive situation to exert pressure on Israel."}}

In April 2001, a Turkish newspaper quoted foreign minister Shimon Peres as saying, "We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through, but not a genocide."{{sfn|Auron|2003|p=124}}{{sfn|Ben Aharon|2015|p=638}} According to Charny and Auron, this statement crossed the line into active denial of the Armenian genocide.{{sfn|Auron|2003|p=128}} Scholar Eldad Ben Aharon considers that Peres simply made explicit what had been Israel's policy since 1948.{{sfn|Ben Aharon|2015|p=638}} Israel–Turkey relations deteriorated in the late 2010s, but Israel's relations with Azerbaijan remain close and the Azerbaijan–Israel International Association has lobbied against recognition of the genocide.{{sfn|Ben Aharon|2019|pp=366–367, 369}}

At the same time, however, Israel was aware of the repercussion. This policy stems from a few geopolitical considerations. First, according to ''The Times of Israel'', "Israel is a small country in a hostile neighborhood that can't afford to antagonize the few friends it has in the region. Even more powerful states refuse to employ the 'genocide' term for fear of alienating Turkey...."<ref name=Ahren>Raphael Ahren, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/why-israel-still-refuses-to-recognize-a-century-old-genocide/ Why Israel still refuses to recognize a century-old genocide], Times of Israel, April 24, 2015</ref> Second, Israel shares a "budding friendship" with Azerbaijan, a "Shiite Muslim but moderate country bordering Iran" that also strongly opposes recognition.<ref name=Ahren /> Third, according to former Israeli minister Yossi Sarid, one of the country's most vocal supporters of Armenian genocide recognition, Israel tends to follow policies set by the United States, which has also not recognized the genocide.<ref name=Heller>Aron Heller, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-grapples-with-whether-to-recognize-armenian-genocide/ Israel grapples with question of Armenian genocide recognition], Associated Press, April 23, 2015</ref> Despite these concerns, many prominent Israeli figures from different sides of the political spectrum have called for recognition.<ref name=Ahren /><ref name=Heller />

Growing tensions between Turkey and Israel since the 2010s enabled greater calls for recognising the Armenian genocide in Israel, despite it possibly running in contradiction against relations with Azerbaijan. In 2019, the United States officially recognised the genocide, with tacit involvement by Israeli lobbies refusing to lobby for Turkey and Azerbaijan.<ref name=jewishgroupsarmeniangenocide>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-jewish-groups-now-welcomed-bidens-designation-of-an-armenian-genocide/|title=Marking shift, US Jewish groups welcome Biden's designation of Armenian genocide|work=The Times of Israel|first=Ron|last=Kampeas|date=27 April 2021|access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> The Israeli lobbies again did not prevent U.S. President Joe Biden from recognising the genocide in 2021, which was met with a furious response in Turkey.<ref name=jewishgroupsarmeniangenocide /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Lee |first2=Matthew |last3=Bilginsoy |first3=Zeynep |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/fulfilling-campaign-promise-biden-recognizes-armenian-genocide/|title=Biden recognizes Ottoman Empire atrocities against Armenians as 'genocide' &#124; The Times of Israel|website=The Times of Israel |date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> While Israel remains committed to its relationship with Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan's pro-Turkey attitude was seen as a concern by Israel, resulting in Israel's tacit anti-Turkish policies often attacking Azerbaijani interests, with both Turkey and Azerbaijan also singled out as threats to Israel since 2020.<ref name=aspiarmeniaazerbaijanturkeyisrael /><ref name=thetimescohen />

==Economic relationship== In 1996, Turkey and Israel signed a free-trade agreement. In 1997, a double-taxation prevention treaty went into effect. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in 1998.<ref name="globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com">{{cite web|url=http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/31/turkey-israel-potential-for-a-fresh-start/|title=Turkey, Israel: Potential for a fresh start?|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427200558/http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/31/turkey-israel-potential-for-a-fresh-start/|archive-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

Israeli-Turkish trade rose 26% to $2 billion in first half of 2011 from $1.59 billion in the first half of 2010. According to the Israeli Chamber of Commerce, Israeli exports to Turkey rose 39% to $950 million, and imports from Turkey rose 16% to $1.05 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000675654&fid=1725|title=Israel's trade with Turkey worth $2b in first half – Globes English|date=22 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108014647/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000675654&fid=1725|archive-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Turkey is Israel's sixth-largest export destination. Chemicals and oil distillates are the primary exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/09/tie-still-binds-israel-and-turkey-trade/42045/|title=The Tie That Still Binds Israel and Turkey: Trade|author=Uri Friedman|work=The Wire|date=2 September 2011 |access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319044853/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/09/tie-still-binds-israel-and-turkey-trade/42045/|archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> Turkey purchases high-tech defense equipment from Israel, whereas Turkey supplies Israel with military boots and uniforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=business-as-usual-between-turkey-israel-2011-05-30|title=ECONOMY – Business as usual between Turkey, Israel|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413102528/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=business-as-usual-between-turkey-israel-2011-05-30|archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> Israeli import of Turkish vegetable products has remained steady since 2007, and imports of prepared foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco doubled from 2007 to 2011.<ref name="globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com"/>

On 2 March 2024, people in Turkey gathered in Istanbul to protest trade relations between Turkey and Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akin |last2=Bassist |first1=Ezgi |first2=Rina |title=Turkey, Israel tangle in fresh row over trade ban |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/05/turkey-israel-tangle-fresh-row-over-trade-ban |website=al-monitor. |date=9 May 2024}}</ref> On 2 May 2024, Turkey announced that it was effective immediately suspending all trade with Israel due to the "worsening humanitarian tragedy" in the Palestinian territories. On 9 May 2024, Israel Katz, the foreign minister of Israel, claimed that the Turkish government had eased the trade ban with Israel. Turkish Minister of Trade Omar Bulat condemned Katz's claim, calling it "completely fictional."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toksabay and Karakas |first1=Ece and Burcu |title=Turkey says it is not easing Israel export ban |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-says-it-is-not-easing-israel-export-ban-2024-05-09/ |website=reuters |date=9 May 2024}}</ref> On 7 October 2024, Mustafa Yeneroğlu presented a report to parliament on the sharp increase in exports to Palestinian territories. Yeneroğlu requested Trade Ömer Bolat to reply to local media reports claiming that trade with Israel was quietly continuing through Palestinian companies, with shipping documents representing goods as destined for Palestinian territories when they were going to Israel. Bolat denied these claims. On 8 October 2024, Reuters reported, that Turkish exports to the Palestinian territories increased by 35 percent, according to the Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM), five months after Turkey banned trade with Israel. according to the Yedioth Ahronoth newspaper, Turkish exporters and Israeli importers are utilizing a new logistical route to circumvent the trade ban. This route first transports Turkish products to third countries, such as Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania, before they are sent to Israel. Although this transit incurs additional shipping costs, it guarantees a continuous flow of goods.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caglayan |first1=Ceyda |title=Turkey says exports to Palestinians surge after halting trade with Israel over Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-says-exports-palestinians-surge-after-halting-trade-with-israel-over-gaza-2024-10-08/ |website=reuters |date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Türkiye says exports to Palestine surge after halting Israel trade |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/turkiye-says-exports-to-palestine-surge-after-halting-israel-trade |website=Daily Sabah |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Israel seeks to import goods from Turkiye through a third country |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240513-israel-seeks-to-import-goods-from-turkiye-through-a-third-country/ |website=Middle East Monitor |date=13 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Caglayan |first1=Ceyda |title=Turkish exporters seek workarounds after Israel trade halt, sources say |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkish-exporters-seek-workarounds-after-israel-trade-halt-sources-say-2024-05-03/ |date=3 May 2024}}</ref>

==Military collaboration== thumb|Turkey-Israel naval collaboration, 2009: US Capt. John Moore, Turkish Rear Adm. Ismail Taylan, Israeli Rear Adm. Rom Rutberg thumb|Annual U.S.-Turkish-Israeli training exercise, 2009 In 2007, Israel and Turkey discussed the sale of Israeli Ofeq satellites and Arrow missile air-defence systems to Turkey to upgrade Turkish military and intelligence capabilities.<ref name=JPostarrow>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israel-may-sell-Arrow-and-Ofek-to-Turkey|title=Israel may sell Arrow and Ofek to Turkey|first=Yaakov|last=Katz|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=12 November 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070715/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israel-may-sell-Arrow-and-Ofek-to-Turkey|archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Israeli defense companies have helped to modernize the F-4 Phantom fleet of the Turkish air force. Agreements have included air, sea, land and intelligence cooperation, manufacturing of aircraft, armaments and missiles, mutual military visits, training and exercises, dispatch of observers to oversee military exercises, staff exchanges and military know-how.<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA404530 ''The Turkish Middle East Role: Between the Arabs and Israel''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009131903/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA404530 |date=9 October 2012 }} U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania</ref>

* Modernization of Turkey's F-4 Phantoms and F-5 aircraft – $900 million. * Upgrading 170 of Turkey's M60A1 tanks – $687 million.<ref name=UPI1 /> * Popeye-I and Popeye-II missiles. * Popeye-II surface-to-air missiles – $150 million. * 10 Heron UAV – $183 million.<ref name=UPI1 /> * Arrow anti-ballistic-missiles. (Agreed in principle by Israel; approval by the United States pending.) * The agreement provided exchange of pilots eight times a year; allowed Israeli pilots to practice "long range flying over mountainous land" in Turkey's Konya firing range; and permitted Turkish pilots to train at Israel's computerized firing range at the Nevatim airfield.<ref>Nechmani, 1998: pg. 24; Pipes, 1997, pg. 34</ref> * The two navies conducted maneuvers during Operation Reliant Mermaid (the U.S. also participated) in January 1998.

In September 2011, military agreements between Turkey and Israel were suspended. Turkey has frozen 16 defense contracts worth billions of dollars since March 2010. Turkey suspended a $5 billion deal for 1,000 Merkava Mk 3 tanks.<ref name=turkey>{{cite news|title=Turkey 'freezes arms deals with Israel'|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2010/06/18/Turkey-freezes-arms-deals-with-Israel/UPI-24011276879457/|newspaper=Upi|access-date=1 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051520/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2010/06/18/Turkey-freezes-arms-deals-with-Israel/UPI-24011276879457/|archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Turkey also dropped Israel Aerospace Industries Arrow-2 anti-ballistic missile system worth $2 billion from bidding, with only U.S., European, and Chinese companies allowed to bid.<ref name=UPI1>{{cite web|title=UAVs 'could end Israel-Turkey rift'|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2011/09/09/UAVs-could-end-Israel-Turkey-rift/UPI-51421315580711/|access-date=13 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912113921/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2011/09/09/UAVs-could-end-Israel-Turkey-rift/UPI-51421315580711/|archive-date=12 September 2011}}</ref>

==Tourism== Turkey is a popular tourism destination for Israelis. Istanbul is a 90-minute flight from Tel Aviv. No visas are required for Israelis to visit Turkey, while Turkish citizens with ordinary passports need a visa prior to travelling Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa |title=Visa Information For Foreigners / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Mfa.gov.tr |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608131218/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turk-vatandaslarinin-tabi-oldugu-vize-uygulamalari.tr.mfa |title=Türk Vatandaşlarının Tabi Olduğu Vize Uygulamaları / T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı |publisher=Mfa.gov.tr |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406000627/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turk-vatandaslarinin-tabi-oldugu-vize-uygulamalari.tr.mfa |archive-date=6 April 2013 }}</ref> In 2008, before the 2008–09 Gaza War, 560,000 Israelis vacationed in Turkey, according to Israeli tourism officials. In October 2010 Israel's Tourism Minister Stas Misezhnikov encouraged Israelis to boycott Turkey as a vacation spot in response to Turkey's stance on Gaza.<ref name=tourism>{{cite news |title=Tourism minister urges Israelis to boycott Turkey |first=Amy|last=Teibel |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2010/10/31/tourism_minister_urges_israelis_to_boycott_turkey/ |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=31 October 2010 |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104000447/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2010/10/31/tourism_minister_urges_israelis_to_boycott_turkey/ |archive-date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> The number of Israeli tourists in Turkey dropped to 300,000 in 2009 and to 110,000 in 2010; it declined further to about 62,000 between January and August 2011. According to Turkey's Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Israelis' share of Turkey's total tourism declined from 3% to 0.05%. The number of Arab tourists in Turkey, by contrast, increased to about 1.4 million visitors in the first part of 2011, a jump from about 912,000 in the whole of 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=At Turkish resort, Arabs fill Israeli rooms |first=Rob L.|last=Wagner |url=https://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=241836 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=15 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219114354/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=241836 |archive-date=19 December 2011 }}</ref> Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in June 2012: "We do not need Israeli tourists. We have successfully filled their places".<ref>{{cite news |title=20% Israeli Tourists "Not Needed" In Turkey, Says Erdogan |first=Tulin|last=Daloglu |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/tk-2.html |newspaper=Al-Monitor |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812004124/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/tk-2.html |archive-date=12 August 2012 }}</ref>

Still, tourism to Antalya rose by more than 20% from September 2010 to September 2011, and the number of Israeli visitors to Istanbul rose 13%, still well below previous peaks.<ref>{{cite news |title=20% increase in Israeli tourists to Antalya |first=Sapir|last=Peretz |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000689595&fid=1725 |newspaper=Globes |date=10 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017222833/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000689595&fid=1725 |archive-date=17 October 2011 }}</ref>

Turkish Airlines dropped the number of weekly flights to Israel by about half in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish Airlines drops number of daily flights to Israel |first=Zohar|last=Blumenkrantz |url=http://english.themarker.com/turkish-airlines-drops-number-of-daily-flights-to-israel-1.300006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709132026/http://english.themarker.com/turkish-airlines-drops-number-of-daily-flights-to-israel-1.300006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |newspaper=The Marker – Haaretz |date=4 July 2010 |access-date=3 February 2012 }}</ref> In 2011, Turkish charter airlines began to cut back weekly flights on routes to and from Israel against the backdrop of the crisis in relations between the two counties and the decline in Israelis' Turkey holidays. It also emerged that El Al Israel Airlines had contingency plans that would address the possibility that Turkey would bar the Israeli carrier from overflying Turkish territory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish charter airlines cancel weekly Israel flights |first=Zohar|last=Blumenkrantz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/turkish-charter-airlines-cancel-weekly-israel-flights-1.382959 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911105454/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/turkish-charter-airlines-cancel-weekly-israel-flights-1.382959 |archive-date=11 September 2011 }}</ref> However, it was announced by the Israeli Airports Authority that in 2013 and 2014 Turkish Airlines flew more passengers to and from Israel than any other foreign airline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2015-01-09/ty-article/.premium/turkish-airlines-is-most-popular-foreign-carrier-at-ben-gurion/0000017f-db7d-d856-a37f-fffdb09f0000|title=Turkish Airlines is most popular foreign carrier at Ben-Gurion|work=Haaretz|first=Zohar|last=Blumenkrantz|date=9 January 2015|access-date=10 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109022949/http://www.haaretz.com/business/.premium-1.636173|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Disaster relief efforts == thumb|250px|Turkish firefighting plane sent to aid Israel, 2010 After the 1999 Izmit earthquake, Israel assisted in search and rescue efforts and set up makeshift hospitals. The Israeli team included hundreds of personnel from the IDF SAR team, paramedics, surgeons and administrative personnel. The team was one of the largest international teams to assist in the catastrophe (which claimed more than 17,000 lives) and remained active for weeks.<ref name="relief"/><ref>Arieh O'Sullivan, [http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/11434/israel-rescue-team-aids-turkey-quake-victims/ Israel rescue team aids Turkey quake victims] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200303/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/11434/israel-rescue-team-aids-turkey-quake-victims/ |date=2 June 2014 }}, Jweekly.com, 20 August 1999</ref> One of the iconic images of the catastrophe was an "Israeli rescue dog with a red Star of David sniffing through debris in the devastated port city of Gölcük".<ref>Weinbaum, Laurence. "Everyone Fights for What He Hasn't Got: Troubled Relations between Turkey and Israel." Welt Trends 81 (2011): 9–12. Print.</ref>

During the Mount Carmel forest fire in 2010, Turkey was one of the first nations to send aid to Israel. Turkey sent two firefighting aircraft, which started to extinguish the fire in the early hours of 3 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703350104575652872522576084|title=Turkey Helps Fight Israeli Fire|author=Joshua Mitnick in Tel Aviv, Israel and Marc Champion in Istanbul|date=3 December 2010|work=WSJ|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307101428/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703350104575652872522576084|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref>

Following the 2011 Van earthquake, Israel offered to provide prefabricated housing and tents in response to Turkish requests for foreign aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=80798|title=Turkey requests foreign quake aid amid lack of tents – Diplomacy – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419081342/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=80798|archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> Israel airlifted mobile homes to the devastated region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey says 'yes' to Israeli earthquake aid offer|url=https://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=243154|work=Jerusalem Post|date=25 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025220658/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=243154|archive-date=25 October 2011}}</ref>

=== 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake === {{Very long|date=April 2023|section}} In the wake of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, Israel provided significant humanitarian aid and emerged as one of the most vital and prominent partners of the Turkish government in their search and rescue attempts and efforts to recover and rebuild in the aftermath of the large tremors which devastated Southern Turkey. Israel previously assisted Turkey with search and rescue efforts in the aftermath of the 2011 Van earthquakes and 1999 İzmit earthquake and has deployed more than 430 search and rescue, disaster relief and humanitarian aid workers and sent more than 15 cargo planes with hundreds of tons of humanitarian aid and set up a field hospital, as of 8 February, mainly to the areas of Adana and Gaziantep. Of these, 230 were IDF medics operating an Israeli field hospital in Gaziantep, 167 were from an elite search and rescue unit of Israel Defense Force officers from the Home Front Command which has assisted 31 countries and has extensive experience in conducting search and rescue operations in the aftermath of natural disasters and war both in Israel and abroad, and most recently assisting in Ukraine during the current war and during the Surfside building collapse in the United States, and 2017 Puebla earthquake in Mexico. The first delegation organized by the IDF consisted of 17 was sent on 6 February with a larger 150 member delegation sent by the IDF the next morning. A third delegation consisting of delegation of dozens of Israeli doctors, medics, rescue operators and psychotrauma specialists along with 10 tons of equipment and humanitarian aid was sent by United Hatzalah, an Israeli volunteer-based emergency medical services NGO on the afternoon of 7 February. A fourth delegation from IsraAID including trauma experts and others brought with them water purification systems to assist Turks needing clean water in the aftermath. IsraAID planned to assess the needs on the ground to determine what other help would be needed going forward, according to an IsraAID member. The Israeli government sent over 30 tons of humanitarian equipment to carry out rescue missions in Turkey, as of 7 February, and was planning on sending a second flight of humanitarian aid and medicine, according to a spokesperson for the Israeli Embassy in Washington. Israeli President Isaac Herzog reached out to President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to offer his condolences on behalf of the people of Israel. The establishment of an Israeli field hospital in Gaziantep was approved by Defencs Minister Yoav Gallant. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said received a request through Russian interlocutors to send aid to Syria and assist in search and rescue operations there even though the two nations are technically in a state of war and do not have relations. Israel has plans to send aid to Syria, including humanitarian aid, medication, blankets, and tents. In contrast to the assistance provided by Israel to Turkey, any assistance provided to Syria by the Israeli government would not involve the military, according to IDF spokesman Ran Kochav who stated that the military was not involved in potential aid to Syria.<ref name="WaPo 1">{{cite news |last1=Naomi |first1=Adam |last2=Schanen |first2=Taylor |title=Countries rush aid, medical teams and rescue dogs to Turkey and Syria |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=7 February 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/07/turkey-syria-earthquake-aid/ |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="TOI 1">{{cite news |last1=Gross |first1=Judah Ari |title=Another Israeli aid delegation takes off for southern Turkey after deadly quakes |date=7 February 2023|work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/another-israeli-aid-delegation-takes-off-for-southern-turkey-after-deadly-quakes/ |access-date=8 February 2023 |ref=ToI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The IDF's Humanitarian Aid Through the Years |url=https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/humanitarian-missions/the-idf-s-humanitarian-aid-through-the-years/ |website=IDF Humanitarian Missions}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg 1">{{cite news |last1=Odenheimer |first1=Alisa |title=Israel to Provide Rapid Aid to Turkey After Deadly Earthquake |publisher=Bloomberg News |agency=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-06/israel-to-provide-rapid-aid-to-turkey-after-deadly-earthquake |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="TOI 2">{{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Lazar|last2=Spiro|first2=Amy |title=Request was received': Israel to send earthquake relief to Syria as well as Turkey |work=The Times of Israel |date=6 February 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-israel-will-send-earthquake-relief-to-syria-as-well-as-turkey/amp/ |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="TOI 3">{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=We'll do our best to save lives': IDF rescue delegation arrives in southern Turkey |work=The Times of Israel |date=7 February 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/great-privilege-to-reach-out-to-our-neighbor-idf-aid-delegation-heads-to-turkey/amp/ |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Times of Israel">{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=IDF to set up field hospital in Turkey; Israel's search and rescue team starts work |work=The Times of Israel |date=7 February 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-set-up-field-hospital-in-turkey-to-treat-injured-in-earthquake/amp/ |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Times of Israel 1">{{cite news |last1=Spiro |first1=Amy|last2=Berman|first2=Lazar |title=Israel to dispatch emergency aid, teams to earthquake-stricken Turkey |date=6 February 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-offers-to-dispatch-emergency-aid-to-earthquake-stricken-turkey/amp/ |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="ToI Source">{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=With 15 cargo planes, IDF begins setting up field hospital in quake-stricken Turkey |publisher=Times of Israel |agency=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-15-cargo-planes-idf-begins-setting-up-field-hospital-in-quake-stricken-turkey/ |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>

==Cultural ties== [[File:Arkadaş Association.png|right|thumb|Arkadaş Association, Yehud, Israel]] [[File:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Memorial in Yehud, Israel.jpg|thumb|Atatürk memorial built by Arkadaş Association in Yehud]] The Arkadaş Association was established in 2003 to preserve the heritage of Turkish Jews, promote the study of Ladino, and strengthen ties between Israel and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkadas.org.il/site/index.asp?depart_id=99510&lat=en|title=Arkadash – The Turkish Jewish Community in Israel|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405010418/http://www.arkadas.org.il/site/index.asp?depart_id=99510&lat=en|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> The organization has over 4,000 members since its inception, about 40 volunteers to run its vast operations and its twelve branches throughout the country. Eyal Peretz, chairman of the association, told the Jerusalem Post that Jewish heritage trips to Turkey had stopped because of security concerns and dwindling demand. Peretz stated, "I've devoted most of my life as an adult to cultivate ties between the two people and I've seen how a warm relationship has been erased in one fell swoop. It's very painful, very frustrating."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=236883|title=Israeli-Turks watch relations crumble between their lands|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111221622/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=236883|archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref>

==Regional realignments==

===Turkish-occupied Northern Cyprus=== {{see also|Cyprus dispute}} Cyprus and Israel signed an accord demarcating their maritime borders to facilitate offshore gas exploration. Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou and Israel's Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau signed the deal in Nicosia. The intent is to facilitate a search for mineral deposits in the east Mediterranean where huge natural gas reserves have been discovered. Turkish sources said that the Foreign Ministry had summoned Israel's Ambassador to Turkey, Gabby Levy, and expressed discontent over the agreement.<ref>''Alarab Online'', 20 December 2010, [http://www.alarabonline.org/english/display.asp?fname=\2010\12\12-20\zalsoz\915.htm&dismode=x&ts=20-12-2010%2011:23:27 "Turkey unhappy with Israel-Cyprus deal"]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 10 April 2011</ref> Israeli energy firm Delek Group is seeking to work with Cyprus on natural gas exploration and extraction where Delek is already active.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delek proposes Cyprus facility to process Israeli gas |agency=Associated Press |url=http://english.themarker.com/delek-proposes-cyprus-facility-to-process-israeli-gas-1.338603 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=23 January 2011 |access-date=1 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126084802/http://english.themarker.com/delek-proposes-cyprus-facility-to-process-israeli-gas-1.338603 |archive-date=26 January 2011 }}</ref>

According to Turkish media reports in September 2011, Israel Air Force fighter planes flew through the airspace of Cyprus after taking off to face a Turkish seismic research ship in the Eastern Mediterranean. The reports added that Turkey responded by launching two fighters to track the Israeli planes, at which point the Israeli fighter jets returned to Israeli airspace. The Turkish research vessel was seen as a Turkish provocation in the dispute over gas fields. The operation of Israeli planes in Cyprus airspace was interpreted as a further sign of close Israel-Cyprus ties and as a challenge to Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |title=Report: Israel scrambles IAF warplanes toward Turkish ship|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/report-israel-scrambles-iaf-warplanes-toward-turkish-ship-1.387407 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229050722/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/report-israel-scrambles-iaf-warplanes-toward-turkish-ship-1.387407 |archive-date=29 December 2011}}</ref> In May 2012, the Turkish Army command said its fighter jets chased an Israeli plane out of Turkish-occupied Cypriot airspace. That same month, Cyprus also denied a report that Israel planned to deploy 20,000 troops in Cyprus to protect Israelis working on energy projects.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyprus-Israel close to gas-sharing deal|first=James|last=Kanter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/world/europe/in-cyprus-race-for-natural-gas-adds-to-tensions.html?pagewanted=all|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025952/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/world/europe/in-cyprus-race-for-natural-gas-adds-to-tensions.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref>

Israel is one of the few nations which officially recognises northern Cyprus as occupied, as opposed to simply unrecognised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRAVELERS - CYPRUS |url=https://new.embassies.gov.il/cyprus/en/news/recommendations-travelers |quote="It is recommended to take extra precautions when traveling to the occupied northern part of Cyprus."}}</ref>

==See also== * Alliance of the periphery * Antisemitism in Turkey * Azerbaijan–Israel relations * 2010 Gaza flotilla raid * History of the Jews in Turkey * Jewish Museum of Turkey * List of ambassadors of Turkey to Israel * Palestine–Turkey relations * Turks in Israel * Assassination of Efraim Elrom * History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire

==References== {{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

*{{cite book|last=Auron|first=Yair|author-link=Yair Auron|title=The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide|publisher= Rutgers University Press|date= 2003|isbn=0-7658-0834-X|chapter=The Israeli Academy and the Armenian Genocide}} *{{cite book |last1=Baer |first1=Marc D. |author1-link=Marc David Baer |title=Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide |date=2020 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-04542-3 |language=en}} *{{cite journal |last1=Ben Aharon |first1=Eldad |title=A Unique Denial: Israel's Foreign Policy and the Armenian Genocide |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2015 |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=638–654 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2015.1043514|s2cid=218602513 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ben Aharon |first1=Eldad |title=Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A Comparative Analysis of Changing Parliamentary Positions |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |date=2019 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=339–352|doi=10.1080/23739770.2019.1737911|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/92270 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Matthew |last2=Freilich |first2=Charles |title=Breakdown and Possible Restart: Turkish-Israeli Relations under the AKP |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |date=2014 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=39–55 }}

==External links== * [http://www.arkadas.org.il Official website of the Turkish Community in Israel] * [http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-israel.en.mfa Relations between Turkey and Israel (from the website of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs)] * [http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/missionhome.asp?LanguageID=0&Question2=&MissionID=65&MissionID= Embassy of Israel in Ankara, Turkey] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319134207/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/documents/44edf1a5d337f.pdf A timeline of Turkey-Israel relations by the Washington Institute of Near East Studies] * [http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/publica/cemoti/textes28/nachmani.pdf Study of Turkish-Israeli Cooperation and its implications on Greece] * [https://archive.today/20130211213827/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1342/i.html Turkish-Israeli Relations: Strain on a Fragile Alliance] 11 June 2009 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402233246/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2701/turkish-israeli-relations-is-it-all-about-iran.html Turkish-Israeli Relations: Is It All About Iran?] * [http://www.balkanalysis.com/turkey/2011/02/19/in-israel-concerns-over-turkey%E2%80%99s-present-orientation-and-future-course In Israel, Concerns over Turkey's Present Orientation and Future Course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104311/http://www.balkanalysis.com/turkey/2011/02/19/in-israel-concerns-over-turkey%E2%80%99s-present-orientation-and-future-course |date=17 July 2020 }} Balkanalysis.com, 19 February 2011

{{Foreign relations of Israel}} {{Foreign relations of Turkey |expanded=Bilateral}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Israel-Turkey relations}} Category:Israel–Turkey relations Turkey Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey