Tulipeae

{{Short description|Tribe of flowering plants}} [[File:717a.jpg|thumb|''Tulipa sylvestris'' subsp. ''australis'' with seedpod (right), 1804]]

The '''Tulipeae''' (syn. Tulipoideae) Duby{{sfn|Duby|1828}} is a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (lily) family. As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consisting of the genera ''Tulipa'', ''Fritillaria'' and Lilium. {{sfn|Duby|1828}}

== Description ==

Herbaceous non-climbing bulbous plants. Bulbs consisting of a single scale. Anthers pseudo-basifixed. fruit consists of a loculicidal capsule, seeds not winged. Tetrasporic embryo-sac formation with 7–8 nuclei. Nucella having a short base. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) non-''Clintonia'' type. Chromosomes large - 2–11 μm (1–6 μm in ''Gagea''). Genome size (3)4–25(70) pg, x = (9)12. Polyploidy common.{{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}}

== Taxonomy ==

Tulipeae remained a core group of the Liliaceae, containing the type genus, Lilium for most of its taxonomic history. For instance, Bentham and Hooker (1883),{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1862–1883}} placed ''Lilium'' together with ''Tulipa'' and five other genera in Liliaceae tribe Tulipeae.

In the modern era, Takhtadzhi︠an described the tribe as having four genera:{{sfn|Takhtadzhi︠a︡n|2009}} * ''Tulipa'' * ''Amana'' (considered by some to be included in Tulipa) * ''Holongia''{{efn|Holongia: A genus only recognised by Takhtadzhi︠an}} * ''Erythronium''

Later only ''Tulipa'' and ''Erythronium'' were included, and ''Gagea'' was added. Tulipeae has been variously constructed, chiefly as either a tribe of the subfamily Lilioideae,{{sfn|Brands|2017}} or a subfamily of Liliaceae itself (Tulipoideae).{{sfn|Watson|1879}} However it has been proposed that ''Gagea'' should be in its own tribe, the Lloydieae.{{sfn|Kim et al.|2013a}}

The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of Tulipeae within Liliaceae are shown in the following Cladogram.

{{cladogram | title={{anchor|Clad3}}Cladogram: Phylogeny and biogeography of the genera of the Liliaceae | caption=Phylogenetic tree reflecting relationships based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. *=Liliaceae ''sensu'' Tamura; EA=Eurasia NA=North America | align=center | cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:92%;line-height:100%;width:300px;

|label1= Liliaceae |1={{clade

| 1={{clade |label1= West NA | 1={{clade |label1= | 1=''Tricyrtis'' | 2={{clade |label1= Streptopoideae | 1={{clade |label1= | 1=''Streptopus'' |label2= | 2={{clade | 1=''Prosartes'' | 2=''Scoliopus'' }} }}

}} }} }}

| 2={{clade |label1=West NA | 1=''Calochortus'' |label2= Lilioideae* East NA EA | 2={{clade |label1=Medeoleae East NA | 1={{clade | 1=''Clintonia'' | 2=''Medeola'' }} |label2=Lilieae ''s.l.'' EA | 2={{clade |label1='''Tulipeae''' East Asia | 1={{clade |label1= | 2={{clade | 1=''Gagea'' (''Lloydia'') }} |label2= | 1={{clade | 1=''Tulipa'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Amana'' | 2=''Erythronium'' }} }}

}} |label2=Lilieae ''s.s.'' Himalayas | 2={{clade | 1=''Notholirion'' | 2={{clade | 1= ''Cardiocrinum'' | 2= {{clade |label1= | 1= ''Lilium'' (''Nomocharis'') | 2= ''Fritillaria'' }} }} }} }} }} }}

}}

}} }}

Here, Tulipeae is shown as a clade within the broader construction of Lileae (''sensu lato''), or as a separate biogeographical tribe if the narrow sense of Lileae (''sensu stricto'') is adopted, with Lileae and Tulipeae as sister groups. The continuing use of Tulipeae as a separate tribe is supported by several authors.{{sfn|Kim et al.|2013a}}{{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}}

=== Genera ===

Genera (species){{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}} * ''Amana'' Honda (5) * ''Erythronium'' L. (15) * ''Gagea'' Salisb. (=''Lloydia'' Salisb.) (ca. 300) * ''Tulipa'' L. (ca. 150)

''Gagea'' is sister to the other three genera.

=== Synonyms ===

* Gageeae Rouy, Fl. France 12: 380. 1910. * Lloydieae Buxb., Bot. Arch. 38: 389. 1937. * Tulipoideae Kostel, Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 1: 168. 1831.{{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}}

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2=Hooker|first2=J.D.|authorlink1=George Bentham|authorlink2=Joseph Dalton Hooker| title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita|year=1862–1883|volume=3 |issue=2 |chapter=Tulipeae|pages=759–760|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/320/mode/2up|language=latin}} * {{cite web|editor-last=Brands|editor-first=S.J.|title=Tribe Tulipeae|website=Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon|url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?src=0&id=693027|publisher=Universal Taxonomic Services|access-date=11 October 2017|date=25 April 2017}} * {{cite book|last=Duby|first=Jean Étienne|author-link=Jean Étienne Duby|title=Botanicon Gallicum; seu, Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum 2 vols.|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29498#page/993/mode/1up|chapter=Tulipaceae|volume=1|pages=461–463|edition=2nd|date= April 1828}} * {{citation|surname1=F. Buxbaum|periodical=Botanisches Archiv|title=Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. II. Die systematische Stellung der gattung Gagea |volume=38|pages=305ff|date= 1937|language=German}} * {{cite journal|last=Peruzzi|first=L. |author2=I. J. Leitch |author3=K.F. Caparelli|title=Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae|journal=Annals of Botany|year=2009|volume=103|issue=3|pages=459–475|doi=10.1093/aob/mcn230|pmid=19033282 |pmc=2707325 |url=}} * {{cite journal|last=Baker|first=J. G.|author-link=John Gilbert Baker|title=Revision of the Genera and Species of Tulipeae|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|year=1874|volume=xiv|issue=76|pages=211–310|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1874.tb00314.x|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432971}} * {{cite journal|last1=Leitch|first1=I. J.|last2=Beaulieu |first2=JM |last3=Cheung |first3=K |last4=Hanson |first4=L |last5=Lysak |first5=MA |last6=Fay |first6=MF|title=Punctuated genome size evolution in Liliaceae|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|date=November 2007|volume=20|issue=6|pages=2296–308|pmid=17956392|url=http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/17956392/Punctuated_genome_size_evolution_in_Liliaceae_|access-date=26 January 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01416.x|ref={{harvid|Leitch et al|2007}}|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung|last2=Hong|first2=Jeong-Ki|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|last4=Fay|first4=Michael F.|last5=Kim|first5=Joo-Hwan|title=Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: ''matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H'' |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=May 2013|volume=172|issue=1|pages=5–21|doi=10.1111/boj.12039|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264520873|ref={{harvid|Kim et al.|2013a}}|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Peruzzi|first1=L.|title=A new infrafamilial taxonomic setting for Liliaceae, with a key to genera and tribes|journal=Plant Biosystems|date=11 January 2016|volume=150|issue=6|pages=1341–1347|doi=10.1080/11263504.2015.1115435|s2cid=88042387}} * {{cite book|last=Takhtadzhi︠a︡n|first=Armen Leonovich|author-link=Armen Leonovich Takhtadzhi︠a︡n|title=Flowering Plants|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1402096099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&pg=PA634}} * {{cite journal|last=Watson|first=Sereno|title=Revision of the North American Liliaceae: Descriptions of Some New Species of North American Plants|year=1879|volume=XIV|pages=213–312|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8EwAQAAMAAJ|access-date=6 January 2014|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|doi=10.2307/25138538|jstor=25138538|url-access=subscription}} {{refend}}

Category:Liliaceae Category:Monocot tribes Category:Historically recognized angiosperm taxa