ACM Turing Award
Awarded forOutstanding contributions in computer science
PresenterAssociation for Computing Machinery
CountryUnited States
RewardUS$1,000,000[1]
Firstawarded1966 (age 60)
Websiteamturing.acm.org

The ACM A. M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science. It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in the field of computer science and is often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing".[2][3][4][5][6] As of 2026, 81 people have been awarded the prize, with the most recent recipients being Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard, who won in 2025.

The award is named after Alan Turing, also referred as "Father of Computer Science", who was a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester. Turing is often credited as being the founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence,[7] and a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of the Enigma cipher during World War II.[8] From 2007 to 2013, the award was accompanied by a prize of US$250,000, with financial support provided by Intel and Google.[2][9] Since 2014, the award has been accompanied by a prize of US$1 million, with financial support provided by Google.[1][10]

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis. The youngest recipient was Donald Knuth, who won in 1974 at the age of 36,[11] while the oldest recipient was Alfred Aho, who won in 2020 at the age of 79.[12] Three women have been awarded the prize: Frances Allen (in 2006),[13] Barbara Liskov (in 2008),[14] and Shafi Goldwasser (in 2012).[15]

Recipients

Recipients of the ACM Turing award
YearRecipient(s)PhotoCitationAffiliation at time of award
1966Alan Perlis"for his influence in the area of advanced computer programming techniques and compiler construction"[16][17]Carnegie Mellon University
1967Maurice Wilkesfor contributions including being "the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the second computer with an internally stored program" and introducing program libraries (together with David Wheeler and Stanley Gill)[18][19]University of Cambridge
1968Richard Hamming"for his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes"[20][21]Bell Labs
1969Marvin Minsky"for his central role in creating, shaping, promoting, and advancing the field of artificial intelligence"[22][23]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1970James H. Wilkinson"for his research in numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and 'backward' error analysis"[24][25]National Physical Laboratory
1971John McCarthyAward citation refers to McCarthy's lecture "The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence"[26][27]Stanford University
1972Edsger W. Dijkstra"for fundamental contributions to programming as a high, intellectual challenge; for eloquent insistence and practical demonstration that programs should be composed correctly, not just debugged into correctness; for illuminating perception of problems at the foundations of program design"[28][29]Eindhoven University of Technology
1973Charles Bachman"for his outstanding contributions to database technology"[30][31]General Electric Research Laboratory (now under Groupe Bull, an Atos company)
1974Donald Knuth"for his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to 'The Art of Computer Programming' through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title"[32][33]Stanford University
1975Allen Newellin collaboration with J. C. Shaw and others, for "basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing."[34][35][36]RAND Corporation
Herbert A. SimonCarnegie Mellon University
1976Michael O. Rabin"for their joint paper 'Finite automata and their decision problem',[37] which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines"[38][39][40][41]Princeton University
Dana ScottUniversity of Chicago
1977John Backus"for profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages"[42][43]IBM Research
1978Robert W. Floyd"for having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of computer science: the theory of parsing, the semantics of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithms"[44][45]Stanford University
1979Kenneth E. Iverson"for his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice"[46][47]IBM Research
1980Tony Hoare"for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages"[48][49]University of Oxford
1981Edgar F. Codd"for his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems"[50][51]IBM Research
1982Stephen Cookfor "his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way"; the citation in particular mentions his paper "The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures," which is credited with founding the theory of NP-completeness[52][53]University of Toronto
1983Dennis Ritchie"for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system"[54][55]Bell Labs
Ken Thompson
1984Niklaus Wirth"for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER, ALGOL-W, MODULA and PASCAL"[56]University of Zurich
1985Richard M. Karp"for his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness"[57]University of California, Berkeley
1986John Hopcroft"for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures"[58][59]Cornell University
Robert TarjanBell Labs, Princeton University
1987John Cocke"for significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC); for discovering and systematizing many fundamental transformations now used in optimizing compilers including reduction of operator strength, elimination of common subexpressions, register allocation, constant propagation, and dead code elimination"[60]IBM Research
1988Ivan Sutherland"for his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after"[61]Sun Microsystems
1989William Kahan"for his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis" and as "one of the foremost experts on floating-point computations"[62]University of California, Berkeley
1990Fernando J. Corbató"for his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics"[63]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1991Robin MilnerThe award citation mentions three primary contributions: his mechanization of the Logic of Computable Functions; the programming language ML including its type inference and type safety; the calculus of communicating systems; as well as the connection between operational and denotational semantics[64][65]University of Edinburgh
1992Butler Lampson"for contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstations, networks, operating systems, programming systems, displays, security and document publishing"[66]Digital Equipment Corporation
1993Juris Hartmanis"in recognition of their seminal paper[67] which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory"[68][69][70]General Electric Research Laboratory (now under Groupe Bull, an Atos company)
Richard E. Stearns
1994Edward Feigenbaum"for pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology"[71][72][73]Stanford University
Raj ReddyCarnegie Mellon University
1995Manuel Blum"in recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking"[74]University of California, Berkeley
1996Amir Pnueli"for seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and system verification"[75]Weizmann Institute of Science
1997Douglas Engelbart"for an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision"[76]Bootstrap Institute/Alliance,[77]
1998Jim Gray"for seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation"[78]Microsoft Research
1999Fred Brooks"for landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering"[79]IBM Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2000Andrew Yao"in recognition of his fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, and communication complexity"[80]Princeton University
2001Ole-Johan Dahl"for ideas fundamental to the emergence of object-oriented programming, through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67"[81][82]Norwegian Computing Center, University of Oslo
Kristen Nygaard
2002Leonard Adleman"for their ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice"[83][84][85]University of Southern California
Ron RivestMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Adi Shamir
2003Alan Kay"for pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporary object-oriented programming languages, leading the team that developed Smalltalk, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing"[86]HP Labs
2004Vint Cerf"for pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking"[87][88]MCI, CNRI
Robert KahnCNRI
2005Peter Naur"for fundamental contributions to programming language design and the definition of ALGOL 60, to compiler design, and to the art and practice of computer programming"[89]University of Copenhagen
2006Frances Allen"for pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution"[90]IBM Research
2007Edmund M. Clarke"for their role in developing model checking into a highly effective verification technology that is widely adopted in the hardware and software industries"[91][92][93][94]Carnegie Mellon University
E. Allen EmersonUniversity of Texas at Austin
Joseph SifakisFrench National Centre for Scientific Research
2008Barbara Liskov"for contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related to data abstraction, fault tolerance, and distributed computing"[14]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2009Charles P. Thacker"for the pioneering design and realization of the first modern personal computer—the Alto at Xerox PARC—and seminal inventions and contributions to local area networks (including the Ethernet), multiprocessor workstations, snooping cache coherence protocols, and tablet personal computers"[95]Microsoft Research
2010Leslie Valiant"for transformative contributions to the theory of computation, including the theory of probably approximately correct (PAC) learning, the complexity of enumeration and of algebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing"[96]Harvard University
2011Judea Pearl"for fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning"[97][98]University of California, Los Angeles
2012Shafi Goldwasser"for transformative work that laid the complexity-theoretic foundations for the science of cryptography, and in the process pioneered new methods for efficient verification of mathematical proofs in complexity theory"[15][99][100]Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Weizmann Institute of Science
Silvio MicaliMassachusetts Institute of Technology
2013Leslie Lamport"for fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems, notably the invention of concepts such as causality and logical clocks, safety and liveness, replicated state machines, and sequential consistency"[101][102][103]Microsoft Research
2014Michael Stonebraker"for fundamental contributions to the concepts and practices underlying modern database systems"[104][105]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2015Whitfield Diffie"for inventing and promulgating both asymmetric public-key cryptography, including its application to digital signatures, and a practical cryptographic key-exchange method[106][107][108]Stanford University
Martin Hellman
2016Tim Berners-Lee"for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale"[109]Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
World Wide Web Consortium
2017John L. Hennessy"for pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry"[110][111][112]Stanford University
David PattersonUniversity of California, Berkeley
2018Yoshua Bengio"for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing"[113][114][115][116]Université de Montréal, Mila
Geoffrey HintonUniversity of Toronto, Google Brain
Yann LeCunNew York University, Meta AI
2019Edwin Catmull"For fundamental contributions to 3D computer graphics, and the impact of computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications"[117][118][119]Pixar
Pat HanrahanStanford University
2020Alfred Aho"for fundamental algorithms and theory underlying programming language implementation and for synthesizing these results and those of others in their highly influential books, which educated generations of computer scientists"[120][121][122]Columbia University
Jeffrey UllmanStanford University
2021Jack Dongarra"for pioneering contributions to numerical algorithms and libraries that enabled high performance computational software to keep pace with exponential hardware improvements for over four decades"[123][124]Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
University of Manchester,
University of Tennessee,
Rice University
2022Robert Metcalfe"for the invention, standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet"[125]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2023Avi Wigderson"For foundational contributions to the theory of computation, including reshaping our understanding of the role of randomness in computation and mathematics, and for his decades of intellectual leadership in theoretical computer science"[126][127]Institute for Advanced Study
2024Andrew Barto"For developing the conceptual and algorithmic foundations of reinforcement learning"[3][128][129]University of Massachusetts Amherst
Richard S. SuttonUniversity of Alberta, Amii
2025Charles H. Bennett"For their essential role in igniting and shaping the quantum revolution in computer science and in information and communications technology."[130]IBM Research
Gilles BrassardUniversité de Montréal

See also

References

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Further reading