Tulchyn

{{short description|City in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tulchyn | native_name = Тульчин | native_name_lang = uk | other_name = | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Вид на Тульчин з пагорбів.jpg | photo2a = Христо-Різдвяний кафедральний собор Тульчин 03.jpg | photo2b = Будинок, в якому жив український композитор Леонтович Тульчин 02.jpg | photo3a = Тульчин. Старий палац (Потоцьких).jpg{{!}}Potocki Palace | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = {{hlist|From top, clockwise: Cityscape|House of Mykola Leontovych|Potocki Palace|Nativity of Christ Cathedral}} | image_flag = Tulchyn prapor.png | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Tulchin.jpg | shield_alt = Tulchin shield | pushpin_map = Ukraine Vinnytsia Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|48|40|28|N|28|50|59|E|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{Flagu|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = Oblast | subdivision_name1 = Vinnytsia Oblast | subdivision_type2 = Raion | subdivision_name2 = Tulchyn Raion | subdivision_type3 = Hromada | subdivision_name3 = Tulchyn urban hromada | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1607 | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 9.26 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 208 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 13896 | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Postal code| | postal_code = 23600-23606 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4335 | iso_code = | website =  | footnotes = }} '''Tulchyn''' ({{Langx|uk|Тульчин}}, {{IPA|uk|tʊlʲˈtʃɪn|ipa|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Тульчин.wav}}; {{langx|la|Tulcinum}}; {{langx|pl|Tulczyn}}; {{langx|ru|Тульчин|Tulchin}}; {{langx|yi|טולטשין}}; {{langx|ro|Tulcin}}) is a city in Vinnytsia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, in the historical region of Podolia. It is the administrative center of Tulchyn Raion (district). Its population is 13,896 (2023 estimate).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sotsialnyy pasport Tulchynskoi |url=https://sss-ua.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sotsialnyy-_pasport_Tulchynskoi-_TH_2.pdf}}</ref>

==History==

Tulchyn was first mentioned in written sources in 1607, under the name '''Nestervar'''.<ref name=IEOU>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Tulchyn |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTulchyn.htm}}</ref> It was a royal city in the Bracław Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1609 King Sigismund III Vasa granted the town to Walenty Aleksander Kalinowski. Until 1728 Tulchyn was part of the estates of the Polish magnates of the Kalinowski family (other distinguished members of Tulchyn family were Adam Kalinowski and Marcin Kalinowski), and then passed into the hands of Stanisław Potocki bypassing other Kalinowskis' branch, then in 1734 to Franciszek Salezy Potocki and his son Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, who was the most memorable and infamous member of the Tulchyn branch of the Potocki family. During the Targowica confederation Tulchyn was the headquarters of the confederates. The 14th Polish Infantry Regiment was formed in Tulchyn in 1785 and garrisoned there.<ref name=gem/> In 1787, Tulchyn received Magdeburg rights.<ref name=IEOU/> The 6th National Cavalry Brigade and 12th Infantry Regiment were stationed there in 1789.<ref name=gem>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|pages=9, 30}}</ref>

In 1793, the Russian Empire annexed Tulchyn as part of the Second Partition of Poland. In the 1820s, Tulchyn was a centre of the movement plotting the Decembrist revolt against the Tsarist regime of Russia. A local branch of the Union of Prosperity was located in the city.<ref name=IEOU/>

thumb|left|Tulchyn in 1908  Prior to the October Revolution, Tulchyn was home to a large Jewish population. There were two trade fairs, July 24 and October 1 each year, and separate 26 market days annually. In the Russian Civil War between 1917 and 1920 the town frequently changed hands, variously being under the control of Poland, Soviet Russia, Ukraine, and White Russian factions.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

During World War II, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied all of Vinnytsia Oblast by the end of July 1941. A large section of the region, including Tulchyn, was handed over by the Nazis to Romania, who administrated it as Transnistria Governorate. After first being confined to a ghetto, Jews from Tulchyn were deported to the nearby Pechora concentration camp where they were killed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vinokurova |first=Faina |chapter=The Holocaust in Vinnitsa Oblast|title=Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova|year=1999 |chapter-url=http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/UK-arch-d2.pdf |editor1-last=Weiner| editor1-first=Miriam |publisher=Routes and Roots Foundation |pages=332–34 |isbn=0965650812 }}</ref> The Yad Vashem database lists the names of 2,177 Jews who had lived in Tulchyn before World War II who died during the Holocaust;<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> among them, 1,145 died in the Pechora concentration camp.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Outside the town of Tulchyn, there was a peat bog; many Jews who worked there died, though the number is hard to estimate, while other Jews from the county, including from the Ladyzhyn Quarry, were taken by the Germans beyond the Bug River and executed by them, either immediately, or after they were put to work; more than three thousand, mostly people deported from Chernivtsi in June 1942, died, overwhelmingly after they were taken away by the Germans.<ref>Julius S. Fisher, ''Transnistria, The Forgotten Cemetery'' (South Brunswick: Thomas Yoseloff, 1969), p. 112-114.</ref> Yad Vashem has a list of 461 Jews who died in Tulchyn itself.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Out of these, 199 of the Jews who had lived in the town before the war died in there, in some cases before the arrival of the Romanian administration, according to the Yad Vashem database.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> The Yad Vashem database lists 226 Jews who had lived before the war in Romania among the dead;<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Romania&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> 92 of them were originally from Bukovina,<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bukovina&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> 26 were originally from Bessarabia,<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bessarabia&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> and 61 were from Dorohoi and the neighboring area.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Dorohoi&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym.</ref> On September 1, 1943, there were at least 2,344 deported Jews who lived in the Tulchyn district/judet according to the Gendarmerie Inspectorate headcount, out of which 495 had been deported from Bessarabia, and 1,849 from Bukovina.<ref>Jean Ancel, ''Transnistria'' (Bucuresti: Atlas, 1998), vol. 3 (in Romanian), p. 290-291..</ref><ref>The same information appears in English at See Jean Ancel, The History of the Holocaust in Romania (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2011), p. 549.</ref> The Romanian official governmental figure for all the Jews in the district, Ukrainian as well as deported from Romania, was 3,371 on November 1, 1943.<ref>See Jean Ancel, ''The History of the Holocaust in Romania'' (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2011), p. 550, on the number of survivors as of November 1, 1943.</ref> This would suggest that more than 1,000 Jews in the district were Ukrainian Jews in the fall of 1943, but most Ukrainian Jews, as well as most deportees from Romania, in the district died during the Holocaust. The area was liberated by the Red Army in March 1944.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} For more information on the Holocaust in Transnistria, including on the fate of the Jewish deportees from Romania, including Bukovina and Bessarabia, see History of the Jews in Transnistria.

As of 2005, the city had a population of 16,136 people.<ref name=IEOU/>

In December 2022, as part of the derussification in Ukraine intensified by the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine that began that year, monuments to Alexander Pushkin and Alexander Suvorov were taken down in Tulchyn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suspilne.media/332940-u-tulcini-demontuvali-pamatniki-suvorova-j-puskina/|title=У Тульчині демонтували пам'ятники Суворова й Пушкіна — Cуспільне Вінниця}}</ref>

==Landmarks== thumb|New Potocki Palace An important landmark of the city is the palace of the Potocki family, built according to the principles of Palladian architecture according to the plans drafted by Joseph Lacroix during the 1780s.

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Tulchyn Suvorov SAM 0863.JPG|Dominican Church File:Kostjol tulchin.jpg|Catholic church File:Успенська церква DSC 0899.JPG|Church of the Assumption File:Тульчинський краєзнавчий музей P1400059.jpg|City museum </gallery>

== Notable people == thumb|Monument to Mykola Leontovych *Stanisław Trembecki (1739–1812), Polish poet * Włodzimierz Potocki (1789–1812), Polish Count, artillery colonel * Mieczysław Potocki (1799–1878), Polish magnate, owner of estates in Tulczyn, one of the richest Poles in the 19th century * Alexander Veltman (1800–1870), the Russian writer, was stationed here for some years (and met Pushkin here) * Józef Wysocki (1809–1873), Polish military commander, general of Polish Army, participant of Polish National Uprisings and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 * Marian Dziewicki (1872–1935), Polish lawyer, President of Wilno, local government activist * Bronisław Matyjewicz-Maciejewicz (1882–1911), Polish aviator * Mykola Leontovych (1877–1921), the Ukrainian composer (who composed the Carol of the Bells), lived here * Sophie Tucker, Ukrainian-born American singer, comedian, actress, and radio personality

== External links ==

* [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/TULCHIN.pdf Tulchin/Tulchyn] (p. 424) at Miriam Weiner's Routes to Roots Foundation.

== Further reading ==

* Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan State Archives (in cooperation with) (1999). [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/TULCHIN.pdf "Chapter 11: Town Clips: Tulchin."] ''Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories'' . Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 424. ISBY 978-0-96-565081-6. OCLC 607423469.

==References== {{reflist}}

Category:Cities in Vinnytsia Oblast Category:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Category:1607 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine Category:Tulchyn Raion